Search

The relevance. The waste of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill causes a real danger of a social and environmental disaster for Lake Baikal and the entire Southern Baikal region, therefore, the problem of developing integrated solutions for dumping the accumulation of lignin-containing waste is especially acute. One of the promising areas for processing this type of waste is the use of natural processes, for example, freezing in winter, temperature detection or self-overgrowth of the occurrence of natural succession. The main aim of the research is to develop an environmentally friendly technology for processing colloidal lignin-containing waste from the pulp and paper industry. Methods: pilot tests at the Solzan industrial site of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill for freezing lignin-containing wastes and obtaining soils from them by mixing with additives; performing quantitative chemical analysis using the methods of atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, toxicological analysis. Results. Pilot tests have shown that after freezing, the colloidal structure of lignin-containing sediments is destroyed with a decrease in volume up to 40 %, humidity up to 60 %, and also with a decrease in toxicity – from the third (moderately hazardous) to the fourth (low hazardous) and fifth class (practically non-hazardous) of hazard of the waste depending on its composition. After freezing, the resulting sludge with the introduction of various additives (CHP ash, sewage treatment plant sludge) can be used as soil ground and fertilizers for reclamation of disturbed lands and crops. Thus, an environmentally friendly technology was developed for processing waste from the pulp and paper industry to obtain soil ground, which is low-energy and does not contain expensive imported equipment.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to assess the level of impact of a large pulp and paper enterprise located north of the Ezhvinsky district of Syktyvkar on the basis of ecochemical analysis of winter precipitation (snow), to show the feasibility of using this approach in environmental studies. The main aim is to show the dynamics of the aerotechnogenic load on the territory near the Syktyvkar timber industry complex based on the data on snow cover chemical composition during the monitoring period. Objects: snowpack samples, selected in the zone of influence of emissions of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC and conditionally background areas. Methods: snow survey using transect, adhering to constant sampling points, application of analytical methods according to the air pollution control manual (GD 52.04.186-89), cartographic methods for estimating the spread of pollution in the snow cover using the interpolation method (inverse weighted distance method), application of map algebra for calculating the areas of impact zones. Results. The authors present the results of ecochemical monitoring of snow cover in the zone of aerotechnogenic impact of emissions Mondi Syktyvkar JSC for a multi-year period. A general description of the distribution of individual components of emissions relative to the emission center is given. Long-term monitoring of snow cover in the impact and sanitary protection zones of the enterprise allowed us to analyze the dynamics of the aerotechnogenic load on the territory. The results of the calculation of the modules of substances entering the territory of the enterprise in 2019 showed the lowest level of contamination of the snow cover for the entire observation period, 66 % compared to the volumes of 2002. A significant decrease in the content of components in the snow was noted, starting in 2016 after the reconstruction of the enterprise. Samples of snowmelt water outside the territory of the sanitary protection zone do not exceed the sanitary and hygienic standards for fisheries reservoirs for all components. In general, based on the results of ecochemical monitoring of snow cover, the trend towards reducing the aerogenic impact of the enterprise on the adjacent territory is shown.

Relevance. Transportation of Russian coal by rail is an important link in coal supply for export. It is essential for the country economy and of high social significance for coal mining regions. Aim. To assess the state of the railway infrastructure for coal transportation, identify limitations and opportunities for improving coal transportation. Objects. Volumes and technologies of coal transportation by foreign and Russian exporters; state of the railway infrastructure of the eastern range of Russia; measures taken by coal mining companies to overcome restrictions on coal transportation; potential volumes of coal transportation for export and risks associated with reduction in coal exports. Methods. Methods of system analysis: classification, structuring and restructuring, analysis, formalization and concretization. Results. The paper considers the current state of coal transportation by rail in Russia with allocation of coal-mining eastern regions of Russia and Western Siberia. The importance of Russian railways in coal transportation is presented. The authors have outlined the problems of the railway infrastructure of the Eastern range of Russian railways due to its insufficient capacity. The changed geopolitical conditions created additional difficulties in transporting coal for export by rail. The paper introduces the state and prospects for modernization of the Eastern range of the Russian Railways. The authors gave an overview of activities of coal mining companies to overcome restrictions on coal transportation by rail. A brief review of the world experience in coal transportation state in the main coal exporting countries is made. The demanded volumes of coal transportation for export by rail was assessed. The paper considers the risks associated with the reduction of coal exports. The authors noted the need to harmonize programs for development of railway infrastructure, the coal industry and other industries that ensure coal extraction, transportation and consumption, reduce import dependence and the need to develop coal transportation technologies.

