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The relevance. The waste of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill causes a real danger of a social and environmental disaster for Lake Baikal and the entire Southern Baikal region, therefore, the problem of developing integrated solutions for dumping the accumulation of lignin-containing waste is especially acute. One of the promising areas for processing this type of waste is the use of natural processes, for example, freezing in winter, temperature detection or self-overgrowth of the occurrence of natural succession. The main aim of the research is to develop an environmentally friendly technology for processing colloidal lignin-containing waste from the pulp and paper industry. Methods: pilot tests at the Solzan industrial site of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill for freezing lignin-containing wastes and obtaining soils from them by mixing with additives; performing quantitative chemical analysis using the methods of atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, toxicological analysis. Results. Pilot tests have shown that after freezing, the colloidal structure of lignin-containing sediments is destroyed with a decrease in volume up to 40 %, humidity up to 60 %, and also with a decrease in toxicity – from the third (moderately hazardous) to the fourth (low hazardous) and fifth class (practically non-hazardous) of hazard of the waste depending on its composition. After freezing, the resulting sludge with the introduction of various additives (CHP ash, sewage treatment plant sludge) can be used as soil ground and fertilizers for reclamation of disturbed lands and crops. Thus, an environmentally friendly technology was developed for processing waste from the pulp and paper industry to obtain soil ground, which is low-energy and does not contain expensive imported equipment.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to assess the level of impact of a large pulp and paper enterprise located north of the Ezhvinsky district of Syktyvkar on the basis of ecochemical analysis of winter precipitation (snow), to show the feasibility of using this approach in environmental studies. The main aim is to show the dynamics of the aerotechnogenic load on the territory near the Syktyvkar timber industry complex based on the data on snow cover chemical composition during the monitoring period. Objects: snowpack samples, selected in the zone of influence of emissions of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC and conditionally background areas. Methods: snow survey using transect, adhering to constant sampling points, application of analytical methods according to the air pollution control manual (GD 52.04.186-89), cartographic methods for estimating the spread of pollution in the snow cover using the interpolation method (inverse weighted distance method), application of map algebra for calculating the areas of impact zones. Results. The authors present the results of ecochemical monitoring of snow cover in the zone of aerotechnogenic impact of emissions Mondi Syktyvkar JSC for a multi-year period. A general description of the distribution of individual components of emissions relative to the emission center is given. Long-term monitoring of snow cover in the impact and sanitary protection zones of the enterprise allowed us to analyze the dynamics of the aerotechnogenic load on the territory. The results of the calculation of the modules of substances entering the territory of the enterprise in 2019 showed the lowest level of contamination of the snow cover for the entire observation period, 66 % compared to the volumes of 2002. A significant decrease in the content of components in the snow was noted, starting in 2016 after the reconstruction of the enterprise. Samples of snowmelt water outside the territory of the sanitary protection zone do not exceed the sanitary and hygienic standards for fisheries reservoirs for all components. In general, based on the results of ecochemical monitoring of snow cover, the trend towards reducing the aerogenic impact of the enterprise on the adjacent territory is shown.

Relevance. Transportation of Russian coal by rail is an important link in coal supply for export. It is essential for the country economy and of high social significance for coal mining regions. Aim. To assess the state of the railway infrastructure for coal transportation, identify limitations and opportunities for improving coal transportation. Objects. Volumes and technologies of coal transportation by foreign and Russian exporters; state of the railway infrastructure of the eastern range of Russia; measures taken by coal mining companies to overcome restrictions on coal transportation; potential volumes of coal transportation for export and risks associated with reduction in coal exports. Methods. Methods of system analysis: classification, structuring and restructuring, analysis, formalization and concretization. Results. The paper considers the current state of coal transportation by rail in Russia with allocation of coal-mining eastern regions of Russia and Western Siberia. The importance of Russian railways in coal transportation is presented. The authors have outlined the problems of the railway infrastructure of the Eastern range of Russian railways due to its insufficient capacity. The changed geopolitical conditions created additional difficulties in transporting coal for export by rail. The paper introduces the state and prospects for modernization of the Eastern range of the Russian Railways. The authors gave an overview of activities of coal mining companies to overcome restrictions on coal transportation by rail. A brief review of the world experience in coal transportation state in the main coal exporting countries is made. The demanded volumes of coal transportation for export by rail was assessed. The paper considers the risks associated with the reduction of coal exports. The authors noted the need to harmonize programs for development of railway infrastructure, the coal industry and other industries that ensure coal extraction, transportation and consumption, reduce import dependence and the need to develop coal transportation technologies.

Relevance. The need to develop energy-saving approaches through the use of data mining tools to improve the efficiency of management decision-making and more optimal use of energy resources. Forecasting the amount of electric energy generated by a solar power plant will allow optimal electricity distribution in decentralized systems. Information about the amount of electricity generated by a solar power plant and transmitted to a grid at every hour will allow planning the use of generated electricity and its distribution more reasonably. Also, the presence of a reliable forecast will allow embedding a predictive model into the micro-grid management subsystem. This will facilitate the integration of centralized electrical networks and distributed generation facilities. Aim. To analyze scientific papers containing proposals to improve the accuracy of determining the amount of electricity generated by solar power plants; to create machine learning models that allow you to create a short-term forecast of electricity generation by a solar power plant. Objects. Solar power plant named after A.A. Vlaznev (Sakmarskaya SPP), Orenburg region, Orsk, Oktyabrsky district, geographical coordinates: 51.266023, 58.474689. Methods. Analytical method, methods of mathematical statistics, methods of machine learning, complex generalization of scientific achievements and practical experience in the use of data processing tools in the tasks of forecasting electricity generation by solar power plants. Results. The authors have carried out the review of literature sources reflecting the results of using modern data mining tools in predicting the magnitude of electricity generation by solar power plants. The paper considers various approaches to forecasting electricity generation at solar power plants. The analysis of factors used in forecasting is carried out. The authors obtained the results of theoretical and applied nature. The results consist in recommendations on using exogenous variables in predicting power generation at SPP, as well as some machine learning algorithms in construction of predictive models. These recommendations were obtained in generalizing the results of the applied research.

Relevance. The need to develop new technical and technological solutions to improve the efficiency of water isolation in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Aim. To identify and propose a promising gel-forming composition for conducting water isolation in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Object. A well with a horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Methods. Laboratory and bench studies of the gel-forming composition for isolating water inflow in wells with different reservoir permeability by modifying it with functional additives and further adapting its application to various mining and geological conditions of the well; technology of injection of compositions with different viscosity in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Results. The paper considers the theoretical aspects of a hydrophobic layer formation on a watered reservoir surface effected by a hydrophobic composition, when it enters the reservoir. The paper introduces the mechanism of a water-insulating screen formation during injection of a gel-forming composition. The authors have defined the basic requirements for the gel-forming composition. They developed the formulation of the gel-forming composition with a different gelation time from 1 to 8 hours. Due to the composition injection, a water insulation screen is formed that can withstand significant water flow pressure. The water breakthrough pressure varies and depends on the initial permeability: with an increase in gas permeability from 0.1 to 1 mm2 of the breakthrough pressure it decreases by water and ranges from 4.5 to 11.5 MPa/m.

The relevance. Increasing requirements for reliability and safety of gas pipelines. One of the promising methods to ensure compliance with these requirements is to equip gas pipelines with aeroacoustics monitoring systems. These systems make it possible to detect leaks and mechanical impacts on a pipe by registering aeroacoustics oscillations, propagating in the transported gas. At the same time, the issue of improving the accuracy of such systems remains relevant. It can be achieved by better consideration of a gas flow impact on aeroacoustics oscillations, taking into account the effect of convective amplification. This effect was revealed in studies of propagation of aeroacoustics oscillations in air ducts, turbines, as well as in studies of sound propagation from moving aircraft and high-speed trains. But it has not been described in relation to gas pipelines. This article presents experimental data confirming the convective amplification impact on the amplitude of aeroacoustics oscillations in the main gas pipeline, quantitative description of influence of this effect. The paper demonstrates the possibility of improving the accuracy of aeroacoustics monitoring systems, taking into account the convective amplification. The main aim. Confirm the presence of the convective amplification effect while the aeroacoustics oscillations propagating in the main gas pipeline. Object. A linear part of the main gas pipeline. Methods. Use of the aeroacoustics monitoring system for registration of aeroacoustics oscillations in the gas pipeline during the movement of a cleaning gauge and at leaks simulation; comparison of the amplitude of aeroacoustics oscillations, propagating up and down the transported gas. Results. The authors confirmed in field experiments the presence of the convective amplification effect during the cleaning gauge movement and leaks simulating. They carried out a quantitative assessment of the convective amplification influence on the aeroacoustics oscillations amplitude. The paper introduces the example of the convective amplification impact on the accuracy of the source of acoustic oscillations location in a gas pipeline. Conclusions. When propagating upstream of the gas the aeroacoustics oscillations amplitude is higher than when propagating downstream of the gas at the same distance from the source. The value in the amplitude difference is comparable to the value of the convective amplification in quantitative terms. Taking into consideration of the convective amplification effect improves the accuracy of determining the linear coordinate of the acoustic oscillations source in the gas pipeline.

Relevance. Copper-pyrite ores of Russia are the basis of the mineral resource base of the country's metallurgical industry, primarily providing copper and zinc, and metals such as Pb, Au, Ag, etc. Today, about 25 % of the total balance reserves of zinc of the country is in the composition of copper pyrite ores, the role of the main component in which is performed by copper. The result of the flotation enrichment of copper pyrite ores is the production of substandard copper concentrates (Cu content ⁓15–20 %, Zn content ≥5 %). The pyrometallurgical processing of such materials into blister copper is characterized by high costs, as well as irretrievable losses of valuable components. Today, the issues of studying the characteristics of raw materials and deposits, developing technologies for processing copper- and zinc-containing materials, as well as analyzing existing and promising processing options are relevant and, as a result, can have positive effect both in terms of the complexity of using raw materials, improving the quality of the resulting products and the degree of their extraction, and, consequently, from an economic point of view. The aim: analysis of the characteristics of copper zinc-bearing ores, in particular, the ores of the Uchalinsky and Verkhneuralsky copper ore regions enriched at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, mineralogical assessment of the concentrates of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, followed by the selection of promising options for processing low-grade copper concentrates based on hydrometallurgical processing methods. Methods. The analysis of data on the main types of copper deposits, the characteristics of copper pyrite ores in Russia, as well as more detailed data on ores enriched at the mining and processing plant was carried out on the basis of a review of domestic and foreign literary and information sources. Also, an analysis of the concentrate and middlings of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant was carried out. Due to the information obtained through the combination of the above methods, an assessment was made and information on possible options for improving the processing technologies of the studied raw materials was presented. Results. Thanks to the study and development of more integrated approaches in processing materials with a low content of useful components and complex raw materials, in particular, studied in this work, in the future it will be possible to achieve improved technological performance from both an economic and environmental point of view. In this paper, the raw materials and products used and obtained, respectively, at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, the Republic of Bashkiria, will be considered in more detail.Relevance. Copper-pyrite ores of Russia are the basis of the mineral resource base of the country's metallurgical industry, primarily providing copper and zinc, and metals such as Pb, Au, Ag, etc. Today, about 25 % of the total balance reserves of zinc of the country is in the composition of copper pyrite ores, the role of the main component in which is performed by copper. The result of the flotation enrichment of copper pyrite ores is the production of substandard copper concentrates (Cu content ⁓15–20 %, Zn content ≥5 %). The pyrometallurgical processing of such materials into blister copper is characterized by high costs, as well as irretrievable losses of valuable components. Today, the issues of studying the characteristics of raw materials and deposits, developing technologies for processing copper- and zinc-containing materials, as well as analyzing existing and promising processing options are relevant and, as a result, can have positive effect both in terms of the complexity of using raw materials, improving the quality of the resulting products and the degree of their extraction, and, consequently, from an economic point of view. The aim: analysis of the characteristics of copper zinc-bearing ores, in particular, the ores of the Uchalinsky and Verkhneuralsky copper ore regions enriched at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, mineralogical assessment of the concentrates of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, followed by the selection of promising options for processing low-grade copper concentrates based on hydrometallurgical processing methods. Methods. The analysis of data on the main types of copper deposits, the characteristics of copper pyrite ores in Russia, as well as more detailed data on ores enriched at the mining and processing plant was carried out on the basis of a review of domestic and foreign literary and information sources. Also, an analysis of the concentrate and middlings of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant was carried out. Due to the information obtained through the combination of the above methods, an assessment was made and information on possible options for improving the processing technologies of the studied raw materials was presented. Results. Thanks to the study and development of more integrated approaches in processing materials with a low content of useful components and complex raw materials, in particular, studied in this work, in the future it will be possible to achieve improved technological performance from both an economic and environmental point of view. In this paper, the raw materials and products used and obtained, respectively, at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, the Republic of Bashkiria, will be considered in more detail.

