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The history of the Ruthenians (Rusyns) in Southern Hungary, later in Yugoslavia, was in the focus not only of the authors who were members of this national community, but also of Hungarian, Ukrainian and Yugoslav scholars and historians. In the socialist Yugoslavia the most significant contribution to the historiography of the Ruthenians in the Serbian language was the project of the Institute of History of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina – the papers of five historians with five different themes which are chronologically linked under a common title Iz istorije vojvođanskih Rusina do 1941. godine (From the History of Vojvodinian Ruthenians until 1941), published in the Almanac of the Society of Historians of Vojvodina in 1977. Although it has been more than four decades since the publication of this collection of papers, it has still not been critically presented and assessed. We think it makes sense and justification to present this work, even after long delays, at least in a basic outline, to show how much and in which direction it pushed the limits of new knowledge and to draw the attention of future researchers to some shortcomings, anachronistic and ideologically motivated attitudes and obvious material mistakes.

In this paper I analyse caricatures of Hungarian and Yugoslav comic papers (Jež, Ludas Matyi, Új Szó, and Pesti Izé) between 1945 and 1947. I chose this source since the analysis of caricatures can demonstrate the functioning of communist propaganda. After the presentation of sources and goals of the paper, I analyse the depiction of war criminals, the perception of democracy and the Western states, and the representation of democrats and German enemies within the country in Hungary. Then I analyse the depiction of the self of the communists and finally, before the conclusions, the Peace Treaty of Paris in caricatures. The analysed propaganda caricatures documented well the views and propaganda methods of the Communist Parties regarding the above-mentioned topics.

Drawing from archival documents, periodicals, and relevant literature, this paper analyzes the role and significance of educational programming broadcast by the Radio Belgrade within the broader propaganda efforts of Milan Nedić’s government. The paper begins with a theoretical explanation of how media functions in education. This will be followed by the use of radio as an instructional tool in Serbian schools during the first half of the twentieth century. The analysis includes talks given during what was called Prosvetni čas (Educational Hour), a radio program broadcast in early 1944. Research has shown that, in a time of strong ideological influence on the educational process, the state educational authorities encouraged the use of any available means to achieve their political and propaganda-based ideological goals. Radio shows were produced for students during the 1930s and during the Second World War according to a similar model that made use of different content.

This paper explores the reaction of Albanian nationalists towards the homogenizing and centralizing policy of the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire. After the Young Turks came to power, the focus for the Albanian nationalists was on raising awareness of and securing international support for their national rights. In addition, their focus was on the difficult humanitarian situation in the vilayet of Shkodra. Albanian nationalists’ efforts converged with the Balkan Committee, which was established in London in 1903 following the events in the Balkans after the Ilinden Uprising of 1903. This study investigates the reasons why the Balkan Committee in London became interested in the 1911 Albanian uprising in the vilayet of Shkodra. By following an analytical approach and using numerous sources, the paper concludes that the Balkan Committee succeeded in making British public opinion receptive to the Albanians’ difficult humanitarian situation. However, it did not succeed in uniting the political actors in the Balkans and thus failed to organize a general Balkan uprising, which was clearly an undertaking beyond its capabilities and outside the British government’s interests.

The paper deals with the study of roads in the region of Lim river valley ranging from late antiquity to the beginning of the Ottoman period. In late antiquity, the Lim valley did not have a primary hub for the transportation of people and goods. This changed in the Middle Ages when the Lim valley became a transit point through which roads and merchants from Primorje (Dubrovnik and Kotor) passed through to the centers of the Serbian medieval state (Ras and Novo Brdo). In this paper the continuity and discontinuity of this movement through the Lim river valley will be discussed.

This study of the uprising of the voivode Grdan (1596–1597) was conducted within a wider context of the Apostolic See and Pope Clement VIII’s plans for missionary work by Franciscan Observants and Jesuits in the regions ruled by the Ottomans that was intended to strength Catholic congregations. In the years preceding the Long War (1593–1606), a belief emerged that the Ottoman Empire had weakened enough to easily collapse in the face of an attack by united Christian states backed by major uprisings among the Christians under their rule. The Apostolic See believed this would pave the way for mass conversion of Orthodox Christians and Muslims. Such beliefs were promoted by various adventurists and self-proclaimed servants of several royal courts. This paper is primarily based on the correspondence of Clement VIII and Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini with Patriarch Jovan II Kantul and Archbishop Toma Ursini, as well as on statements by Lazzaro Soranzo in his work L’Ottomanno. The paper will also pinpoint more precisely voivode Grdan’s uprising in comparison to what historiography has told us. Also, the names of some leaders of the people that supported him will be identified.

This paper presents the economic and financial situation in Albania during 1921– 1922, the difficulties faced by the Albanian government overcoming issues related to this and the efforts made to fulfill the Albanian government’s request to the League of Nations for an appointment of an outside financial advisor. It will also present the circumstances around the possibility being raised once again for the League to appoint a British financial. It addresses the motivations behind the Albanian government turning to the League of Nations for support, and the reasons why it could not seek help in this matter from Italy or the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovens (SCS). This paper also reflects on the potential candidates discussed at the League of Nations and considers the discussions that took place regarding the procedures, competencies and criteria for selecting candidates for this task. The position held by the British and Italian governments regarding Albania’s request for assistance and the arguments on which their political lines were based. The paper considers in detail the position held by the British Foreign Office regarding the candidates submitted for this position in Albania.

The first ecclesiastical visitation of Evangelicals in Bačka-Srem and Banat Seniorates took place in 1798, after which followed visitations in 1810 and in 1818. This paper will focus on subsequent visitations of Slovak Evangelical congregations in these regions conducted by superintendent Ján Seberíni during the years 1835 and 1836. These two Evangelical seniorates were part of the Banský dištrikt/superintendature based in Banská Bystrica and had approximately the same number of Slovak and German congregations. The visitation returns provide a great deal of information that has not been fully made use of in the historiography. This paper will analyze only Slovak Evangelical congregations.