Relevance. The need to develop energy-saving approaches through the use of data mining tools to improve the efficiency of management decision-making and more optimal use of energy resources. Forecasting the amount of electric energy generated by a solar power plant will allow optimal electricity distribution in decentralized systems. Information about the amount of electricity generated by a solar power plant and transmitted to a grid at every hour will allow planning the use of generated electricity and its distribution more reasonably. Also, the presence of a reliable forecast will allow embedding a predictive model into the micro-grid management subsystem. This will facilitate the integration of centralized electrical networks and distributed generation facilities. Aim. To analyze scientific papers containing proposals to improve the accuracy of determining the amount of electricity generated by solar power plants; to create machine learning models that allow you to create a short-term forecast of electricity generation by a solar power plant. Objects. Solar power plant named after A.A. Vlaznev (Sakmarskaya SPP), Orenburg region, Orsk, Oktyabrsky district, geographical coordinates: 51.266023, 58.474689. Methods. Analytical method, methods of mathematical statistics, methods of machine learning, complex generalization of scientific achievements and practical experience in the use of data processing tools in the tasks of forecasting electricity generation by solar power plants. Results. The authors have carried out the review of literature sources reflecting the results of using modern data mining tools in predicting the magnitude of electricity generation by solar power plants. The paper considers various approaches to forecasting electricity generation at solar power plants. The analysis of factors used in forecasting is carried out. The authors obtained the results of theoretical and applied nature. The results consist in recommendations on using exogenous variables in predicting power generation at SPP, as well as some machine learning algorithms in construction of predictive models. These recommendations were obtained in generalizing the results of the applied research.

Relevance. The need to develop new technical and technological solutions to improve the efficiency of water isolation in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Aim. To identify and propose a promising gel-forming composition for conducting water isolation in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Object. A well with a horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Methods. Laboratory and bench studies of the gel-forming composition for isolating water inflow in wells with different reservoir permeability by modifying it with functional additives and further adapting its application to various mining and geological conditions of the well; technology of injection of compositions with different viscosity in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Results. The paper considers the theoretical aspects of a hydrophobic layer formation on a watered reservoir surface effected by a hydrophobic composition, when it enters the reservoir. The paper introduces the mechanism of a water-insulating screen formation during injection of a gel-forming composition. The authors have defined the basic requirements for the gel-forming composition. They developed the formulation of the gel-forming composition with a different gelation time from 1 to 8 hours. Due to the composition injection, a water insulation screen is formed that can withstand significant water flow pressure. The water breakthrough pressure varies and depends on the initial permeability: with an increase in gas permeability from 0.1 to 1 mm2 of the breakthrough pressure it decreases by water and ranges from 4.5 to 11.5 MPa/m.