Relevance. Mining of potash ore using borer miners is characterized by a high degree of dust emission. The main sources of dust emission are the processes of destruction of the massif, loading of the broken-off rock mass and further overloading of ore. Long-term presence of miners in an area where the maximum permissible concentration for potash dust is exceeded negatively affects their health. In terms of economic losses, ore regrinding also has a negative effect. Particles of a useful component less than 250 micrometers in size do not lend themselves to enrichment and go to the dump. Often, the amount of raw ore at the entrance to the processing plant reaches 18 % of the total supplied mass. In this regard, it is necessary to take measures to reduce dust concentration in the working area of the borer miner operator and to reduce the amount of non-enriched fraction. The purpose of this work is to develop and implement measures to change the executive bodies of roadheaders, which will help reduce dust emissions in the bottomhole working area of potash mines. The object of the study is the executive body of a roadheader with a cutting tool. Results. The paper proposes constructive changes to the executive body of the borer miners. The new flat planetary-disk cutting unit will make it possible to implement a cross cutting scheme with a more stable geometry than the existing cutting sequence for Ural-20R borer miners. The design changes proposed in this paper take into account the previous problems described in the literature.

Relevance. The construction sector is currently one of the largest consumers of raw materials and a major source of environmental pollution, accounting for about 40 % of energy consumption and about 30 % of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of emissions into the atmosphere of combustion products of coal, oil and gas, irreparable damage is caused to the environment. One of the promising ways to solve this problem is the introduction of «energy efficient building» technology. The key task of designing energy-efficient buildings is the development of a power supply system, which largely determines the level of comfort and technical and economic indicators of the entire facility. The complexity of this task is caused by the fact that installations based on renewable energy sources, characterized by stochastic generation, are mainly used as power sources, and energy-efficient buildings themselves can differ significantly from each other in a number of parameters: purpose, architecture, size and number of storeys, composition of consumers etc. The article proposes an engineering technique for designing such objects and the results of its testing. The aim of study is to develop an engineering methodology for designing power supply systems for autonomous energy-efficient buildings based on renewable energy sources. Methods: methods of statistical processing of time series of data, mathematical and computer modeling using the MatLab/Simulink software environment. Results. The authors have proposed an engineering methodology for designing power supply systems for autonomous objects, focused on the design of «active» buildings with the maximum possible use of renewable energy sources. The paper describes the main design stages, which include calculation and analysis of the energy balance, choice of the main electrical equipment and development of a structural diagram of the electric power system, optimization of the composition and sizes of the main electrical equipment, selection of switching and protective devices, conductor products, development of circuit diagrams. The paper considers the practical example of application of the proposed methodology for designing the power supply system of an autonomous energy-efficient building in the Kursk region.

Link for citation: Buglov N.A., Pushmin P.S. Determination of the conditions for the implementation of the deformed drilling layout rotation in the mode of stabilization of the borehole direction. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр.17-25.In Rus. The relevance of the study is caused by the need to create a general methodology for determining the eccentricity of the inertia center of the core set cross-section, which will significantly reduce the irrational material and energy costs of drilling wells drilled in conditions of natural curvature of their trunks, as well as optimize the technical and economic indicators of drilling operations. Objective: to increase the productivity of geological exploration when working in conditions of natural curvature of boreholes. Objects: drilling well, column set, drilling shell, drill string, natural curvature of the borehole, the trajectory of the borehole. Methods: analysis of literature sources on the research topic; processing data of production organizations; graphoanalytic method. Results. To eliminate some of the shortcomings currently available in the issue of maintaining the trajectory of the borehole drilled in conditions of natural curvature, a general technique is proposed that ensures minimization of the deflecting force on the rock-breaking tool during the deepening. The proposed technique is divided into two components: the use of pre-deformed core sets; the creation of a direct precession with continuous contact of the half-wave crest with the well wall during rotation of the arrangement. To implement the first case, the paper presents a method for determining the value of residual or preliminary deformation of a rectilinear core pipe. Practically, the proposed technique is implemented by sequentially performing three basic operations: the plane of deformation of the core set is determined during drilling; the parameters of the core set are adjusted by its residual deformation by the calculated value; the well is drilled with a pre-deformed core set. To implement the second case, the paper presents a method for determining the magnitude of the eccentricity of the inertia center of the column set cross-section. In this case, in order to implement the method, it is necessary: to make a rational arrangement of the lower part of the drill string; to carry out the drilling process at the maximum possible rotation frequencies of the drill shaft; to use emulsion washing fluids; to reduce the amount of bending moment due to the operation of diamond crowns that work effectively at low axial forces. Both proposed methods are justified and supported by the results of experimental work. Conclusions. The conducted research allowed us to present and justify a fundamentally new method of reducing the curvature of boreholes based on the use of pre-deformed core sets, as well as to obtain a dependence for determining the optimal value of their residual initial bending, which guarantees a deflection force close to zero on a rock-breaking tool. The magnitude of the eccentricity of the stabilizing arrangement, which guarantees the operation of the guide section in the mode of direct precession: is directly proportional to the force of its interaction with the walls of the well; is inversely proportional to its mass and rotational speed; is directly proportional to the coefficient of sliding friction.

Link for citation: Mohammad Almohammad Alnayef, Zain Alabidin Dalfi Abd Ali Khalaf, Gnidan E.V. Experience of using acid treatments in the oil field Suwaydiya (Syria). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр. 50-58. In Rus. Relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase oil recovery from wells developed in the fields of Syria, in the carbonate reservoirs of the Massif and Shiranish formation, for which there is a natural drop in production rates due to decrease in reservoir pressure, water cut, opening of reservoirs with low reservoir properties and increase in the share of hard-to-recover reserves. The main aim of the study is to analyze the results of acid treatments to improve oil recovery in the field of Suwaydia, Syria. The object of study is the carbonate complexes in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Massif formation and the Shiranish formation, Syria. Methods: review of domestic and foreign experience in treating the bottomhole formation zone using acid compositions and analysis of production, technological, lithological, geological, geophysical, and field data of wells treated with acids. Results. The paper introduces the advantages of the acid treatments method, such as improving the reservoir permeability and decreasing the skin factor by increasing the pore space and fracture channels, as well as removing the filter cake and various inorganic sediments that prevent oil flow. The undesirable effects of acid treatments: corrosion, secondary sedimentation, water cut, are indicated. The geological and physical conditions of the well and reservoir for choosing a treatment technology are considered. They are: reservoir temperature, filtration, and reservoir properties of rocks, granulometric (fractional) and mineralogical composition of rocks, chemical composition of reservoir fluids. The main directions of measures for solving geological and technological complications that arise during acid treatments using inhibitors, new multicomponent compositions of acid agents, special additives, and multi-stage treatments are noted. The paper introduces the technology and results of the application of acid treatments: hydrochloric acid treatment and foam hydrochloric acid treatment of the bottomhole zone of wells located in the north-east of the Syrian Arab Republic, which belong to the two oil field – Suwaydia and Zarba – of the Al-Hasakah Oil Fields Administration. It was noted that the use of a simple hydrochloric acid treatment of several wells did not lead to the predicted increase in oil recovery, and the use of an acid mixture (HCL at a concentration of 15 %, HF at a concentration of 3 %) in well no. 462 of the Suwaydia oil field showed an increase in productivity of 1,5 times. Recommendations are given for improving acid treatments at the Suwaydia, Syria fields to intensify oil production.

Link for citation: Popova M.S., Neskoromnykh V.V., Zotov Z.G., Liu Baochang. Modern basis of automation of diamond drilling control. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 6, рр.103-112. In Rus. The relevance. Diamond drilling is one of the promising and versatile methods of well drilling, which makes it possible to achieve high drilling speeds at great depths of work. At the same time, an expensive diamond tool needs to save a resource. The developed method for managing diamond drilling based on a comprehensive analysis of criteria using the method of a full factorial experiment is effective if it is implemented in real time. Thus, the problem of developing an automated control system for the diamond drilling mode, which makes it possible to save the resource of the tool while ensuring high rates of mechanical drilling speed and minimal power consumption, is topical. This approach will improve the technical and economic results of diamond drilling. The aim of the work is to develop a reliable interactive system of ground sensors and a computer complex that allows implementing automated control of diamond drilling based on a comprehensive analysis of criteria that fully characterize complex drilling and operate in real time. Objects: diamond drilling, interactive systems, devices and sensors of the latest generation. Methods: analytical research, computer simulation, full factorial experiment. Results. The paper introduces the system of sensors and computing unit, consisting of computers and software, capable of collecting and processing information in detail, which makes it possible to give a full assessment of the work of the tool at the bottomhole. The authors describe the scheme of interaction of devices for automation of diamond drilling. The paper introduces the detailed description of the software operation from the sensor signal to the display of the results on the display screen and the characteristic of the result of the application of an automated control system for diamond drilling.