This paper analyzes the circumstances that led to a break in diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and Chile, which began in the fall of 1947 and lasted until they were reestablished in November 1950. The analysis is based on archival material, relevant literature, and contemporary journalism. The events are considered within a bilateral context and the broader international context of the Cold War. Particular attention is given to argumentation on both sides and to the background behind this conflict. The influence of this rupture in Yugoslav–Chilean relations is also analyzed. The second part of the paper will discuss how all of this was presented to the Yugoslav public.

The first part of this paper presents a brief history of the beginning and course of the Serbian people’s struggle in the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina for Church and school autonomy and the role Gligorij Jeftanović played as one of the two most important figures leading the movement. The second part of the paper deals with correspondence between Gligorije Jeftanović and Lazar Pupić in 1901 during the time a Serbian envoy was being selected to travel from Sarajevo to Constantinople and attempt to win over the Ecumenical Patriarch to the Serbian cause by gaining support for the Third Imperial Memorandum. It also looks at correspondence after the election with the chosen envoy, Kosta Kujundžić, who tried but failed to win the Ecumenical Patriarch over to the Serbian side. The third part deals the adoption of the Statute on Church and School Autonomy and the decline in Gligorije Jeftanović’s popularity after the emergence of a young, university-educated Serbian intelligentsia, which had new ideas and demands concerning new goals for the continuation of the struggle.

Vampires gained worldwide popularity due to the classic novel about the most famous one, Dracula, written by Bram Stoker in 1897. Bram Stoker’s Dracula has very little in common with his inspiration, the fifteenth-century Wallachian ruler Vlad III (1431‒1476), who was a real historical figure. However, some strange events involving the dead seem to have occurred in Southwest of Transylvania a few centuries after the Wallachian prince’s death. In some parts of the Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (1718‒1739), the local Austrian authorities recorded some cases of ‘vampirism’, which Europe would be introduced to shortly afterward, along with this newly accepted word. This paper will present historical facts about one particular case recorded at the southernmost border of the Habsburg Empire, which at the time was the West Morava River. It was the case of a ‘vampire’ named Arnold Paole, who died in 1726/7 in the border village of Medveđa and whose case ‘infected’ the whole Europe with the ‘virus’ of ‘vampiromania’. The main goal of the paper is to locate the spot where one of the first ‘vampire slayings’ ever recorded could have taken place, and to direct further investigations within early modern age archaeology.

Perhaps the most striking, and archaeologically speaking the most evident, change that occurred in Gallia Comata from the 1st century BCE to the end of the 2nd century CE was the incorporation of massive, monumental, Roman-style architecture. Many of these monuments still stand to this day, providing an obvious, visual argument for the impact that Roman culture had on Gallic society. Overall, the incorporation of Roman architecture and monuments, paid for and dedicated by members of the local elite, seems to indicate a clear cultural shift in Gallic society and the adoption of Roman conceptions of urbanism and the role of the urban aristocracy in providing munera for the populace. This paper will examine the remains of monumental structures in the Gallic civitas-capitals, examining the initial stages of monumentalization. While early structures advertised the connection between the community as a whole with the Imperial power structure, the construction of amphitheaters in particular emerged rapidly throughout the Three Gauls and, as this paper will argue, was tied to the glorification and memorialization of the dedicator and his family. The edification of urban space thus became a new ground for the Gallic aristocracy to play out its internal rivalries, rather than a public expression of acceptance or obedience under Rome, and through the use of amphitheaters, urban edification allowed the Gallic aristocracy to retain their ties to the concept of competitive status and martial prowess.

This paper analyses an addresse-less encomium devoted to Emperor Constantine X Doukas and authored by Michael Psellus, one of the most learned individuals in Byzantine history. The purpose of this paper is to place the encomium, a valuable testament of Byzantine cultural heritage, within the context of the empire’s eleventh century political and social history, and to translate the document into modern English accompanied by scholarly commentary. Additionally, this paper will analyze the representation of the emperor in the speech through a comparative analysis of the encomium and Psellus’ historiographical work, the Chronographia

The paper analyzes the cultivation and representation of lentils and fava beans in medieval Serbia until the end of the 15th century. Their use in the everyday diet of people was influenced by their high protein content. Serbian medieval sources (typikons, charters) indicate that lentil was an obligatory part of monastic meals. The available information on fava beans is scarce, but it can be concluded that they were used in the diet of the poorest social classes. Turkish census records (defterler) created immediately after the Turkish conquest of Serbian lands illustrate the economic circumstances of the time they were compiled and demonstrate the representation of legumes in the production of the time, prompting their analysis in this paper. The paper further briefly analyzes the works of Greek and Roman authors referring to the cultivation and use of legumes in the diet of people, and their usage in religious purposes. Legumes are also shown in the context of traditional Serbian culture.

The paper aims to present the process of creation, i.e. organizational and ideological shaping of the veteran movement of the Association of Fighters of Yugoslavia (AFY, Serbian BOJ) and illuminate its role in the context of Yugoslav integrationist forces in the first half of the 1930s. A special focus will be placed on the adoption of ideological constructions of the Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists and contemporary French veteran movements. The paper also sheds light on the complex relations between AFY, the 6 January regime and contemporary, ideologically related political groups, and on the role of ideological conceptions of AFY in the creation of the ideology of the Yugoslav National Movement Zbor.

The paper examines the schooling of foreign students, holders of the scholarships awarded by the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia, at the University of Belgrade between the two World Wars. The first competitions were opened mid 1920s, with those countries which aided the schooling of Yugoslav students at their respective universities being eligible to apply. During the 1930s student exchange continued, in an apparently more extensive and organized manner, only to be extended at the end of the period under review to include countries with which the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in accordance with the change of foreign policy orientation, established close political and economic relations. Thus, in the beginning, students from France, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia and Poland came to study in Belgrade, whereas, during the years before World War II, students also came from Turkey, Germany and Italy. Scholarship holders most often worked on developing their knowledge of Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian, studied literature and Yugoslav culture in general. Many of them chose to study history, whether as part of their undergraduate or specialist studies. They are the particular focus of this study. The paper is based on unpublished archival sources, periodicals and relevant historiographic literature.

