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The scale of changes in the current stage of social development actualizes the study of various adaptation models and mechanisms. The main purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the self-employed form of the Russia and Kazakhstan population adaptation, as well as the identification of factors affecting self-employment. The methods of normative, comparative, statistical, correlation and regression analysis were used. It is determined that self-employment by a combination of such characteristics as risk, independence, income, tax payment is a form of the adaptation entrepreneurial model, which is more typical for developing economies or unstable periods. It is revealed that the cross-country comparative analysis has certain limitations due to different regulatory approaches to the allocation of the self-employed category. Comparative studies require taking into account the contextual component, and they also need to be supplemented with the study of factors affecting self-employment. The study novelty is to identify demographic and economic factors affecting self-employment, the assessment of which on the example of the Kazakhstan regions was the regression analysis task. The information base was the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Kazakhstan Republic data. The study was conducted in the R software environment. The assessment results showed that the choice of self-employed form is directly influenced by age, gender, place of residence, unemployment, the opposite — labor costs, stability conditions. These conclusions should be taken into account when forming state support measures. The prospects for further research are largely determined by the level of statistical and other information about self-employed citizens. In this regard, it seems promising for Kazakhstan to continue research with an emphasis on certain categories of the self-employed, analysis of the influence of various factors. For Russia today, the use of sociological surveys is preferable, and the formation of a statistical base over time will allow for a more in-depth analysis of the influence factors.