The relevance of the research consists in search for methods for methods for increasing oil recovery aimed at growing the coverage of oil reservoirs developed by flooding, which will allow continuing the operation of fields with high depletion of reserves at the last stages of development. Involvement in the development of complexly localized non-drainable reserves due to the injection of polymer compositions will extend the life cycle of depleted fields and increase the final oil recovery factor. Purpose: to study the impact of injection of polymer compositions on the change in the filtration flows of an oil reservoir in order to increase the final oil recovery factor. Objects: sand layers of the Yu1 horizon of the Vasyugan suite, distinguished by their heterogeneity, inconsistency in thickness, and different permeability along the section. Methods: analysis of the recovery of oil reserves in terms of displacement characteristics, as well as analytical dependencies; analysis of the current state of development; assessment of the effectiveness of the formed waterflooding system; analytical calculations using the filtration equation; laboratory studies on a filtration model; analytical evaluation of the results of testing the selected compositions at the oil field «Х». Results. The article summarizes the results of experimental studies of the effect of adding polymeric reagents to the composition of the fluid injected into the formation on changing the reservoir properties of the productive formation. The paper introduces the results of laboratory studies to determine the technologies and compositions for the implementation of the program for the injection of polymers into the Yu12+3 formation of the oil field «Х». The filtration model of a real reservoir was created from core samples of the field under consideration especially for the research in laboratory conditions; the conditions for fluid filtration through the core column are as close as possible to reservoir ones. The paper introduces the results of pilot work on application of the technology of injection of polymer compositions into the Yu12+3 reservoir of the oil field «Х». The authors carried out the analysis of the effectiveness of the work, made the recommendations for further use of the technology of injection of polymer compositions into the reservoir.

The relevance of the work is caused by the need to solve the problems arising in the development of oil fields: reducing the production rate; deterioration of reservoir filtration properties; increasing water cut of produced oil. The impact on the formation of elastic vibrations in a wide frequency range is considered a promising technology to stimulate and increase oil production. However, the large-scale introduction of such methods is constrained by insufficient understanding of the physics of the processes involved. Objective: to identify mechanisms of improving the permeability of porous media and reservoirs under acoustic influence on them based on theoretical and experimental studies, field tests; to identify priorities for future scientific and practical developments in the application of acoustic technologies to intensify oil production. Methods: analysis of the results of laboratory studies and generalization of experience in the application of acoustic and ultrasonic impact methods on productive formations to intensify oil production. Objects: productive formations of oil fields; contaminated bottomhole zone of wells; samples of porous medium from terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs. Results. The paper introduces the review of the results of theoretical, laboratory, and field studies of methods to improve the efficiency of oil production due to the wave action on the environment by elastic oscillations. The authors analyzed the phenomena occurring during this action in the productive formation. It is noted that most studies in this area refer to the ultrasonic exposure and mainly in laboratory conditions. The paper considers the phenomenon leading to increase in porous media permeability under this impact. In particular, the propagation of elastic vibrations contributes to the prevention of deposition of organic and inorganic sediments, restoration and increase of permeability of saturated porous media, removal of plugs and various deposits in carbonate and terrigenous reservoirs. The directions of promising research are formulated; recommendations for improving oil production through acoustic impact are given. The conducted analysis and generalization confirm that the impact of elastic oscillations in a wide range of frequencies activates various chemical and physical processes, affects the filtration-capacitive properties of productive formations and contributes to oil production intensification.

The relevance of the problem of increasing the efficiency of using the metallic mineral resources extracted from the bowels on the earth's surface is explained by the increasing demand of industrial metals to meet the vital queries of the human. The aim of the study is to develop environment-friendly and resource-saving technologies of extracting metals from sub-standard raw materials in underground mining of metallic mineral deposits. Research methodology includes a set of methods that collectively define the feasibility of involvement in production of non-conforming metallic resources using hydrometallurgical technologies and increasing the extraction of metals compared to traditional washing technology. The main method is semi-experimental leaching of uranium ore in the pile. The results of the research allow us to optimize the organization of work on leaching metals by controlling the process parameters at all stages of leaching of off-grade mineral raw materials in the stacks with a differentiated assessment of the influence of major processes on leaching rates. The paper introduces the data on consumption of reagents and materials, extraction of metals into solution and out of solution and neutralization of the mother liquor. It is shown that leaching in the pile does not radically improve performance of traditional methods of extraction of metals, but only reduces the metal content in the secondary tails. The paper identifies the deficiencies of existing methods of assessing the impact of mining on the environment. The conclusion from the results of the study is that leaching in a stack does not solve the problem of non-waste, essentially increasing the exposure time of chemically hazardous products to living matter.

Link for citation: Popov S.N., Chernyshov S.E., Krivoshchekov S.N. Comparative analysis of the analytical and numerical methods for calculating the stress-strain state of the near-wellbore zone based on the elastic model taking into account the main structural elements of the well. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 5, рр.94-102. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the scientific interest in calculating the near-wellbore zone stress-strain state to improve the development of oil and gas fields, to predict the casing stability and the safety of the cement stone. The main aim: based on a comparative analysis of the methods of analytical and numerical simulation of stress calculation near a vertical well using an elastic model, determine the distribution of radial and tangential stresses, compare the accuracy of their calculation by different methods and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Objects: near-wellbore zone of the terrigenous reservoir of the Achimov deposits of one of the fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. Methods: analytical and numerical finite element methods for stress-strain state calculating of the near-wellbore zone, taking into account the main structural elements of the well and using a linear elastic model. Results. The paper considers the analytical relationships used to calculate the radial and tangential stresses in the casing, cement stone and reservoir rock, as well as the equations used in numerical finite element modeling of stresses near a vertical well. The authors have developed a finite element scheme of the near-wellbore zone, including its main structural elements. The paper introduces the results of calculation of the main components of the stress tensor in the structural elements of the well depending on the radial coordinate for the bottom hole pressure of 20, 40 and 60 MPa. The authors carried out the comparative analysis of the stress calculations results by the methods used. It is shown that the largest discrepancy between the analytical and numerical methods was 2 % that corresponds to radial stresses for the calculation option with a bottom hole pressure of 20 MPa. On average, the discrepancies were: for radial stresses – 0,04 %, for tangential stresses – 0,72 %. It is concluded that when using the model of a linearly elastic medium and under boundary conditions in the form of fixing the model in the upper and lower parts along the normal to the surface, and also without taking into account the pressure distribution in the depression funnel of the model, it is sufficient to use the analytical method of calculation. If it is supposed to use combined boundary conditions, a poroelastic model, taking into account viscoplastic deformations, then it is most preferable to use the numerical simulation method.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand the features of the hydrodynamics of viscous flows in the annular space between drillpipes and wellbore including changes in the shape of the cross section and wall surfaces; to detail intra- and interfacial processes of momentum and mass transfer during the flow of dispersed media with complex rheology in the fields of action of specific internal and external forces in annular eccentric pipes; to establish the capabilities of models, approaches, methods for predicting the evolution of the structure of the flow of mixtures; to develop practical recommendations for personnel on effective wellbore cleaning. The aim of the research is to study, within the framework of CFD methods, the features of the three-dimensional laminar and turbulent flow of a mixture of drilling fluid with solid particles in the coaxial and eccentric inlet area of the well, as well as to establish the patterns of complex viscous flow accompanying the transport of cuttings along the wellbore and cleaning its horizontal sections. Methodology is dominated by the approaches of complex physical-mathematical and computer modeling of processes in the mechanics of homogeneous and heterogeneous continuums, widely tested on internal complex viscous flows, as well as successfully validating and verifying the results under appropriate conditions and close to the flow regimes, heat and mass transfer, performed by other authors on the analysis of technological processes of drilling and cleaning wells. Results. The paper introduces the critical analysis of the current state of the problems of computer modeling of cuttings transport processes in drilling technologies. The features and effects formed by the presence of rotation of the drill pipe, which affect the structure of the flow, are noted. The authors have formulated in detail the problem of hydrodynamics and mass transfer of a turbulent spatially developing dispersed flow of a liquid with solid particles of cuttings in coaxial eccentric pipes of arbitrary rheology, as well as methods for studying it. The paper introduces the remarks on the formalism of the closures of the constitutive equations of the model in the framework of CFD. Calculations revealed the patterns of changes in local and integral parameters of flows and mass transfer associated with an increase in the annular, mass-average velocities resulting from a decrease in the free flow cross section due to the accumulation of cuttings. The trends towards regularization of the effects that create the cleaning are determined. The features of changes in the structure of a complex flow of a mixture in the framework of the Euler-Eulerian and Euler-Lagrangian approaches are disclosed. In conclusion, proposals for engineering prediction of flows in the horizontal section of the well are presented. The applied value of the results is determined by the possibility of making a number of generalizations that eliminate uncertainties caused by taking into account the details of the geometric and hydrodynamic configurations of the problem, as well as using the parameters of real drilling and cleaning modes.

Relevance. At present, the study of Suprasenomanian deposits, including deposits of the Lower Berezovskaya subformation of Cognac-Santonian age, composed of siliceous rocks, has moved from the category of theoretical interest to the category of practically important research. This is due to the fact that industrial gas content was confirmed at six sites (Van-Egansky – NB1 formation, Vyngapurovsky – NB4, Medvezhy – NB3–NB4, Novo-Chaselsky – NB3, Komsomolsky – NB1, Kharampursky – NB1). There are four layers of the Lower Berezovskaya subformation (the NB horizon), however, criteria for determining the boundaries of these layers have not yet been identified. In this paper, the substantiation of lithological-mineralogical and commercial-geophysical criteria for stratigraphic dissection of the section of the Nizhneberez subformation is given. The object of the study is the Berezovskaya formation, which deposits in the north of Western Siberia contain significant gas resources, considered as a reserve for «prolonging the life» of deposits during the development of highly productive Cenomanian deposits. The aim: improving the efficiency of geological exploration to identify gas deposits in siliceous rocks of xenon by clarifying the stratigraphic structure of the rocks of the Berezovskaya formation. Methods. The dissection of the sections was carried out on wells drilled in recent years, with continuous core sampling and with an expanded complex of geophysical studies of wells (GIS), including electrical, radioactive, acoustic, nuclear magnetic methods. The mineral composition was determined by studying the core by X-ray diffraction analysis (more than 300 samples), infrared spectroscopy (220 samples). The composition of chemical elements in rocks was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (more than 300 samples) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (70 samples). Results. It is shown that the boundary between the NB2 and NB3 layers does not have unambiguous GIS criteria. At the Medvezhye field, this boundary is determined by the abrupt change in the readings of the nuclear magnetic and acoustic logs, at the Vyngapurovskoe field such abrupt changes in the curves of these methods are not noted. The paper shows that the boundary between the B3 and B2 layers has a clear characteristic of the mineral composition of rocks and is determined by a sharp decrease in the proportion of zeolites (clinoptilolite) during the transition from NB3 to NB2. Along with a decrease in the content of clinoptilolite at the boundary between the B3 and B2 layers, there is also a sharp change in the chemical composition of rocks, in particular, a sharp decrease in the proportion of strontium is noted. This tendency to decrease the proportion of clinoptilolite and strontium in rocks can be explained by the attenuation of volcanic activity in the south-east of Western Siberia.