This paper focuses on Slovenian territory. It explores the development of the idea of a school garden as a teaching tool and its practical implementation within work school principles and looks at differences between urban and rural areas. The article covers the period from the nineteenth century to the mid-1930s, with a particular focus on the interwar period. The central school garden in Ljubljana is presented as an example of a central city school garden. This particular school garden was abolished in 1934, but school gardens remained a part of the curriculum until 1941. The article draws on information from the literature and archival sources from the Historical Archives Ljubljana.

This paper analyzes the impact of the natural environment as a condition for the emergence and development of Kovin and Smederevo, two nearby cities on opposite banks of the Danube, during a period ranging from the Middle Ages, when both cities underwent intensive development, until the eighteenth century, when the process of land reclamation began on their locations. In the past, the terrain, climate, hydrography, fertility, and natural resources were highly significant for the formation and development of cities, both for their strategic positions and for supplying cities with basic needs, either through direct production or trade. Thus, it is important to analyze and explain these factors that make up the basic prerequisites for the location of a settlement, and to look at the possibilities and obstacles for a city or town along the lower course of the Danube, especially because the conditions differed on the left and right banks in this particular area.

This paper argues that in the early 19th century, border guard regiments were generally staffed with less qualified officers than the line regiments were, potentially because service in the former was considered to be less prestigious for a Habsburg officer during this period. This is demonstrated through a comparative case study of officers serving in 1840 in the 51st line infantry regiment and the 17th border guard regiment (or 2nd Romanian border guard regiment). The case study focuses on three quantifiable indicators: education, language abilities, and knowledge of engineering. The data were gathered from the officers’ Conduite-Listen (personal records), which was an evaluation form that recorded a plethora of information about all the regiment’s Oberoffiziere (subaltern officers).

This paper follows the Entente Powers negotiations with Italy from the beginning of World War I up to the signing of the London Agreement. Simultaneously, this paper follows Serbian relations towards the negotiations and Italy entering the conflict from the standpoint of its national pretensions. Due to the important role of Russia, as Serbia’s closest ally and the traditional protector of Slavic interests, special attention has been dedicated to its position and reasons for relenting in diplomatic initiative for Italy entering the war. This paper contains an analysis and a new interpretation of the London Agreement. In addition to this, the paper sheds light on the beginning of deteriorating relations between the governments in Rome and Belgrade/Niš, which used to be friendly before the Great War, as well as the circumstances which influenced the situation.

The paper considers one of the most significant changes in late pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain—the emergence of individual power, usually labeled as kingship. The modern perception of this sociopolitical phenomenon has been largely determined according to texts from Greek and Roman authors. This paper argues that this image is distorted and says more about the ancient writers than it does about ancient political leaders, their status, or the essence of their power. Avoiding terms like king to prevent a general misunderstanding of the phenomenon is reasonable; nevertheless, coins from so-called dynasties and tribes as well as other material sources show the emergence of individual power from the first century B.C.E. to the first century C.E. This new phenomenon should be analyzed with new (and re-worked) theoretical frameworks. Additionally, comparative studies can play a significant role in exploring the nature of what is referred to as Iron Age kingship in Britain.

The paper presents the results of the research on the conditions, aims and outcomes of the establishment of the Faculty of Law in Subotica immediately after the First World War, at the time when the southeastern part of former Hungary considered Serbian Vojvodina became the northeastern part of the newly established Yugoslav state. This is the first institution of higher education in this area. At the beginning of the 1920s two branches of the University of Belgrade were established away from the capital, one in the northeast, and the other in the southeast of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SCS). The establishment of the Faculty of Law in Subotica and the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje was explained by the need to enable young people living far from Belgrade to gain higher education in the closer surroundings. In reality, the Faculty of Law in Subotica had the task of becoming a clearly recognizable and dignified border fortress. University teachers and students were expected to be sophisticated guardians of the north-eastern border of the Yugoslav kingdom. At approximately the same time, two reputable universities in Hungary, whose headquarters after the First World War remained outside Hungary, in Romania and Czechoslovakia, moved to towns near the new southeastern borders. The paper presents examples that in a special way testify of the problems and dilemmas that teachers and students of the Faculty of Law faced during the interwar period, as well as arguments to support the claim that the national mission of the Faculty of Law in Subotica significantly limited the academic autonomy of this institution of higher education.

A complete novel (novela total) Terra Nostra written by Mexican author Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012) four decades after its first edition (1975) still represents inexhaustible material for hispanists, literary historians and scholars, who have been mosty focused on Latin American topics, motives and symbols in this book. As the novel abounds with intertextual elements related to the European history, culture and art, our aim in this paper was to perceive historical facts on which the author relies by taking them over, modifying and fictionalising them, as well as literary and artistic influences which are present in it. We studied characters from the traditional Spanish literature, skillfully interwoven into the novel and works of Spanish and Flemish painters which Fuentes used as scenography and symbol. Our investigation was based on the sources inside the novel, on the interpretations of the author in books and interviews published between 1976 and 2012, and on attitudes of many international and national experts for the Hispanic American lit- erature who, especially recently, wrote about various aspects of this novel. We also took advantage of the first digital edition of Terra Nostra in Spanish language (2013) and investigated the impact of Fuentes’s book to one of the crucial novels of the recent Serbian literature, The Siege of the Church of the Holy Saviour by Goran Petrović. The results of our investigation indicate that Carlos Fuentes, using metahistory and intrahis- tory, in his story about the collision of the Old and the New world, bases his work on European history, literature and art, and pays tribute to Cervantes’s past, present and future Spain. Research- ing intertextuality of Terra Nostra we have indicated historical and narrative function of the El Escorial as the main scenery of the novel, pointed out to the author’s implication of the names/ historical characters Juan and Juana and the presence of three main figures from Spanish literature – Don Quijote, Don Juan and Celestina. By using the examples from the novel we have illustrated attendance of European fine arts authors in Terra Nostra – Signorelli, Bosch, El Greco, Velázquez and Goya. Finaly, by interviewing Serbian writer Goran Petrović for the purpose of this paper, we have opened a new possible topic of comparative research of Terra Nostra and The Siege of the Church of the Holy Saviour.