The relevance. Increasing requirements for reliability and safety of gas pipelines. One of the promising methods to ensure compliance with these requirements is to equip gas pipelines with aeroacoustics monitoring systems. These systems make it possible to detect leaks and mechanical impacts on a pipe by registering aeroacoustics oscillations, propagating in the transported gas. At the same time, the issue of improving the accuracy of such systems remains relevant. It can be achieved by better consideration of a gas flow impact on aeroacoustics oscillations, taking into account the effect of convective amplification. This effect was revealed in studies of propagation of aeroacoustics oscillations in air ducts, turbines, as well as in studies of sound propagation from moving aircraft and high-speed trains. But it has not been described in relation to gas pipelines. This article presents experimental data confirming the convective amplification impact on the amplitude of aeroacoustics oscillations in the main gas pipeline, quantitative description of influence of this effect. The paper demonstrates the possibility of improving the accuracy of aeroacoustics monitoring systems, taking into account the convective amplification. The main aim. Confirm the presence of the convective amplification effect while the aeroacoustics oscillations propagating in the main gas pipeline. Object. A linear part of the main gas pipeline. Methods. Use of the aeroacoustics monitoring system for registration of aeroacoustics oscillations in the gas pipeline during the movement of a cleaning gauge and at leaks simulation; comparison of the amplitude of aeroacoustics oscillations, propagating up and down the transported gas. Results. The authors confirmed in field experiments the presence of the convective amplification effect during the cleaning gauge movement and leaks simulating. They carried out a quantitative assessment of the convective amplification influence on the aeroacoustics oscillations amplitude. The paper introduces the example of the convective amplification impact on the accuracy of the source of acoustic oscillations location in a gas pipeline. Conclusions. When propagating upstream of the gas the aeroacoustics oscillations amplitude is higher than when propagating downstream of the gas at the same distance from the source. The value in the amplitude difference is comparable to the value of the convective amplification in quantitative terms. Taking into consideration of the convective amplification effect improves the accuracy of determining the linear coordinate of the acoustic oscillations source in the gas pipeline.

Relevance. Copper-pyrite ores of Russia are the basis of the mineral resource base of the country's metallurgical industry, primarily providing copper and zinc, and metals such as Pb, Au, Ag, etc. Today, about 25 % of the total balance reserves of zinc of the country is in the composition of copper pyrite ores, the role of the main component in which is performed by copper. The result of the flotation enrichment of copper pyrite ores is the production of substandard copper concentrates (Cu content ⁓15–20 %, Zn content ≥5 %). The pyrometallurgical processing of such materials into blister copper is characterized by high costs, as well as irretrievable losses of valuable components. Today, the issues of studying the characteristics of raw materials and deposits, developing technologies for processing copper- and zinc-containing materials, as well as analyzing existing and promising processing options are relevant and, as a result, can have positive effect both in terms of the complexity of using raw materials, improving the quality of the resulting products and the degree of their extraction, and, consequently, from an economic point of view. The aim: analysis of the characteristics of copper zinc-bearing ores, in particular, the ores of the Uchalinsky and Verkhneuralsky copper ore regions enriched at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, mineralogical assessment of the concentrates of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, followed by the selection of promising options for processing low-grade copper concentrates based on hydrometallurgical processing methods. Methods. The analysis of data on the main types of copper deposits, the characteristics of copper pyrite ores in Russia, as well as more detailed data on ores enriched at the mining and processing plant was carried out on the basis of a review of domestic and foreign literary and information sources. Also, an analysis of the concentrate and middlings of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant was carried out. Due to the information obtained through the combination of the above methods, an assessment was made and information on possible options for improving the processing technologies of the studied raw materials was presented. Results. Thanks to the study and development of more integrated approaches in processing materials with a low content of useful components and complex raw materials, in particular, studied in this work, in the future it will be possible to achieve improved technological performance from both an economic and environmental point of view. In this paper, the raw materials and products used and obtained, respectively, at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, the Republic of Bashkiria, will be considered in more detail.Relevance. Copper-pyrite ores of Russia are the basis of the mineral resource base of the country's metallurgical industry, primarily providing copper and zinc, and metals such as Pb, Au, Ag, etc. Today, about 25 % of the total balance reserves of zinc of the country is in the composition of copper pyrite ores, the role of the main component in which is performed by copper. The result of the flotation enrichment of copper pyrite ores is the production of substandard copper concentrates (Cu content ⁓15–20 %, Zn content ≥5 %). The pyrometallurgical processing of such materials into blister copper is characterized by high costs, as well as irretrievable losses of valuable components. Today, the issues of studying the characteristics of raw materials and deposits, developing technologies for processing copper- and zinc-containing materials, as well as analyzing existing and promising processing options are relevant and, as a result, can have positive effect both in terms of the complexity of using raw materials, improving the quality of the resulting products and the degree of their extraction, and, consequently, from an economic point of view. The aim: analysis of the characteristics of copper zinc-bearing ores, in particular, the ores of the Uchalinsky and Verkhneuralsky copper ore regions enriched at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, mineralogical assessment of the concentrates of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, followed by the selection of promising options for processing low-grade copper concentrates based on hydrometallurgical processing methods. Methods. The analysis of data on the main types of copper deposits, the characteristics of copper pyrite ores in Russia, as well as more detailed data on ores enriched at the mining and processing plant was carried out on the basis of a review of domestic and foreign literary and information sources. Also, an analysis of the concentrate and middlings of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant was carried out. Due to the information obtained through the combination of the above methods, an assessment was made and information on possible options for improving the processing technologies of the studied raw materials was presented. Results. Thanks to the study and development of more integrated approaches in processing materials with a low content of useful components and complex raw materials, in particular, studied in this work, in the future it will be possible to achieve improved technological performance from both an economic and environmental point of view. In this paper, the raw materials and products used and obtained, respectively, at the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant, the Republic of Bashkiria, will be considered in more detail.