Relevance. The present paper is devoted to the practical issues of ensuring uninterrupted and quality power supply for standalone industrial facilities and quick response of power supply systems that become increasingly important in the context of continuously growing portion of renewable generation, such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic arrays, tidal power units, characterized by inconsistency and randomness of power generation periods. At same time, the load also has an unpredictable nature of consumption, which consists in unbalanced connection, abrupt power drops and surges, and the introduction of non-linear consumers, which affects the quality of the voltage in the power supply system. The main aim. The paper presents a method to develop a quick-response control strategy for a standalone three-phase power supply system for mineral mining and processing facilities to ensure the generated balanced voltages with sinusoidal waveforms. Objects: standalone power supply system; PWM four-leg full-bridge inverter, single-/three-phase load. Methods: quaternion algebra, noncommutative multiplication rules for imaginary units, closed-loop control, cascade systems. Results. The authors have developed basic concept covering the organization and implementation of a standalone AC generation system based on three-phase voltage quaternion decomposition into a balanced sinusoidal component and other components caused by amplitude-phase unbalance and nonlinear loads. The described continuous law provides a high speed of instantaneous compensation of distortions at abruptly variable load. Experimental studies were carried out on various kinds and configurations of loads: single-phase, three-phase symmetric, and also two-phase, one phase of which has a non-linear character of current consumption.

Relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand modern achievements in modeling the processes of sludge transport in real conditions of drilling operations that increase drilling speed and the efficiency of well cleaning; to establish the advantages/disadvantages of existing approaches, modern models and complex methods for describing the dynamics of systems with particles in order to effectively choose the rheological properties of drilling fluids and eliminate the reasons of equipment loss. The aim of this work is to understand the modern experience of modeling the processes of cleaning wells with complex geometries, mainly lying in the horizontal plane; to study the features of the flow of mixtures in the annular space with a circular core; providing recommendations for the practice of modeling and calculating hydrodynamic processes that increase hole cleaning efficiency. Methodology. Theoretical and practical research methods from related fields of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in rheologically and physically complex systems; methods for numerical modeling of laminar and turbulent flows under conditions of direct-flow and swirling flows created by a co-axially or orbitally rotating wall, which affect the formation of a layer of cuttings and the dynamics of particles of a dispersed mixture. Results. The paper introduces the results of modern numerical studies of cleaning wells with horizontal sections and the information on aspects of detailed hydrodynamic and diffusion modeling of complex flows in inclined wells. The applied models and methods used to study the characteristics of flow and heat and mass transfer in homogeneous and heterogeneous media in internal systems are formulated. Aspects of modeling the processes of cuttings transport in the framework of Euler/Lagrangian approaches are discussed, taking into account the features introduced by the effects of interfacial interaction/rotation. The paper introduces the changes in cuttings concentration based on rheological properties (power-law or Herschel–Bulkley), different shapes/sizes of particles, flow regimes and inertial forces. The problems of improving the accuracy of cuttings transport modeling, the possibilities of new technologies, original turbulence models and their two-parameter dynamic bases used for increasing the intensification and efficiency of cleaning processes are analyzed. The authors have given the recommendations for their solution in the considered hydrodynamic and geometric configurations. The results and problems that are of fundamental and applied significance and constitute an independent subject of prospective research are indicated.

The relevance of the work is caused by the wide use of porous media, both in the design and optimization of compact heat exchangers and in the engineering calculations of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in the channels with a grainy medium and when flowing around the bodies immersed in the porous medium. The main aim of the research is the experimental study of heat transfer in an annular channel filled with a granular medium at various modes of liquid filtration; to obtain semi-empirical correlations for heat transfer in the inertial mode of fluid filtration in an annular channel. Objects: annular channel with a porous insert consisting of glass beads of the same diameter with different types of both regular and chaotic pakings. Methods: experimental methods for finding the patterns of heat exchange processes. In experiments, using thermocouples, the temperature of the heated outer wall of the annular channel was measured in four sections and the temperature of the heater at two different points. The temperatures at the inlet to the working station and at the output of it were measured as well. Simultaneously with thermal investigation, the fluid flow was measured when filtering through a porous insert. Porosity was determined by the usual weighty way. In special calibration experiments, the heat losses of the working section were determined separately. The calculation of the heat transfer coefficient was carried out according to the flow of heat to the outer wall of the annular channel, taking into account heat losses and, along the difference in the measured wall temperature and the medium-mass fluid temperature in this section. The paper introduces the results of the experimental study of liquid filtration flow heat exchange with the walls of the annular channel filled with a porous medium at constant heat flux on the outer wall. The study was conducted on ring channels with different widths. The width of the channel was laid either one layer of the balls of one diameter with two types of packages: cubic and rhombohedral, or several layers of balls, but already with arbitrary packaging (from 3 to 10 ball width). When processing the experimental data, hydraulic grain diameter is selected as the determining geometric parameter. It is shown that, depending on the filtration mode, various laws of heat exchange exist through a porous insert. So for the turbulent filtering mode, the obtained data for heat exchange is well summarized by the universal «law of two-thirds». The paper introduces the comparison with the data of other authors, both for heat exchange in the annular channel and in a round tube. It is shown that in the inertial mode of filtration, the heat exchange corresponds to the regularity of Nu~Re1/2.

The work is devoted to the laboratory investigation of the causes of cryopeg formation – objects of cryolitosones of natural or man-made character, which are lenses of supercooled pore solution in the environment of frozen fluid stop. In particular, processes promoting cryogenic concentration of salts, as well as peculiarities of laboratory experiment are considered. The paper describes the experimental installation and procedure of experiment on controlling freezing–thawing of soil in closed volume – vertical heat-insulated cylinder, in which heat transfer was carried out through end sides according to preset algorithm. The experiment repeated the situation typical for the autumn-spring period: the daily freezing and thawing of wet soil contaminated with easily soluble salts. Four series of experiments were carried out with different number of repeated cycles of freezing front and thawing front motion in soil saturated with concentrated salt solution NaCl directed from top to bottom at a distance of 70-80% from cylinder height. At the same time, the lower area was always supported in the thawed form. The paper considers the phenomena and introduces the probable explanation for processes accompanying soil freezing and thawing, such as decrease of freezing start temperature in vertical section, formation of thermal barrier in direction of freezing front movement in low-temperature area, redistribution of salt ions along vertical section, dependence of concentration gradient on number of freezing – thawing cycles, deviation of melting temperature value in comparison with freezing start temperature. Numerical values of moisture redistribution and solution concentration in soil after each series of experiments were obtained. Methods of modernization of experimental installation and carrying out the experiment are proposed.

The relevance of the research is caused by the widespread application of geology models to study oil and gas reservoirs. At present time, by the government regulations in Russia, all field development projects must be done with geology and simulation models. The main aim of the research is to study and describe evolution of 3D geomodeling as a main method of oil and gas geology. Commonly used geology modeling packages history and features were revealed in order to determine industry interests and trends, advantages and drawbacks of existing software. Object of the research is 3D geology modeling as a method to study oil and gas reservoirs. Methods: study and compilation of the published papers and internet sources on the topic of geology modeling and appropriate software evolution. Results. The paper describes the main steps of 3D geology modeling evolution and the existing software for geology models creation. There are four stages of geology modeling history. First stage is related to recognition of importance of math modeling to describe geology systems. The second stage took part in 1950–1970-s and lay occurrence of such branch of science as mathematical geology and its branch – geostatistics. In early 1980-s first 3D reservoir models were created and used for oil and gas pools study. It inferred active development of geomodeling and occurrence of first software to reservoir modeling in 1980-s. In early 1990-s geology modeling started to enter industry and many geologists used it to study and evaluate oil and gas reservoirs. During 1990-s and 2000-s most of commonly used gemodeling methods and procedures were developed. At present time there is a trend in geomodeling to integrade all geoscience data into one project which should include geology, seismic, simulation, geomechanics and other aspects of reservoir study. Since 2018 the corporate software for geology modeling is created in Rosneft oil company. All determined advantages and new methods are integrated or going to be integrated into new geomodeling package «RN-Geosim».

Relevance. The need to determine a reliable pressure distribution field and fluid filtration velocity vectors inside the perforation hole and the reservoir rock surrounding it. Aim. On the basis of numerical finite element modeling of the fluid flow inside the perforation holes and its filtration in the surrounding reservoir rock, to reveal the patterns of pressure distribution and fluid filtration vectors in the perforation hole, on its walls and in the near-wellbore zone. Objects. Near-wellbore zone of a limestone reservoir of one of the oil fields in the south of the Perm Region, including perforations. Methods. Numerical finite element method for calculating the flow and filtration of liquid in the near-wellbore zone, taking into account the geometry of perforation holes. Results. The paper considers the main relationships used in numerical simulation of fluid flow and filtration in the ANSYS finite element modeling software package. The authors have developed the finite element scheme of the near-wellbore zone, including cumulative perforation holes and taking into account their geometric parameters, as well as the fact that inside the holes the fluid flow is modeled in open space using the Navier–Stokes equations, and in the surrounding reservoir rock based on the filtration equations and Darcy's law. Numerical calculations were carried out, on the basis of which the distribution of pressure, flow velocities and fluid filtration inside the holes and in the near-wellbore zone as a whole was obtained. Calculations were made with varying pressure in the well (or pressure drawdown), as well as for different values of reservoir permeability. The calculation results showed that for the actual drawdown values of 10 MPa and the reservoir permeability of 50 mD, the value of pressure change inside the perforation holes will not exceed 0.01 MPa, i.e. it can be assumed that it practically does not change inside the hole. It is noted that the maximum value of the filtration rate corresponds to the top of the perforation holes and then its value decreases as it approaches the borehole wall. It is concluded that in further modeling of the stress-strain state of the near-wellbore zone, taking into account the holes of cumulative perforation on the surface of the holes, it is permissible to set a constant pressure value equal to the pressure in the well, and not logarithmic or any other distribution of it.

Relevance. It is justified by the necessity to confirm the operability of the algorithm of accurate movement of the selected wood sorting to the corresponding storage bunker in the technological process of roundwood sorting at winter warehouses of timber processing companies to solve scientific and engineering problems both at present and in the future. Aim. To investigate the process of moving piece load on the physical model of longitudinal chain or belt conveyor, providing scaled reduction of positioning error. When sorting roundwood on chain longitudinal conveyors of considerable length, there is an error of movement of the selected roundwood sort to the place of discharge into the accumulator, which increases in proportion to the length of the sorting line. At present, conveyors of limited length are used. The accumulators are located on both sides of the conveyor. This reduces the transport error. Sometimes the sorting yard does not allow placing a short conveyor on it or there is a considerable amount of assortments. In this case, it is necessary to use a conveyor of considerable length. The paper proposes a new method of sorting roundwood on longitudinal chain conveyors of considerable length. This reduces the tracking error of the movement of the assortment. Optoelectronic sensors of angular displacements of the leading and driven shafts of the belt conveyor are used as sensors of angular displacements of the shaft. Methods. Physical modelling, information-static processing methods. Results and conclusions. The authors have carried out the analysis of the structure of the physical similarity stand of the longitudinal conveyor; sensors of the technological process, namely, angular frequency of rotation; software and hardware means of processing the obtained information to minimize the error of transporting piece cargo on the conveyor belt. The results of the study confirm the possibility of practical application of the device for operation on longitudinal conveyors.