There are a number of intellectual reasons, professional norms and institutional mechanisms by which qualitative and quantitative research have been strongly driven towards the internaliza- tion – at least publicly preferred – of conventional modes of formulating research questions. At individual (researcher) and community (paradigm) levels, gap-spotting is the most common mode of formulating research questions. Given that in this way the assumptions of existing theoretical orientations are more or less merely reproduced in a programmed manner, it is unlikely that such studies will result in original and influential contributions. In this context, it is reasonable to ask the following questions: Did the educational research lost its way? Do educational researchers have anything to say? Has the research in education become a routine (uninspiring), isomorphic and irrelevant? The paper indicates that problematization makes an obvious but seldom used alternative strat- egy of formulating research questions. The basic idea of the paper is to promote the approach that critically and constructively analyze and indicate the limited nature of premises, perspectives, implications, language and other elements of dominant theoretical orientations, aimed at challeng- ing them and considering a set of alternative options instead. Specifically, problematization means locating, articulating and criticizing the assumptions of existing literature, and thus, formulating research questions that encourage the development of interesting and relevant knowledge. It has been found that problematization cannot be reduced to a fixed or even strictly routine procedure, since it necessarily involves a dialectical and dialogical process. On one hand, the principle of “everything is possible” by no means can be applied in problematization; on the other hand, problematization cannot be conducted in any universally perfect way. As a dynamic non- linear process, it is always situated in the reality of research practice. In other words, at each ap- plication, problematization is defined over and over again – it becomes what it is only in user’s hands. Finally, the paper concludes with the statement that despite the pervasive tendency of re- searchers to implement standardized and isomorphic studies, educational research are possible to return to the “right path”, which includes creating original scientific knowledge, relevant both from social and pedagogical perspectives.

This paper analyzes the professional biography Preraga Milojevic, a journalist who had the longest life span in the history of Serbian journalism. In particular we look Milojevićev journalistic work and his engagement before World War II, when he was head of the Central Press Bureau, the supreme institution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia censorship. The authors evaluated and specifically evaluated its professional and ethical form of work, and give their views Milojevićevog ideological orientation. The paper is well researched and analyzed Milojevićev writing style, punctuation circuit, the impact of “Belgrade school” attitude to historical figures and other elements that affect the work of journalists. Milojevic was evaluated as a journalist but are presented and the critical views that further illuminate his personality, which has not been sufficiently studied in our literature. We analyzed the overall significance of the action Predrag Milojevic to a fuller understanding of the recent history of Serbian journalism.

Abstract: The paper is based on the premise that high quality experience in family and insti- tutional contexts are very important determinants for giftedness accomplishment. This framework highlights the fact that the paradigm in the fields of education and upbringing has been shifted in the last few decades: from the discourse of academic achievement towards the discourse of human development, from traditional towards the constructivist approach to education and upbringing. The discourse of human development requires education and upbringing to be adapted to the needs, interests and abilities of children; it also requires creating conditions for every child to achieve their full potentials. The interest for studying the quality of growing-up context was prompted also by the formation of social constructivist theory of learning according to which the child’s mental activity cannot be separated from the social and cultural context. In addition, the modern educa- tional scene is characterized also by the new ways of understanding child, as well as by consid- erations regarding the meaning of that new understanding of education. The child is seen as an active and competent being that joins the social context in a completely individual and unique biographical manner. Relying on the new pedagogical picture of the child requires conditions for becoming familiar with individual capabilities and their development, which opens the need for a learning environment that encourages the child’s curiosity and interest in the world and for the others. In the light of the above settings, this paper is aimed at understanding the possibility of providing adequate educational support to potentially gifted children in family and institutional context. When it comes to a family context, the paper particularly emphasizes the importance of favourable and stimulating family environment and providing an enriched environment necessary for the development of a potentially gifted child. The paper also highlights the undeniable impor- tance of the parental role, but emphasizes the fact that parents do not create gifted children, but only the atmosphere in which the child can express his talent. With regard to the institutional context, the paper emphasizes that it is the quality of institutional environment of which the quality of children’s experience and learning largely depends on, and points to the conditions by which the developmentally appropriate environment is characterized. In this regard, the paper points to kindergartens of Reggio Emilia as stimulating and developmentally appropriate environ- ments, which are examples of how environments in preschool institutions where learning revolves around child’s play should look like. In addition to the above, the paper underscores that the effi- cient, cooperative, partnership-based relationship between the family and educational institution makes a very important factor in the development of potentially gifted children. This perspective is supported by the research which has shown that difficulties in the child’s development and ad- vancement are often resulting from the discontinuity of experiences received by children in the family and educational institution in terms of expectations and learning support. Thus, educating and upbringing potentially gifted child requires sensitivity to specific challenges it faces and willingness to work together with other adults who work with the child. Adults need to have giftedness clearly defined, understand how it develops, and identify the implications for planning and programming educational activities.

The paper presents and interprets excerpts from a complex pedeutology research on a teacher as the central variable of the educational process at school. The research subject in this paper is the teachers’ self-reflection on their professional identity. The analysis of relevant research (Coper Olson, 1996) shows that the issue of professional identity could be best explored through self-evaluation (self-reflection), because it is a dynamic concept, which is in the process of con- tinuous formation in accordance with the impacts and challenges, which the teachers both encoun- ter and interact with. Dimensions of professional identity, which are measured through the teachers’ self-evaluation in this paper, are the following: value orientations of teachers in the classroom, the teachers’ self-concept, self-esteem and locus control of the teachers, and efficiency in the classroom. The interpreted results of this research suggest that the upon application of self-reflection or self-evaluation, teacher can become aware of the complexity of the education process, what can further lead to a more thorough understanding of both the teaching process and their own profes- sional identity. Therefore, there is a need in pedagogical research to create a corpus of pedagogical knowledge based on subjective teachers’ reflections, which may further lead to modeling the professional identity of teachers in accordance with contemporary theories of learning and devel- opment of pupils.