Relevance. Mining of potash ore using borer miners is characterized by a high degree of dust emission. The main sources of dust emission are the processes of destruction of the massif, loading of the broken-off rock mass and further overloading of ore. Long-term presence of miners in an area where the maximum permissible concentration for potash dust is exceeded negatively affects their health. In terms of economic losses, ore regrinding also has a negative effect. Particles of a useful component less than 250 micrometers in size do not lend themselves to enrichment and go to the dump. Often, the amount of raw ore at the entrance to the processing plant reaches 18 % of the total supplied mass. In this regard, it is necessary to take measures to reduce dust concentration in the working area of the borer miner operator and to reduce the amount of non-enriched fraction. The purpose of this work is to develop and implement measures to change the executive bodies of roadheaders, which will help reduce dust emissions in the bottomhole working area of potash mines. The object of the study is the executive body of a roadheader with a cutting tool. Results. The paper proposes constructive changes to the executive body of the borer miners. The new flat planetary-disk cutting unit will make it possible to implement a cross cutting scheme with a more stable geometry than the existing cutting sequence for Ural-20R borer miners. The design changes proposed in this paper take into account the previous problems described in the literature.

Relevance. The construction sector is currently one of the largest consumers of raw materials and a major source of environmental pollution, accounting for about 40 % of energy consumption and about 30 % of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of emissions into the atmosphere of combustion products of coal, oil and gas, irreparable damage is caused to the environment. One of the promising ways to solve this problem is the introduction of «energy efficient building» technology. The key task of designing energy-efficient buildings is the development of a power supply system, which largely determines the level of comfort and technical and economic indicators of the entire facility. The complexity of this task is caused by the fact that installations based on renewable energy sources, characterized by stochastic generation, are mainly used as power sources, and energy-efficient buildings themselves can differ significantly from each other in a number of parameters: purpose, architecture, size and number of storeys, composition of consumers etc. The article proposes an engineering technique for designing such objects and the results of its testing. The aim of study is to develop an engineering methodology for designing power supply systems for autonomous energy-efficient buildings based on renewable energy sources. Methods: methods of statistical processing of time series of data, mathematical and computer modeling using the MatLab/Simulink software environment. Results. The authors have proposed an engineering methodology for designing power supply systems for autonomous objects, focused on the design of «active» buildings with the maximum possible use of renewable energy sources. The paper describes the main design stages, which include calculation and analysis of the energy balance, choice of the main electrical equipment and development of a structural diagram of the electric power system, optimization of the composition and sizes of the main electrical equipment, selection of switching and protective devices, conductor products, development of circuit diagrams. The paper considers the practical example of application of the proposed methodology for designing the power supply system of an autonomous energy-efficient building in the Kursk region.