Relevance. The need to obtain experimental data on dependence of thermoviscosimetric properties of the examined borosilicate glasses on temperature, in order to solve the problem of developing a low-melting composition of borosilicate glass for a small-scale melter designed by Mayak Production Association. Aim. To get the most complete characterization of the glasses under study using thermoviscometric measurements. Methods. Mathematical modelling, simplex-lattice design. Results and conclusions. One of the most effective methods of experiment planning, which allows, with a relatively small number of experiments, obtaining a mathematical model reflecting the dependence of the studied property of the mixture on the content of components in it, is the simplex experiment planning method. To simplify the solution of such a task, a group or groups of components are usually distinguished, in which the ratio of the mass fraction of the components does not change. In this article, three groups of components are taken – simulators of high-level radioactive waste, sodium and boron oxides, and glass frit. The authors have identified the most promising area, where the mass fraction of glass frit is from 67.5 to 75%, the mass fraction of sodium and boron is from 25 to 32.5% and the mass fraction of high-level waste components is from 0 to 20%. The paper presents the results of thermoviscometric measurements of 15 melts of low-melting borosilicate glasses of different compositions at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1,200°C. Using simplex-based mathematical models of experiment planning, domains of dependence of thermoviscosimetric characteristics of glass melts on their compositions were created. The authors identified the compositions of glass melts that are found within the viscosity limits determined as allowable for glass melt discharge during operation of the removable small-scale melter of Mayak Production Association design.

Relevance. Geological prospecting carried out recently throughout the Lena-Tunguska oil-and-gas province makes studies of carbonates of the Osinskaya subformation particularly relevant, as they make it possible to establish the patterns of hydrocarbon trap formation. Aim. To present the results of the lithological and facial, biostratigraphic and petrophysical studies of the Osinskaya subformation in the southern and central part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise. Objects. Carbonate rocks of the middle Osinskaya subformation of the Usolskiy Formation of the Lower Cambrian Tommotian Stage, studied from well cores. Methods. GIS complex, detailed lithological and sedimentological description of the core, sequential stratigraphic analysis, petrographic analysis of 300 samples and examination of paleontological remains taken from the core; analysis. Results. Based on these studies, three sedimentation zones were identified, traced, and described for the first time: deep-water, marginal, and shallow-water. The deep-water zone is characterized by uncompensated sedimentation, the presence of single reefs, and confinement to depressions and troughs. It was flanked by an edge zone of carbonate platform associated with elevated thicknesses of the subformation and distribution of reefs over the area. It was followed by a shallow-water zone, represented by medium and reduced thicknesses of the Osinskaya subformation, its sediments are composed of carbonate grained and clayey rocks with small single reefs. The localized marginal zone of the extended carbonate platform agrees with the previously identified Chambinsko-Altybsko-Mirninskaya and Verkhnetokhomsko-Katsko-Pilyudinskaya zones of distribution of reef-like organogenic structures. On the basis of the studied wells, the structure of three formations according to the lithologic-facial profile was described. The paper introduces the authors’ variant of conducting the boundaries of the members. It was revealed that in the deep-water zone the prospects of searching for reservoir rocks are associated with single carbonate structures, in the marginal zone with area bioherms, and in the shallow-water zone with detrital deposits and shallow bioherms. The paleontological finds are shown to be confined to the selected sedimentation zones and beds. It was determined that algae diagnosed in the boudstones (autochthonous) were involved in the formation of the second and third strata, the edge zone of the carbonate platform. Archaeocyaths were diagnosed in detrital carbonate rocks of the second pack (allochthonous) in well no. 7 and autochthonous in boudstones of well no. 2X. Cribriciates were diagnosed in the boudstones of the third member (autochthonous). Archaeocyaths, cribriciates, namacalatusses, and calcareous algae studied from the cores of wells West Yaractinian no. 45, 361, Bolshetyrskaya no. 7, 3X, 2X, 4X, 5X, 6X were major edificators of Early Cambrian organogenic structures (biostromes, bioherms, bioherms massifs, reef formations).

Relevance. This paper considers the issue of construction of underwater passages of trunk pipelines by the directional drilling method using concrete weight coated pipes. This issue is relevant, since at the present moment there is no standards and technical documentation regulating the calculation procedure of the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with concrete coating in a well. There are situations when design institutes made incorrect design decisions as a result, the pipe string got stuck during works. Those incidents led to unnecessary economic expenditures and a delay in the work implementation plan. Aim. To study the issues which related with the sticking of the pipe string during the construction of the underwater passage of the main pipeline by the method of directional drilling; calculate the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with concrete coating and the actual parameters of the pilot drillhole. Objects. An underwater passage of a trunk pipeline constructed by the method of directional drilling. Methods. Study of standards and technical documents on the construction of underwater crossings of main pipelines and an analysis of the incident in which a pipeline with concrete weight coating got stuck. Results. The authors substantiate the calculation of the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with a concrete coating based on the requirements of domestic standards and technical documentation. The authors have calculated this value by an analytical method, based on studies of the bending stiffness of concrete structures by foreign scientists, as well as actual parameters of the pilot drillhole. The obtained results of the studied values were analyzed and a conclusion was given about the causes of the incident associated with the sticking of the pipe string.

Relevance. In modern cartography, the introduction of advanced digital technologies is taking place continuously, increasing the quality and demand for cartographic products. One of such innovative directions is augmented reality technology, with which you can expand the content of the map using electronic mobile devices. The spread of augmented reality is facilitated by the widespread penetration of high-speed mobile Internet not only into large cities, but also in rural areas, as well as the reduction in the cost of electronic devices and services. Depending on the direction of application of augmented reality in cartography, the approach to the choice of software and hardware is changing. Aim. Analysis and systematization of the technical means and technologies of augmented reality in cartography. Objects. Augmented reality technologies in cartography, augmented reality technical means and their components. Methods. Content analysis of information on technologies, hardware and software for augmented reality in cartography. Results. The authors have analyzed hardware and software tools of augmented reality in cartography. They proposed the options for working with augmented reality in the form of scenario plans for three types of augmented reality in cartography: marker, markerless and spatial technologies. The minimum technical requirements of developers for the use of existing cartographic and navigation applications were highlighted. The paper considers a number of digital environments for implementation of augmented reality elements in cartography. The advantages of each of them were noted. The authors compiled a block diagram of a typical hardware-software complex of an augmented reality system in cartography and geoinformatics. They systematized types of sensors that solve geoinformation and cartographic tasks using augmented reality technologies.

Relevance. The need to study high-carbon deposits as potential sources of hydrocarbons and ore minerals that can significantly increase the mineral resource of Russia. In addition, the analysis of lithological and geochemical features and the reconstruction of the sedimentation conditions of the Kuonamka Formation make it possible to more accurately judge the nature of the Lower and Middle Cambrian paleobasin in the east of the Siberian Platform. Aim. To identify lithological and geochemical features of the composition and determine the sedimentation environment of the Kuonamka Formation. Object. High-carbon deposits of the Kuonamka Formation uncovered by exploration wells on the eastern margin of the Mun arch of the Siberian platform in the Kulenke river basin. Methods. Lithological description of core material; mineralogical and petrographic analysis; X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and microelement analysis; determination of the content of sulfur and iron forms by wet chemistry; scanning electron microscopy using X-ray spectral microprobe; analysis of petrochemical modules. Results. It was established that the Kuonamka Formation in the studied sections has a consistent structure of four well-defined lithological-stratigraphic horizons. The composition of the deposits is predominantly mixed and is determined by variations in three main mineral groups: clay, carbonate and siliceous, in addition organic matter. The paper demonstrates different forms of organic matter confirming the mixed algal-bacterial genesis of the biocenosis of the Kuonamka basin. The revealed lithological features and lithochemical data indicate the accumulation of high-carbon deposits at a considerable distance from the drift sources in the depression zone of the open sea basin with weak circulation of bottom waters in anoxic conditions. The geochemical euxinic environment was dominant in carbonate-siliceous muds. Sedimentation occurred during one major transgressive-regressive sedimentation cycle being a typical sequence of filling a uncompensated deep depression.

Relevance. The study of isotopic composition of water and dissolved substances makes it possible to determine not only their genesis, but also the fractionation processes occurring in the “water–rock–gas–organic matter” system over time, i. e. as different stages of the evolution of water composition pass through. Interest in the groundwater of the Arctic regions of Western Siberia is additionally associated with the widespread occurrence of oil deposits at the depths of formation waters and the possible influence of cryogenic metamorphization processes on composition of near-surface waters. Aim. To study and compare the isotopic composition of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon in natural waters of the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region to identify conditional isotopic markers, as well as to be able to trace the evolution of the isotopic composition of waters along a vertical section in the area of the Taz oil and gas condensate field. Objects. Surface (river, soil and lake), underground waters of the active water exchange zone of the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region and formation waters of oil and gas deposits of the Taz field. Methods. The study of the isotopic composition of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon of water-dissolved carbon dioxide was carried out in the Research Equipment Sharing Center at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer FinniganTM MAT 253 equipped with H/Device and GasBench II for sample preparation. Results and conclusions. The paper introduces the data on isotopic composition of O, H and C for natural waters of the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region. The authors have determined the characteristic trends in changes in the isotopic composition of water and dissolved carbon dioxide for various water bodies. Surface and underground waters with active water exchange in terms of isotopic composition (δD and δ18О) are infiltration. As water moves down the section, with an increase in the time of interaction of the “water–rock” system and increase in temperatures, the isotopic composition becomes significantly heavier with a slope from the GMWL to the right. The authors compiled the diagram of the evolution of water-dissolved carbon isotopic composition in the region according to the obtained and some literature data. Despite the wide range of δ13C values from –30.4 to 23.6 ‰, there are, obviously, only two sources of carbon dioxide in the region: biogenic and atmospheric, with biogenic being predominant for groundwater.

Relevance. Resistance to rock-cutting elements in rock destruction largely determines the effectiveness of drilling results. Information about the drag coefficient allows you to correctly and timely adjust the intensity of a drilling tool impact on the bottom of the well. To control the force contact of the drilling tool cutters with the bottom of the well, it is necessary to have a methodological apparatus that allows determining the rock destruction mechanism, taking into account the resistance forces. The existing methods for selecting combinations of diamond drilling mode parameters according to the known RPI index or according to the criterion of energy intensity of rock destruction N/vm , where N is the bottomhole power to overcome the resistance during rock destruction at the bottom hole; vm – mechanical drilling speed, have a number of disadvantages. They consist, for example, in occurrence of tool wear or the need to obtain a bottomhole power value in the current time mode, which is difficult under modern drilling conditions. Therefore, the study of rock resistance to destruction by a diamond cutter, based on application of the full factorial experiment method with obtaining mathematical models of factors and their graphical interpretation in combination with process control systems using computer technology in the current time mode, is a relevant topic. The disclosure of this topic will determine the direction of increasing technical and economic indicators of drilling. Aim. To develop a methodological apparatus that allows determining the mechanism of rock destruction taking into account the resistance forces to ensure optimal control of diamond drilling. Objects. Mechanism of rock resistance to destruction by a diamond cutter. Methods. Analysis, analytical research, full factorial experiment. Results. The paper presents an analytical analysis of the possibility of controlling drilling modes in order to achieve the greatest effect from drilling by estimating the drag coefficient as a function of the intensity of destruction or deepening per one revolution. Based on the analytical studies and the mode of drilling control by a computer in the real time mode, the authors have proposed a method for selecting the parameters of the drilling mode according to a given optimal value of the resistance index during drilling, and a way for its automatic implementation.