The memories of one’s life, or autobiographical memories, are transitory dynamic mental constructions. The human memory is both solid and fragile. We own durable and lasting traces of many events, but also we can forget other events just moments after they occured. Our memories of past experiences are never exact reproductions of the original, initial events. Besides the memory biases that are related to details about past happenings, distortions are also present in the remembering of emotions that we have experienced during an important past event. The present review paper starts with the scientific definition of the so-called flashbulb memories (emotion- ally colored memories), and discusses the existing contemporary empirical knowledge about the mistakes and distortions in the process of remembaring past life experiences. A special attention is paid to the number of details that people remember about their autobiographical memories. The study also contains a review of available research results on the accuracy of human memory. The second part of the paper places the phenomenon of memory distortions into the conceptual frame- work of the Transactional theory of stress, with special attention to the process of remembering coping efforts and mechanisms used in the past. The paper ends with a discussion about the role of neuroticism in the emerging of memory biases.

This paper deals with the ideology, terror and operations of the ORJUNA (Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists) and the SRNAO (Serbian National Youth) in Vojvodina. These organizations had an important and determining role in the political life of the Kingdom of SHS (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). The foundation and operation of the ORUJNA and the SRNAO had a great impact on political and everyday life in Vojvodina and determined the lives of minorities (Hungarians, Germans and Jews) living in this new South Slavic state. In spite of the fact that influential movements greatly influenced the internal affairs of the Kingdom of SHS in the first decade of its existence (1918-1929), the literature on the ORJUNA and the SRNAO is incomplete to this day. Therefore, in addition to the relevant literature, this paper introduces and analyses the activity of the ORJUNA and the SRNAO concerning the minorities in Vojvodina by focusing on the period between the two elections from 18 March 1923 to 8 January 1925 using sources such as the liberal Bácsmegyei Napló in Subotica, the Hungarian Party’s Hírlap, the 1922-1925 issue of Torontál in Zrenjanin and the Catholic Délbácska in Novi Sad. The unfamiliarity, lack of analysis and importance of this topic require further research in the relevant archives.

The paper analyzes the concept of minimal and optimal agricultural land in Serbia defined in legislative texts and its interpretation in Serbian historiography. The basic hypothesis we advocate in the paper is that, regardless of the normative frameworks that changed during the 19th century, the problem of land optimum should be analyzed with respect to regional specificities based on geographical and pedological characteristics of the land, as well as the structure of the family.

The paper discusses contemporary attitudes towards Lusatian heritage in Poland, with special attention to the region called Eastern Lusatia situated in the western part of the country. This approach aims to present the phenomenon within an interdisciplinary context of history and social sciences. The broad historical context included in this paper covers mostly the period of post-war border changes, especially those between Poland and Germany. The communist period in Poland and the specificity of communist minority policies is one of the key factors shaping today’s image of Sorbian heritage. Another important perspective is the contemporary trend for creating new localities as a form of the affective bond with the place of inhabitance. This, in the authors’ view, is deeply rooted in post-war social phenomena such as mass-scale migrations. The authors claim that today’s presence and presentation of Lusatian heritage is mostly instrumental and serves local communities as tourist attractions rather than including the Sorbian minority in the discourse of identity.

If you try to find out more about an exceptional school you will probably notice that the schoolhas an exceptional principal. If you take a look at an unsuccessful school you will probably facean ineffective school leadership. It is the conventional wisdom. There is generally accepted standpointthat the leaders of the school are responsible for (non) quality student learning. Is it reallytrue, and, if so, how the school leadership imposes its influence? In the present times of rapid and non-linear changes in education, many researchers focus onthe question of how school leaders contribute to the sustainable development of schools. Althoughthere is nothing controversial with the idea that the quality of the school functioning depends onthe ways in which they are managed, it is still an open question about which processes of theleadership impact there are at school, which leadership practices are the most efficient. In thatcontext, the paper analyzes direct and indirect effects of transformational leadership in the schoolenvironment. The paper starts with the explanation of the significance of the theory in the field ofthe school leadership. In the central part of the paper, the authors elaborate basic practices oftransformational leadership in the school environment and discuss its similarities and differenceswith instruction (pedagogical) leadership. The final part of the paper provides an overview of themost important empirical studies in this field, which generally support the conclusion that transformationalleadership contributes to a sustained improvement of the pupils’ achievement throughthe development of a set of structural and socio-cultural processes at school.

In this work, paper “Glas naroda” that has been published in Novi Sad in the second part of19th Century, has been analyzed. Texts were written with the language understandable to everyoneand the price was affordable to every layer of society. Paper was dealing with education of thepeople, villages situation, crafts, economical issues and education itself. “Glas naroda” supportedpolitics of Svetozar Miletic and his People’s party, which is proven from the text analysis. “Glasnaroda” is a media that stands up to conservative’s and supports liberal ideas and church-schoolautonomy. That is the example of printed media with the assignment to educate its readers andgives them series of useful advices from different fields of life. In the very beginning of it’s publicationthis media had very high circulation and had a lot of influence on wide Serbian populationin Austro-Hungary.

Starting from the basic principles of sentence structure and its constituents – the predicate and its complements, the primary task of this paper was to develop the traditional binary syntactic relation regent – dependent. Оne of the most important results of this research was to provide criteria for a hierarchy of valence units, by respecting regularities in the correlation between syntactic and semantic plan of the sentence, which is a god starting point for establishing a hierarchy of basic syntactic units. In this paper, we pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish the structural core and the semantic core, the central core and the peripheral core of the sentence or phrase. Moreover, the complements were classified with regard to the type of connection with their regent, so that we distinguished specific, typical and atypical complements.