Relevance. The need to assess radiation risks for the main types of fish in pools that are under the constant influence of the nuclear power plants. Aim. To assess the radiation environmental risks for the ichthyofauna of cooling pools of the operating nuclear power plants, to analyze the sources and features of formation of the radiation risks at different stages of their operation. Objects: monitoring studies of radiation environmental risks for reference fish species in cooling reservoirs of the Leningrad, Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh NPP. Methods. Calculation of the exposure dose rate and quantitative assessment of the risk of exposure to technogenic radionuclides of the ichthyofauna of the cooling pools of the Beloyarskaya, Leningradskaya and Novovoronezhskaya NPPs were carried out using the international computer complex of the updated version of ERICA Tool 2.0. Results. The paper demonstrates that the radiation ecological risks for the ichthyofauna in the cooling pools of the operating nuclear power plants are caused by the combined effect of radioisotopes of the different origin. The features of the formation of the radiation risks for each pool are specific and depend on the current radiation situation. The cooling pool of the Beloyarskaya NPP is characterized by a pronounced dependence of the radiation load on the types of operating power units. The ichthyofauna experienced the greatest radiation risks during the operation of the first two power units with thermal reactors AMB-100 and AMB-200. The decommissioning of the first power units and the construction of the units with the fast neutron reactors (BN-600 and BN-800) led to a significant reduction in the radiation load on the ichthyofauna of the cooling pool. At present, the radiation risks are caused mainly by the influence of 90Sr, which is almost not discharged from the Beloyarskaya NPP into the cooling pools, but has a predominantly global origin. Therefore, the formation of the risks is more associated with atmospheric fallout of 90Sr, and not with the operation of the nuclear power plant. The radiation risks for the ichthyofauna of the Leningradskaya NPP cooling pool are caused by the combined effect of 137Cs as a result of the radiation accident at the Chernobylskaya NPP and radionuclides with induced activity (14C; 60Co; 3H 54Mn and 65Zn), the origin of which may be associated with the operation of the nuclear reactors of the NPP. The level of radiation risk for the fish fauna of the Novovoronezhskaya NPP cooling pool for 2009–2019 increased 2.2 times due to an increase in the content of 60Co in many components of the pool. As a result, 81.7% of the radiation risks in demersal fish species were formed by the influence of 60Co. It cannot be ruled out that the increase in the 60Co content in the cooling pool of the Novovoronezhskaya NPP is a consequence of radioactive contamination of the groundwater as a result of the 1985 accident. The ecological risks for the fish fauna in all cooling pools are two to three orders of magnitude lower than the maximum allowable hazard coefficient. Thus, the normal operation of the nuclear power plants does not create unacceptable radiation risks that pose a real environmental threat to the fish fauna of the cooling pools.

Soil massif fracturing has a significant impact on change in engineering and geological conditions and, as a result, on stability of structures. Development of tectonic fracturing of local structures, taking into account the history of the process, its mechanism, resulting stresses in the massif and subsequent deformations of the rocks, led to a change in their structure, composition and strength characteristics, activation of hypergenesis and exogenous processes. The above circumstances require careful attention to identification of areas of increased fracturing, as the most dangerous in terms of risks during the construction of engineering structures. Field methods for assessing the fracturing of rock masses are laborious. It is not always possible to conduct instrumental surveys that allow solving the final problem – establishing patterns and sizes of damaged areas within local structures. The existing mathematical models for assessing fracturing, as a rule, are used to solve local problems: assessing the stability of developed pits, water content of rock masses, degree of fragmentation of individual blocks, etc. This information is not sufficient when assessing the areal distribution of weakened zones and clarifying their boundaries, since it does not take into account the history of the development of the structure, its parameters (dimensions, amplitude of the foundation block uplift, deformation properties of rocks). Aim. To develop a mathematical model of formation of the red-colored strata tectonic fracturing zones based on deformation criterion of destruction and mechanism of development of local structures. Results. The authors have developed a new mathematical model for predicting damage (fracturing) of terrigenous rocks of the red-colored strata that make up local structures, based on the mechanism of formation of local tectonic structures of the 3rd order and the deformation criterion of destruction. The paper introduces the mathematical dependencies that make it possible to predict the size (area) of taxa based on the data on the uplift amplitude of local structures. The results of the research can be used in assessing the fracturing of massifs composed of terrigenous rocks, and make it possible to judge the regularities in distribution of weakened zones within the entire massif being assessed.

Relevance. Determined by the need for geotechnical monitoring in the areas of distribution of permafrost soils for underground pipelines. The geotechnical system “permafrost soil – underground pipeline” is subject to the influence of exogenous geological processes during operation, cyclical changes in the state of soils of the seasonal layer of thawing and freezing, thawing of permafrost soils from the thermal effect of the pipeline, changing the plan-altitude position. The variety of schemes for interaction of the pipeline body with varieties of lithological structure of permafrost soils along the route should be worked out in detail at the design stage and also assessed in detail during geotechnical monitoring of the pipeline. The lack of regulatory requirements for the monitored parameters of underground pipelines leads to the use of non-standardized and varied monitoring networks from project to project. The lack of standard values ​​for the maximum deformations of an underground pipeline leads to the need to use calculation methods for determining the maximum deformations of the base and pipeline. The authors proposed the use of a comprehensive methodology for calculating underground pipelines, developed by employees of JSC TomskNIPIneft to determine the maximum permissible deformations of the pipeline at each point of the route with the presence of permafrost soils at the design stage, with further use of the results obtained as a controlled criterion when conducting geotechnical monitoring. Aim. To determine the controlled parameters for geotechnical monitoring of underground pipelines in the cryolithozone at the operational stage based on the application of a comprehensive methodology for calculating underground pipelines, as well as the formation of requirements for the system of information points. Methods. Review of the regulatory framework for geotechnical monitoring, analysis and evaluation of the applied methods and designs for monitoring underground pipelines, analysis of a comprehensive methodology for calculating underground pipelines in relation to the purposes of geotechnical monitoring. Results. Based on the results of the review of regulatory and technical documentation, the authors have revealed a lack of specification of methods, equipment, volume of the geotechnical monitoring network and frequency of pipeline monitoring, as well as the requirement for the use of the calculation method of limiting deformations and the lack of description of possible methods. A detailed analysis of the complex methodology for pipeline calculations, developed at JSC TomskNIPIneft, substantiates its use for geotechnical monitoring purposes, and notes the advantage of the methodology in the detail of the obtained limit values ​​of deformation with an accuracy of one meter along the axis of the pipeline route. The authors studied the methods and designs used for monitoring deformations of underground pipelines and established the compatibility of using a complex methodology with any design and method of monitoring. The paper introduces the list of the main monitored parameters and justification for the scope of the geotechnical monitoring network for underground pipelines.

Relevance. Caused by the need to develop and optimize the mathematical apparatus for processing the results of laboratory experiments and increasing the adequacy of the results obtained. Aim. To create alternative methods for finding the parameters of the Szyszkowski and Rosin–Rammler dependencies, which are subject to surfactant adsorption from an aqueous solution on solid adsorbents and deposition of suspended particles in sedimentation analysis. Methods. The main method for determining the parameters of two-parameter dependencies is the least squares method. The standard approach is based on finding the minimum of a function of two variables by computational methods of nonlinear programming. The equations, obtained by equating the derivatives of the objective function for each of the parameters to zero, are used as necessary conditions for the minimum of the objective function. The paper considers alternative approaches to obtaining explicit formulas and reduction to the solution of the transcendental equation. Results. For the two-parameter dependencies of Szyszkowski and Rosin–Rammler, the alternative approaches for determining unknown parameters are proposed. In the standard approach, solving the problem is based on numerical minimization of a function of two variables by nonlinear programming methods. The authors propose the approach, in which the Szyszkowski and Rosin–Rammler equations are subjected to some equivalent transformations so that the use of the necessary minimum conditions makes it possible to obtain a linear equation with respect to at least one of the required parameters. This leads to simplification of calculations, it is required to solve one transcendental equation numerically, the second parameter is then determined by an explicit formula. And for the Rosin–Rammler dependence, in one of the proposed variants, it was possible to obtain explicit formulas for finding both parameters.

Relevance. Related to the need to carry out environmental protection measures in potash mining areas exposed to the environmental consequences of the impact of multi-tonnage salt waste. Aim. To summarise and analyse the geography of potash mining operations, the environmental impact of these operations, and potash waste management practices. Object. Potash mining waste. Methods. Theoretical and logical analysis of the data. Results. The research considers the geographical distribution of potash deposits and presents the characteristics of potash mining waste using the example of the Verkhnekamskoe Potash Deposit. The paper provides both domestic and foreign analyses of ecological consequences of waste storage on the day surface. Several options for potash mining waste management are analysed. For the management of clay-salt slurry, the most effective approach is its injection into underground horizons, which includes the use of saturated solutions as a fertiliser component, as a part of a product in construction, and in the oil industry. A more comprehensive approach to halite waste management is needed. Waste disposal to waste dumps is relevant due to the presence of mined-out areas on the territory of long-operating enterprises. Reclamation of the salt dump will help to isolate it from atmospheric precipitation, thereby reducing the inflow of saturated water into the environment. Utilising waste for production of construction materials is the most economically and environmentally favourable option. Extracting valuable components, producing fertilisers, concentrates, etc. from waste is the least practical approach due to the ecological and economic expenses involved in acquiring extraction equipment and the repeated generation of waste. The most challenging aspect of reducing waste generation in terms of technology lies in improving mining operations and implementing selective mining.

Relevance. The need to solve the problem of developing gas wells after multistage hydraulic fracturing. This problem consists in losses of process fluids during killing gas wells with high permeability by traditional methods, and reducing the achieved productivity of gas deposits. Aim. To develop and justify a method for gentle killing of gas and gas condensate wells after working out in operation mode. Objects. Gas and gas condensate wells after multistage hydraulic fracturing. Methods. Filtration experiment to determine the effect of killing fluid on reservoir permeability; mathematical modeling of gentle killing of a gas well using flexible tubing and equipment for work at controlled pressure; laboratory studies of the mechanical properties of the blocking pack – liquid packer. Results. According to the results of the filtration experiment, the negative effect of the silencing fluid on low-permeable gas layers is justified. The authors developed the technology of gentle killing of gas and gas condensate wells using flexible tubing and equipment for operations at controlled pressure. Laboratory studies were carried out and technological parameters were selected for the second blocking pack – a liquid packer for additional isolation of a gas reservoir. The authors constructed a mathematical model of killing gas wells using the presented technology; a calculation was carried out for the conditions of a gas condensate field in Eastern Siberia. The paper introduces the results of modeling technological operations reflecting the change in the main technological parameters during well killing.