Members of national minorities in Vojvodina have the right to add to the birth register their name and surname in their mother tongue (Slovak, in this case) beside the name in the official language, Serbian. For that reason it is necessary to know the rules of transcription from one language to another. The paper presents the transcription of Slovak surnames into Serbian, that is the way to adapt certain Slovak graphemes (ď, ť, ľ, ň, ia, ie, iu, ô, y) in the Serbian language. Every grapheme is illustrated with an example. The second part of the paper presents the ways female surnames are formed in the Slovak language. The female surnames are formed by adding the suffixes -ová, -ská, -cká to the male surnames. In practice, however, there are certain deviations from the standard language. In the third part of the paper we discuss how female surnames are used in practice. We list examples which illustrate deviations from the standard language under the influence of the Serbian language.

Criticism of popular music often does not take into account the fact that a song’s lyrics might have equal value to its melodic component, focusing instead on music only, or considering the lyrics a necessary, but essentially banal, part of the song’s meaning. This paper tries to rectify that fact, by focusing on the similarities and differences between traditional, written poetry and its popular form, pop and rock lyrics. The paper analyses the elementswhich constitute a poem’s (or a song’s) meaning and sound, such as its visual representation, its formal and metric features, figures of speech that focus on the aural dimension, or pronunciation of certain words. While similarities with dramatic works are also mentioned, the conclusion still remains that poetry is the form closest to pop and rock lyrics. Therefore, approaches that are traditionally used when nalysing written poetry, such as hermeneutic or intertextual, can undouubtedly be also used in the analysis of its popular counterpart, pop and rock lyrics.

In this paper we shall try to clarify the role of the chorus in the origin and development of the ancient tragedy. We can rightly say that it represents the pinnacle of intellectual and artistic expression of the Greek civilization. We will point out historical circumstances and facts related to the existence of the chorus; the place the chorus has in Greek society and on the stage as well as its characteristics will also be discussed. In the second part of this paper, possibilities of reviving the ancient drama, especially tragedy on the modern scene, shall be discussed. Should one aspire towards a more faithful imitation or a creative interpretation? What are the difficulties a director is facing when he has to decide what to do with the chorus? Is there only one answer or are there more?

Appian’s Illyrian book (Illyrike) was originally intended to be just an appendix to his Macedonian book and today remains the only extant ancient work dealing with the early history of Illyricum which is preserved in its entirety. In this short work Appian puts together different local and regional histories in order to create a unified historical narrative and determines the historical and mythological coordinates of Illyricum inside the ancient world. This paper will discuss Illyrike in the context of the Roman construction of Illyricum as a provincial space, similar to some other regions in continental Europe such as, for example, Gaul or Britain. They were all firstly created through the needs of Roman political geography and later written into literary knowledge through the works of ancient history and ethnography. This paper will argue that Appian’s Illyrike represented the final stage of the Roman construction of Illyricum from an imaginary to a provincial space, which was the point of its full coming of age as an integral part of the ancient world and the Roman Empire.

This paper examines the state repression during the dictatorship of king Aleksandar (1929–1935) and early socialism (1945–1953). Special attention is paid to the repressive legislation, political persecutions, violation of political and civil rights and excessive brutality of police forces. This paper is based on primary sources in the Archive of Yugoslavia and Archive of Serbia and select periodicals of the period.

This paper deals with the German verbal prefix ver- and its semantics, compared to the Ser-bian equivalents. A contrastive analysis between these two languages shows that there are many similarities, but also some differences between the German prefixal ver-verbs and their Serbian equivalents. Based on a comprehensive corpus, all ver-verbs have been classified in nine semantic groups. Since prefixal verbs cause GFL-students many problems, it is the aim of this paper that all conclusions and facts that result from this parallel comparison should be a contribute to a better understanding of German as a foreign language.

The focus of the paper is social reconstructionism, which represented the radical wing of the broader Movement for Progressive Education in the United States in the twenties of the twentieth century. Starting from understanding of social reconstructionism as an educational and social program, which presupposes support to socially democratic political economy, cooperative cul­ture, socially-based approach to education, and view of the role and importance of the school in directing the social and political changes, the aim of this paper refers to the examination and evaluation of socially democratic educational reconstructionism practice. The new learning para­digm, which is implied in the socially reconstructionism theory and practice, is also a focus of interest of this paper. Namely, according to social reconstructionism, the basic aim of education is to promote the program of social reforms, resulting in an emphasis on the social role of the school, i.e. the emphasis on the activist role of the school in the implementation of progressive social changes. The teacher’s role is not to be a disseminator of information, but an activist of social changes who should actively involve pupils in the research process through open discussions and experiential learning. In that context, the reconstructionism emphasis on providing the experi­ences in experimentation and reflective research is consistent with the idea on pupils as active constructors of their own knowledge. The way in which social reconstructionism supports democracy is illustrated by concrete pos­sibilities for application of these theoretical positions in practice. From a pedagogical point of view, the most important example of embedding socially reconstructionism ideas into the school curriculum certainly represents a unique curricular experiment conducted by Theodore Brameld in 1944, in a high school in Floodwood (Minnesota, USA). Regardless of many difficulties that have arisen in its implementation, the Floodwood project showed how young people could discuss dimensions of the post-war American society in a democratic way, provide different services to the community, and get educated through the practical activities. In this context, the successes and limitations of the teaching practice framed by ideas of early social reconstructionism could be instructive for advocates of educational reforms which promote social changes through demo­cratic negotiation and action. Despite the fact that social reconstructionism in the first half of the twentieth century has been criticized, which primarily apply to the difficulties related to the application of basic ideas of this perspective in practice, and the lack of explicit educational suggestions, this philosophy of education has encouraged the awareness development on the social dimension of the educational process at schools, facilitating understanding of the impact of the hidden curriculum, and the fact that the knowledge in general implies certain social values. In this context it can be said that in the later periods of the twentieth century, the social reconstructionism continues to evolve within the theory and practice of critical pedagogy with the aim of raising the awareness on the injustices in the world, and the desire and ability to change it. Hence, it seems that the study of the theory and practice of early social reconstructionism is important for understanding how education could be used for the initiation of democratic and emancipation processes. Finally, understanding the tradi­tion of social reconstructionism in relation to its contribution to our understanding of the nature and possibilities of schooling in a democratic society seems to be very useful, since building of socially cohesive civil society requires an education that contributes to the development of abili­ties and characteristics of active citizens whose actions affect changes of reality both in the local and global level.