Relevance. Phosphate raw materials processing at the Gomel chemical plant over a period of more than 50 years has led to accumulation of millions of tons of phosphogypsum dumps. They are a source of subterranean water contamination by sulfates, phosphates and other chemical compounds. Therefore, there is the need in current estimation of the scale and extent of aquifers contamination, taking into account the geological and hydrogeological conditions that influence the migration of contaminants. Aim. Assessment of hydrogeological parameters affecting distribution of contaminants in subterranean water and the degree of aquifers contamination. Objects. Aquifers and impermeable horizons. Methods. Methods for assessment of hydrogeological parameters, methods for determining the chemical composition of subterranean water. Results. The paper assesses a technogenic effect, produced by dumps of Gomel chemical plant. It reviews a subterranean water monitoring local network within the Gomel chemical plant influence area. The hydrogeological parameters of aquifers of the upper hydrodynamic zone are quantitatively assessed, given that this zone undergoes the strongest anthropogenic impact. The study of subterranean water quality ends up with three classes of contamination: high, moderate and insignificant. Sulphates, nitrogen ammonium, phosphorus phosphate are identified as major contaminants. The authors find a spatial pattern of subterranean water contaminants differentiation that tends to develop both horizontally and vertically. As a result of the study, areas and sources of high groundwater contamination are determined and mapped. A conclusion is drawn on the necessity of further control over the subterranean water conditions and contamination development in time and space.

Relevance. To ensure the operational reliability of equipment, an urgent task is to control the content of antioxidant and antiwear additives in engine fuel at all stages from its production to its intended use. At the stages of fuel use (storage, transfer, transportation, etc.), antioxidant additives can be used up due to natural oxidative processes that inevitably occur in the fuel. As for the antiwear additives, being surfactants by their nature, they can be adsorbed on the surfaces of the process equipment with which the fuel comes into contact. As a result, at the stage of intended use, the level of fuel quality can significantly decrease. Controlling the content of additives in the fuel at the stage of application will allow taking timely measures to restore the fuel quality and reduce the risks of accidents. Aim. To propose an approach to the analysis of the component composition of fuels, which makes it possible to control the content of additives. Objects. Samples of kerosene fractions that are used as the basis or components of commercial fuels of the TС-1 and RT brands produced by oil refineries, stabilizing anti-wear additives "Hi-Tech" and DNA (distilled petroleum acids). Methods. In the framework of the research devoted to solving the problem of operational control of the content of certain additives in various petroleum products, much attention was paid to the possibility of using voltammetry methods for these purposes. Voltammetry is a set of electrochemical methods of research and analysis based on the patterns of electric current flow through an electrochemical cell – an analytical system of two electrodes separated by an analyzed electrolyte solution. Analytical information using voltammetric methods is obtained on the basis of studying the dependence of the current strength in an electrolytic cell on the potential of the indicator microelectrode immersed in the analyzed solution, on which the analyzed reaction proceeds. Results. The paper introduces an approach to the analysis of the component composition of fuels by the multisensor stripping voltammetry method. This approach makes it possible to control the content of additives in the fuel. A feature of the electrochemical behavior of various grades of hydrogenated jet fuel was studied in order to develop a mobile express method for determining additives in them. The authors have developed a test system consisting of an aqueous solution of dimethylformamide (40%) with potassium chloride (0,1 M), cobalt, zinc and mercury cations (2,5×10–4 M). The analyzed fuel was introduced in a ratio of 30:1. The resulting mixture, 50 μl in volume, was mixed and applied to an indicator electrode for subsequent electrochemical measurements. The determination of additives in kerosene in the developed method was carried out by their influence on the peaks of the currents of dissolution of metals in the test system. In this case not only the task of determining the presence of additives in kerosene was solved, but also the problem of their identification.

Relevance. Increasing negative effects of hydrocarbon production on aquatic ecosystems and tightening of legislative norms on discharge of oil and oil product contaminated water into marine waters. Among various methods used to remove oil from aqueous solutions the most appropriate one is adsorption method. It is explained by its high degree of purification, safety, availability, manufacturability, universality of application. Synthetic materials based on ultrafine fibers have optimal characteristics for manufacturing sorbents for oil removal on their basis. However, the large-scale application of these materials is limited by their high cost, complexity of manufacturing, which excludes the secondary use of polymers as feedstock. In this regard, there is a growing need for economically and environmentally effective hydrophobic materials for sorptive treatment of aqueous media from oil and petroleum products. Aim. To determine sorption properties of hydrophobic fibrous materials produced via pneumatic formation for use as effective hydrocarbon sorbents for liquidation of oil spills in sea and water treatment on oil production platforms. Objects. Sorbents based on polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate ultrafine fibers. Methods. Gravimetric, spectral analysis, transmission electron microscopy, gas chromatography. Results. The paper introduces the results of investigation of sorption properties of untreated ultrafine fibers obtained by pneumatic atomization and modified by microwave radiation. The authors have carried out the comparative analysis of water absorption and the influence of contact time and acidity of the medium on the degree of sorption of samples obtained from hydrophobic polymers. Promising application of sorbents based on polypropylene ultrathin fibers for oil products extraction from aqueous media was revealed. It is established that modification reduces water absorption of polypropylene sorbents and leads to an insignificant decrease in sorption properties due to changes in the supramolecular structure of polypropylene fiber samples.

Relevance. The need to accumulate data on nitrogen-containing compounds of heavy fractions, the share of which in secondary oil refining is steadily increasing every year. With the weight of raw materials the amount of sulfur-, nitrogen- and oxygen-containing components in it increases. The high content of heteroatomic compounds has a negative impact on catalytic processing, the quality and performance characteristics of the products obtained, and the environment. One of the widespread processes for upgrading crude oil, in particular, vacuum gas oil, is hydrotreating. However, during the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of heavy distillates the reactions of hydrogenolysis of organic sulfur compounds are inhibited in the presence of nitrogen-containing compounds. At the same time, the degree of hydrodenitrogenation of heavy oil fractions is relatively low. It is known that petroleum nitrogen-containing compounds are divided into nitrogenous bases titrated with acid solutions and nonbasic nitrogen compounds. Nitrogenous bases are represented mainly by alkylbenzo- and alkylnaphthenobenzo derivatives of pyridine. Nonbasic compounds may include benzologs of pyrrole and amides. Determining the composition of nitrogen-containing compounds in vacuum gas oil and studying their transformations during hydrotreatment is an important and actual problem. Aim. Comparative study of high- and low-molecular nitrogenous bases and nonbasic nitrogen-containing compounds of vacuum gas oil of Kazakhstan oil before and after hydrotreating. Objects. Samples taken before and after the catalytic hydrotreatment of vacuum gas oil from Kazakhstan oil. Methods. Hydrotreatment, elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, benzene cryoscopy, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, structural group analysis. Results. The paper introduces a comparative characteristic of the composition and structure of high and low molecular weight nitrogenous bases from the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. Under the conditions of hydrotreatment, the total removal of nitrogen was 6.56 wt %, and the content of Nbas. decreased by 36%. At the same time, nitrogenous bases in the hydrotreated product are characterized by low molecular weights. Using IR spectroscopy, similar structural fragments were identified in the nitrogen compounds of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil: pyridine rings (1573–1574 cm–1), carboxylic (3209–3225 and 1701–1709 cm–1) and sulfoxide (1032–1033 cm–1) groups. Among the nitrogen-containing compounds of the original vacuum gas oil, amides (1647–1648 cm–1) were identified, which are absent in the composition of nitrogen-containing compounds of the hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. Hydrocarbon skeletons of molecules include aromatic (1599–1602 cm–1) and aliphatic fragments (2860–2960 and 1454–1460, 1377, 723–727 cm–1). In accordance with the results of the structural group analysis, the averaged molecules of high and low molecular weight nitrogenous bases of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil are represented by naphthenoaromatic structures with different alkyl framing. The differences observed between the values of individual structural parameters of the nitrogenous bases average molecules of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil may indicate the compounds transformations under study during hydrotreatment.

Relevance. When real fluid flows through channels of limited dimensions, it experiences a constant loss of mechanical energy (hydraulic resistance) due to the action of viscous friction. Hydraulic drag has two components: drag along the length of the flow and local drag. The drag along the length of the flow arises because the fluid encounters a force per unit area perpendicular to the direction of the flow. Local drag results from the viscous interaction between the fluid and the channel walls. Local hydraulic resistances include sudden and gradual constrictions/expansions (diffusers/confusions) of the fluid channel, angular and choke gaps. The value of the hydraulic resistance coefficient depends on the type of channel geometry, conditions of fluid entry (wettability of the rock texture) and on the flow regime. When fluid flows through channels of different cross-section, as the channel narrows, the flow velocity increases and the pressure, based on Bernoulli's equation, decreases. Objects. Polymictic sandstones of the Tyumen Formation. Methods. The developed algorithms for identifying areas of contraction/expansion (confusers/diffusers) in the rock texture (polymictic sandstone) are based on neural network reconstruction of core data. The study of geometric diversity of geological rock images is based on generalization of real spatial forms in combination with the axiom of hyperplanes. A methodical approach for finding distribution of inertial exciters (confusers/diffusers) affecting the character of multiphase flow front changes in the rock texture is based on the metrics for estimating possible distributions. Results. The paper introduces the initial stages of core digital transformation data. It was determined that the main problem of geological data digital projection on a large scale is the need to take into account the systems of inertial effects, both in the available volume of the rock and in the extrapolated space of it. In order to adequately represent the character of multiphase fluid flow for different scales, the authors have developed the algorithms for segmentation of geological images of fluid space with further identification of distribution laws of inertial exciters (confusers/diffusers) in the rock texture. For training and testing of the developed algorithms we used the computer tomography images of core material and detailed resolution images of rock sections. The source code of neural network algorithms was written in the Python programming language with the additional use of non-commercial libraries. The algorithms were tested on real data, confirming by experimental studies in the laboratory of digital research in oil and gas as part of the technological project "Digital Core" (Industrial University of Tyumen, Tyumen), the laboratory of the V.I. Shpilman Research and Analytical Center for Rational Subsoil Use (Khanty-Mansiysk), Core Research Laboratory (University of Tyumen, Tyumen).

Relevance. Today, there are many methodologies for predicting power consumption of various objects. However, there is no a general methodology that is suitable for all types of energy systems, including the sectoral characteristics of small northern settlements and other objects with the stochastic nature of electricity consumption schedules. At the same time, during the development of problem-oriented forecasting methods, it is necessary to take into account computational and statistical features of forecasted time series to the maximum and apply them adequately. The mentioned circumstance prompts the creation of criteria-indicators that allow evaluating the quality of the applied model for solving the forecasting problem, correctness of its construction and correctness of applying a priori information about the object and its physical properties.Aim. Develop and apply the criteria-indicators, which allow evaluating the quality of the forecast regression model and the influence of the dimensionality of such model base on a forecasting error. Methods. The choice of rational dimensionality of the regression model basis for the adaptive forecasting problem is based on the known and developed criteria-indicators. The main provisions of such criteria-indicators were formulated, which provide an assessment of the quality of conditioning of an equivalent square matrix, the presence of uninformative elements of the matrix, and linear dependence of the columns. Results. Based on the analysis of criteria-indicators, the authors selected a rational dimension of the regression model basis for the problem of adaptive short-term forecasting of the state of discrete non-stationary dynamic systems. Conclusions. The authors have previously selected the most promising criteria-indicators and developed a normalized difference factor of diagonal predominance. This allows us to evaluate the influence of the basis size change on the regression model quality when building an approach of adaptive short-term forecasting of electricity consumption by autonomous power systems of small northern settlements on the basis of regression analysis methods. Based on the analysis of criteria-indicators the authors obtained information about the influence of the regression model basis dimension on the forecasting problem solution error. The authors stated the further stages of research to reduce this error. The paper introduces and describes one of the ways to improve the forecasting model quality. The dependence of the forecasting error on the size of the regression model basis were revealed; the criteria-indicators considered in the article were successfully applied. It is confirmed that the pre-selected and developed criteria-indicators make it possible, at the stage of compiling an equivalent square matrix and performing preliminary actions on it, to track changes within the matrix. The changes will lead to improvement in the solution of the problem of adaptive short-term forecasting.

Relevance. Qualitative and quantitative transformations taken place under the impact of a number of interconnected facts, destabilizing for the world economy. Contemporary conditions direct gas producing countries, including Russia, towards enhancing the competitive advantages to maintain their positions in the world gas market, first of all, towards increasing the share of liquefied natural gas in the market. It is impossible without sufficient resource base to expand production of operating large capacity LNG projects. Aim. To analyze the effect of management-economic mechanisms on the expansion of resource sufficiency to provide the production of liquefied natural gas. Object. Large capacity LNG projects. Subject. Financial and fiscal framework applied for implementation of large capacity LNG projects. Methods. Empirical and economic-statistical. Results. Institutional incentives for provision of resource sufficiency have allowed the authors to reveal different approaches to stimulating resource sufficiency depending on the business tax systems, implementing LNG projects. The paper demonstrates differentiation in natural resource users’ reaction to tax benefits. Using licensing system a resource user intensifies his activities in development of hard-to-recover reserves, which increases resource sufficiency of LNG projects. Whereas using treaty system (which is, in fact, incentive framework of taxation) the effect is insignificant to stimulate geological exploration. This in future may occur as a decrease in liquefied natural gas production as well as possible negative social-economic consequences in a region. The authors suggest legislative consolidation for business operating in the condition of production sharing agreement, of mandatory minimum – 10 % of net profit spent for geological exploration.

The relevance. Ensuring technological equipment operation efficiency when drilling wells with an arbitrary orientation of their wellbores. In particular, the search for productive hydrocarbon reservoirs requires drilling deeper wells with extended horizontal sections, for which the removal of the cuttings bed is the key problem of modern drilling. The aim. Study the features and establish the patterns of cuttings movement through the annulus eccentric space formed by a drill string and well walls under various modes (in-situ) and drilling conditions within the framework of modern mathematical models of hydrodynamics, numerical algorithms and approaches implemented in ANSYS CFD. Optimize the parameters that determine drilling, such as an inclination angle, mass-average velocity and morphology of the inlet rheologically complex viscous flow to form the maximum allowable drilling velocity for various combinations of mud effective viscosity and mixture flow rate. Give practical recommendations for engineers to reduce time, costs and material resources for maintenance and optimization of well cleaning. The object. A well with an eccentric core and an extended horizontal section operating in modes and conditions close to real drilling. The methods. Complex of physical and mathematical analysis and numerical modeling of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in homogeneous and heterogeneous continuous media. The media were widely tested on the class of internal rheological complex flows, the verification of which was carried out under appropriate conditions, performed by other authors when solving problems of drilling and cleaning wells. The results. The paper presents the results of a numerical study of hydrodynamics of a dispersed flow of a rheological complex viscous mixture of a drilling fluid with the properties of a Herschel–Bulkley type fluid and sand particles in wells with an arbitrary generatrix of its wellbore in an eccentric space. The results are required to clarify the features that accompany direct-flow and swirling flow (the moving wall method), identify the patterns in such modes, accounting for which allows for effective cleaning of the annulus. The calculations were performed within the framework of modern mathematical models of the RANS-method and the Euler–Lagrangian approach to describing the motion of heterogeneous media, implemented in the ANSYS CFD software and efficient numerical algorithms for determining intra- and interfacial processes of mass and momentum transfer in mixtures. The authors have determined that when drilling a vertical section, the most effective parameter in terms of cleaning control is the effective viscosity of the mud; the most problematic configurations for cleaning are wells with sloping sections at angles close to the vertical. When drilling a horizontal section, the eccentricity of the drill string creates “the dead” zone of flow and complicates cleaning. This zone should be removed by creating swirling flow conditions through relatively weak rotation of a drill string (30–60 rpm). When drilling inclined sections, it is necessary to reduce a solution viscosity (preferably to the level of fresh water) and increase the flow rate (in this case, to 2 m/s or higher). When drilling a horizontal section, a mud with a viscosity close to fresh water is recommended at flow rates of about 2 m/s (or 640 gpm) at the well inlet and a maximum drilling velocity of 9 m/h.

The relevance. The need for constant monitoring of the state of natural environments because of Ufa increasing industrialization. This study is especially relevant due to the presence of enterprises of various industries (petrochemical, energy, metal construction, timber processing, chemical) located on a fairly small territory of the millionaire city. The aim. To determine the degree of technogenic pollution of the soil cover from industrial facilities in the study area. It is necessary to assess the impact of industrial emissions, as well as emissions from stationary and mobile sources for development of measures aimed at reducing the impact of chemical elements on the environment. Methods. Instrumental neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, kappametry, mathematical statistics, mapping (spatial distribution of indicator geochemical indicators and content of the main pollutants). Results. The paper introduces the results of the analysis of the content of 29 chemical elements in the soil cover on the territory of Ufa according to the study of 104 samples. For each industrial area of the city, the priority elements-pollutants from the list of the analyzed ones were identified. Areas with high traffic congestion, as well as areas near oil refineries, are characterized by increased concentrations of As and LREE group (La, Ce, Nd). Elevated levels of Br and Sc are observed in areas near energy complexes. Increased concentrations of REE (Nd, Tb, Lu) were detected around the objects of the timber industry complex. A special situation is observed with the concentrations of some metals (Cr, Zn, Co). The entire territory of the city is characterized by increased concentrations of elements of the transition metal group due to the presence of a large metalworking complex and heavy automobile traffic. Using statistical methods of data interpretation, associations of chemical elements were identified and divided by possible genesis: mainly natural (Ca-Sr), mixed (Cs-Rb, Br-Ta-Na), mainly technogenic (Sb-Zn, Ba-As-Cr-Hg, Th-Lu-Hf-Yb, Ce-La-Nd). The constructed maps-schemes of spatial distribution, the total indicator of pollution and magnetic susceptibility determined that the territory of Ordzhonikidze district and the territory of the Dema railway station can be considered as the most susceptible to anthropogenic influence.

The relevance. Lack of experimental data that allow developing a scientifically based method for calculating and designing film-type reactors, which are also used to produce alkylbenzenesulfonic acids. These acids, in their turn, are currently the main components of synthetic detergents. The issue of increasing reactor equipment efficiency can be most effectively solved using mathematical models built on a physical and chemical basis. The aim. Development of a mathematical model of alkylbenzenes sulfonation, taking into account a substance mass transfer from a gas phase to a liquid phase. Software implementation of the developed model, as well as the use of the developed mathematical model for studying the influence of the process parameters on its efficiency. Object. Alkylbenzenes sulfonation with sulfuric anhydride in a multitube film reactor. Methods. Mathematical modeling is used to perform all computational operations, a modern high-level general-purpose programming language with automatic memory management is used. The quantum-chemical methods for determining thermodynamic parameters of chemical reactions were used. Results. The paper considers the principles of constructing a mathematical model of sulfonation. The authors have developed the calculation program in the Python programming language and assessed the accuracy of description of a real process and the influence of the system technological parameters on a product yield and quality, taking into account a substance interfacial transfer. The system of practical recommendations for improving the alkylbenzenes sulfonation resource efficiency was developed. The mathematical model adequately describes the process. The calculated data are compared with the real data from the operating unit for alkylbenzenes sulfonation with sulfuric anhydride.

Relevance. Electromechanical fans are widely used in life support systems of oil and gas stations, operate in conditions of vibration, high rotational speeds and loads. Design, technological and operational reasons influence vibration activity of an electromechanical device. The greatest "contribution" to the existing vibrations, according to the frequency spectrum, is made by the imperfection of the design elements of the ball bearing. They are: separator movement, variable stiffness under the action of radial load, interaction of micro-dimensions of working surfaces, facet and waviness of working surfaces of rings and balls. In addition, the resulting vibrations negatively affect both the reliability and durability of the fan. Since it is technically impossible to completely eliminate the vibration activity of an electromechanical device, it is advisable to reduce it with the help of a technical solution by introducing a damping element into a kinematic circuit of the vibration source. In this regard, the development of a damping device is an integral technical task that helps to reduce the vibration activity of technical life support systems of oil and gas stations, as well as to improve the quality of environmental conditions of human life. To reduce vibration activity, a damper design is proposed that takes into account various types of energy dissipation. However, given the dense spectrum of vibration frequencies from ball bearings, a viscous friction element is introduced into the damper design. To determine the effectiveness of reducing vibration activity, a model of the damper in question was made based on the developed 3D model. For tests in determining the effectiveness of applying a viscous friction element, two variants of the damper design were used. In the first version of the damper design, there was no viscous friction element, and in the second version there was one. According to the test results of the damper layouts, it can be seen that the developed technical solution to reduce the vibration activity of the electromechanical device has practical confirmation. The studies underlying the developed design of the damper with a viscous friction element allows for reduction in the vibration amplitude. Object. Electromechanical device in operating mode. Aim. To describe the vibration activity in the operating mode of an electromechanical device in the entire spectrum of disturbing effects acting along the axes, taking into account the imperfect geometry of ball bearing parts; to develop a damper for reducing the vibration activity level in the electromechanical device. Methods. Vibration diagnostics, computational mathematics, measuring instruments, software "Vibration recorder-F", "Vibration Recorder-M2", "Logger"-recorder and "Bearing". Results. The paper demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technical solution to reduce the vibration amplitude in the operating frequency range of the electromechanical device rotor up to 4 times compared with the corresponding maximum amplitude value without its use.

Relevance. Relative phase permeabilities determine oil by water displacement mechanism, efficiency of productive formations flooding, dynamics of producing wells flooding. Relative phase permeabilities curves allow us to estimate the inflow nature according to geophysical well studies. Currently, relative phase permeabilities curves are constructed according to core samples laboratory studies. They are used to select a mathematical model describing the nature of the curves for a given productive reservoir. The most optimal option is to justify the individual relative phase permeabilities curve parameters. This option allows transition from the core sample level to the entire productive reservoir characteristics using geophysical well studies data. Aim. To substantiate a choice of a model describing the change in the relative phase permeability curves using field geophysics data based on the adsorbed residual oil saturation and phase permeability to oil relationship. Objects. Productive layers of individual deposits of the West Siberian oil and gas province, confined to the Lower Cretaceous deposits. Methods. Statistical processing of capillarimetric research data, analysis and substantiation of mathematical models describing relative phase permeability. Results. The paper shows that the permeability to oil at residual water saturation (the starting point of the relative phase permeabilities curve to oil) is determined by the adsorbed residual reservoir oil saturation. The authors have obtained the formula, linking the adsorbed residual oil saturation coefficient with the phase permeability to oil with residual water saturation. The adsorbed residual oil saturation is also closely related to the residual reservoir water saturation. Such relation is carried out through the reservoir clay content. The authors proposed the technique that allows residual oil saturation by type structuring and mobility degree. This technique allows as well as finding out the residual reserves of mobile oil distribution to justify the recovery techniques.