The paper analyzed primary prepositions od, do and z in Slovak and their equivalents in Ser-bian. These prepositions are used with the genitive case. In both languages prepositions od and do are formally the same. The Slovak preposition do expresses contact, while the Serbian preposition do marks a position. The preposition do in both languages marks a temporal boundary, a point of the end of motion, a position, a movement towards the interior, a manner, an aim, a purpose, an approximate boundary. In the Serbian language the equivalent prepositions are do, u, na, za.The preposition od is a position preposition in both languages and is used to express a point of the beginning of an action, the time of the beginning of an action, a cause, a motive, an aim, a purpose. These meanings are expressed with prepositions od, od-do, od-po in Serbian. The preposition z expresses a place, a point of origin, a time when something begins, an origin, a motive, a cause, a matter, a material something is made of. The Serbian semantic equivalents of the Slovak preposition z are iz, s, sa, od. The paper also lists interference that occurs when these prepositions are used.

Debates on the application of the quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodological ap­proaches in social sciences are mainly driven by the need to justify meaning and scope of qualitative research in the context of modern science. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to discuss the possibilities of application of one of the qualitative methodological approaches to researching the problems of social pedagogy – the grounded theory research design. In the first part of the paper, the authors examine the development, constitutive properties and methodological assumptions of grounded theory by the authors Glaser and Strauss. The methodology and very design of the grounded theory are presented in relation to its main assumptions and key elements (phases): the collection of qualitative data, the constant com­parison method, coding and theoretical sampling. In the second part, the authors explicate the methodologically concise but coherent interpretation of this type of qualitative research, which could have significant potential in the process of understanding social-pedagogical phenomena, in the way that enables generating more integrated theories and their greater applicability by social pedagogues/practitioners.

The question of how to link a family and school is the latest pedagogical issue, which attracts an increasing attention of researchers, educators and practitioners in order to emphasize the im­portance of family-school partnerships, a need for a more active and effective involvement of parents in the school life and work, and the importance of cooperation with the community that incorporates both the family and the school system. In this regard, the paper presents key assump­tions of one of the most quoted and most implemented models of the overall partnership of family, school and community, designed by Joyce Epstein and his associates in the nineties of the last century. Starting from the theory of overlapping the spheres of influence, the model specially emphasizes the operationalization of the six types of parental involvement (parenting, communi­cating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with the community). In addition, the authors of the model suggest five steps to be taken in order to effectively link families, schools and communities – forming an action team, raising funds and other forms of support, identifying starting points, developing the three-year and one-year action plan, continuing to plan and work. The paper also emphasizes that in the past three decades there was written an impressive number of studies and scientific papers, which exploited different theories, models and partner­ship programs of a family, school and community, and analyzed the effects of their implementa­tion in practice. On the basis of such analysis, there were made very important conclusions, which provided very useful guidelines and recommendations for conducting further research, education policy and practice. Accordingly, the paper indicates characteristics of a successful partnership and certain principles selected by the eminent experts in this field, as guidelines for the effective implementation of the partnership program in practice. Since the analysis of the situation in prac­tice has shown that building an effective family-school-community partnership is followed by a number of challenges, the experts emphasize a commitment to building trust and cooperative rela­tions, i.e. willingness to accept the philosophy of partnerships and the principle of shared respon­sibility, as particularly important. In this regard, the conclusion of the paper emphasizes that, al­though the interaction among teachers, pupils, parents and community members could be related to many problems and barriers, good partnership programs provide a basis for establishing the base of trust, and conditions for the efficient problem resolution, which make the more empowered partners.

This paper focuses on the mutual Yugoslav – Slovak contact in the 18th and 19th centuries established by the Slovak representative of literary realism, Svetozar Hurban Vajanski, and his father, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, with prominent representatives of Serbian cultural and literary life during the period when Serbian young men went to study to Bratislava. Later these contacts were strengthened through family ties in the Vojvodinian setting, when S. H. Vajanski visited Stara Pazova, and through contacts with leading representatives of Serbian literary life. The paper also focuses on Yugoslav motives in the works of S. H. Vajanski.

After 25 years of uncertainty and ups and downs, Belgrade-Bar railway was finished and officially opened to traffic on 28 May 1976. There was officially completed the last big federal project in Yugoslavia. What do the results of this research tell us about the history of financing the construction of the railroad Belgrade-Bar? First of all, it strikes to the line that the railway cost much more than it could be concluded from the literature. The construction did not cost 210, i.e. 300 million USD, but about 449.6 million USD. Furthermore, there were additional costs made after opening of the railway, since it was not fully completed (e.g. it was necessary to electrify a route from Titovo Uzice to Bar), which was not calculated in this paper. The budget presented in this paper was not fully accurate either, but in any case it was much more accurate than all the previous calculations based on different sources. Information from daily newspapers and professional journals were more than sufficient to demonstrate and confirm trends that emerged in relation to financing of the BB railway construction. A tendency, which was very clear, was that the costs of the railway construction were much higher than it had been previously planned. Another, equally important tendency was that the Federal Republic of Serbia and SR Montenegro invested much more in the railway than it was expected. Even if the new research proved that the railway did not cost 449.6 million USD, but 480 or 420 million USD, the two above-mentioned tendencies would remain unchanged. A fact that the construction costs were much higher at the end of the line than it was planned was not unusual for the socialist countries, when it came to the construction of such huge projects. However, the fact that the Federal Republic of Serbia and SR Montenegro invested much more in the railway than the Federal Government was a very interesting finding, especially because the scientific papers and news reports about the BB railway presented a completely different picture and totally different impression. This finding automatically opened another question – namely, whether the construction of the BB railway after 1971 was a Yugoslav Federal project at all, or, in fact, it was a project of SR Serbia and the Federal Republic of Montenegro? The purpose of federal projects in Yugoslavia after The Second World War was to support with the common means of financing only those projects which were important for the economy of entire Yugoslavia. In any case, Belgrade-Bar railway was such a project, since its construction was important for the entire Yugoslav economy. Representatives of all the Republics agreed in this regard, and no one questioned it. Accordingly, there was no doubt that the BB railway was the federal project at the beginning. However, construction of the BB railway was also the largest and the most expensive federal project, and the Yugoslav economy in the fifties and sixties was simply not strong enough to provide sufficient resources to finish the railway and open it to traffic. Finally, SR Serbia and SR Montenegro had to take almost two-thirds of the total construction costs. Therefore it was very difficult and problematic to characterize the construction of the railroad Belgrade-Bar as a federal project. In any case, it could be said that the construction of the railroad Belgrade-Bar, which started as a federal project in 1952 was completed as a project of SR Serbia and SR Montenegro in 1976. On the other hand, without help of the other republics sent to the Federal Republic of Montenegro in critical moments after 1972, it would not be possible to finish the railroad. Taking into account this fact, the construction of the railroad Belgrade-Bar could be seen as a joint success of all six republics. That the construction of the railway made sense, especially from the economic point of view, was proved by the development of traffic on this line after 1976. During 1977, only 3,198 tons of goods were transported on the BB railway, because the railway had not been electrified yet in its whole length, and the port of Bar was not fully completed. However, already in 1981, 5,827 million tons of cargo and 3,387 million passengers were transported on the railway, what made it profitable. After that, more passengers and goods were transported every year, thus in 1985, there were transported 6,9 million tons of cargo and 4,8 million passengers. Only after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, the railway was no longer profitable. It also raised the question why the construction of the BB railway was so challenged in SR Croatia and SR Slovenia after 1965, if more than two-thirds of the construction costs were borne by SR Serbia and SR Montenegro? I think there were several reasons for that, and none of them was directly related to the BB railway. An important reason was certainly that the BB railroad was the last federal project, and also it was the only federal project after 1971. Therefore, it was reminiscent of the time and the system before 1971. The primary aim of criticism coming from SR Croatia and SR Slovenia was not to question the purpose of construction of the BB railway, but to permanently abolish federal projects as a form of investment. It means that challenging of the BB railway was more politically than economically motivated. Another reason was that after 1971 the republics had to finance the construction of the railway BB through Montenegro by loans, unwillingly, and often under strong political pressure. The construction of the Port in Bar should not be forgotten, since it was financed at the same time by the loans of the Federal State and the other republics. The very fact that the republics had to finance any project outside the republic after January 1, 1971 was far more important than the amount of funds which should be allocated. According to my opinion, it was exactly the main cause of dissatisfaction and negative attitudes of the other republics towards the Belgrade-Bar railway.

This paper proposes to analyze several motives from Serbian and Romanian folk literature. It identifies the main themes and motives from the local folklore, similar situations from the folklore of the two peoples, the Romanian and the Serbian. The common Balkan history and, especially, the struggle against the Ottoman Turks, are the starting point of both the Serbian and the Romanian legend (The Monastery of Arges and the Building of the Fortress on the River Bojana). This paper attempts to present several motives and their presence in the legends of the two neighboring peoples, stressing not only the similarities, but also the differences between them. What should be pointed out are previous, detailed studies about local and Balkan folklore, starting from names of references and the work they have done in this field. One of the main differences, and one that will mark the overall meaning of the two legends, is related to the ethnic, religious and traditional characteristics of each of the two nations. If with the Romanian the image of creation, the arch spreading over generations and generations - is a church, a religious temple, then with the Serbian it is a tower built as a defense against Turks. Their continuity in space and time is considered from the point of view of the building of the Arges Temple and the Fortress on the Bojana, respectively; in his play about Manole the Craftsman, Lucian Blaga also speaks of mythical time. In the Romanian version, Manole sacrifices himself, which is an idea of creation that defies time, and in the popular mind it implies the necessity of complete sacrifice, and death is transformed into immortality through the acts of building an edifice and a fountain. Common motives in Serbian and Romanian folk literature are the result of good neighborly relations in this part of the Balkans and the legends of Manole the Craftsman and the Building of the Fortress on the Bojana are the best example of this. These two legends symbolize, in folk as well as in contemporary literature, the creative spirit of the two nations. The main characters are true symbols, because they represent something both the Romanian and the Serbian people managed to create and save until today, trough many sacrifices, while throughout history, they were very often forced to lose what they had fought to gain over many centuries.

This paper is about a contrastive analyses study of the prepositional-casual spatial constructions with genitive in the Romanian and Serbian Language. It is the intention of the author to contrast two semantic systems consisting of parts which are morphologically represented by prepositional and case structures. Primary syntactic formalizers of spatiality in both the Romanian and Serbian language are either case structures, or combinations made of case structure followed by preposition. This research could be useful for at least two reasons: firstly – the problem of the substandard use of case structures with genitive used in the Serbian language spoken by Romanian speakers could be explained, and secondly – philological audience could obtain important data about spatial aspects of the Romanian case system, which is of great importance for further research of Serbian dialects influenced by Balkanisation process. The paper presents spatial semantic subfields consisting of examples with genitive in the Romanian and Serbian language. Examples illustrating Romanian equivalents of spatial genitive in Serbian language are extracted from Serbian literary work translated in Romanian language and vice versa.

The paper discusses the sociological analysis of the elite formation in the Middle Ages in the territory of Serbian states, and the acceptance of the inheritance by the emerging leading groups of the Serbian society. After the disappearance of the medieval Serbian states in the Ottoman Empire, partially in the Christian countries in which Serbian people he lived, was grown into a new social class dealing with the warrior profession on behalf of the state in which he lived. This paper analyzes the extent to which he inherited the medieval legacy of the Serbian ruling class and the state.

The author of the paper analyzes Lysias’s speech 25 of the Corpus Lysiacum. The speech is understood as Lysias’s political pamphlet in which he, as the writer of the speech for the procedure of dokimasia, expresses his protest against the collective guilt, pointing out deficiencies and abuses of democratic institutions. The paper is supported by the author’s translation of Lysias’s 25 which is the first translation from Greek into Serbian.