Link for citation: Buglov N.A., Pushmin P.S. Determination of the conditions for the implementation of the deformed drilling layout rotation in the mode of stabilization of the borehole direction. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр.17-25.In Rus. The relevance of the study is caused by the need to create a general methodology for determining the eccentricity of the inertia center of the core set cross-section, which will significantly reduce the irrational material and energy costs of drilling wells drilled in conditions of natural curvature of their trunks, as well as optimize the technical and economic indicators of drilling operations. Objective: to increase the productivity of geological exploration when working in conditions of natural curvature of boreholes. Objects: drilling well, column set, drilling shell, drill string, natural curvature of the borehole, the trajectory of the borehole. Methods: analysis of literature sources on the research topic; processing data of production organizations; graphoanalytic method. Results. To eliminate some of the shortcomings currently available in the issue of maintaining the trajectory of the borehole drilled in conditions of natural curvature, a general technique is proposed that ensures minimization of the deflecting force on the rock-breaking tool during the deepening. The proposed technique is divided into two components: the use of pre-deformed core sets; the creation of a direct precession with continuous contact of the half-wave crest with the well wall during rotation of the arrangement. To implement the first case, the paper presents a method for determining the value of residual or preliminary deformation of a rectilinear core pipe. Practically, the proposed technique is implemented by sequentially performing three basic operations: the plane of deformation of the core set is determined during drilling; the parameters of the core set are adjusted by its residual deformation by the calculated value; the well is drilled with a pre-deformed core set. To implement the second case, the paper presents a method for determining the magnitude of the eccentricity of the inertia center of the column set cross-section. In this case, in order to implement the method, it is necessary: to make a rational arrangement of the lower part of the drill string; to carry out the drilling process at the maximum possible rotation frequencies of the drill shaft; to use emulsion washing fluids; to reduce the amount of bending moment due to the operation of diamond crowns that work effectively at low axial forces. Both proposed methods are justified and supported by the results of experimental work. Conclusions. The conducted research allowed us to present and justify a fundamentally new method of reducing the curvature of boreholes based on the use of pre-deformed core sets, as well as to obtain a dependence for determining the optimal value of their residual initial bending, which guarantees a deflection force close to zero on a rock-breaking tool. The magnitude of the eccentricity of the stabilizing arrangement, which guarantees the operation of the guide section in the mode of direct precession: is directly proportional to the force of its interaction with the walls of the well; is inversely proportional to its mass and rotational speed; is directly proportional to the coefficient of sliding friction.

Link for citation: Mohammad Almohammad Alnayef, Zain Alabidin Dalfi Abd Ali Khalaf, Gnidan E.V. Experience of using acid treatments in the oil field Suwaydiya (Syria). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр. 50-58. In Rus. Relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase oil recovery from wells developed in the fields of Syria, in the carbonate reservoirs of the Massif and Shiranish formation, for which there is a natural drop in production rates due to decrease in reservoir pressure, water cut, opening of reservoirs with low reservoir properties and increase in the share of hard-to-recover reserves. The main aim of the study is to analyze the results of acid treatments to improve oil recovery in the field of Suwaydia, Syria. The object of study is the carbonate complexes in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Massif formation and the Shiranish formation, Syria. Methods: review of domestic and foreign experience in treating the bottomhole formation zone using acid compositions and analysis of production, technological, lithological, geological, geophysical, and field data of wells treated with acids. Results. The paper introduces the advantages of the acid treatments method, such as improving the reservoir permeability and decreasing the skin factor by increasing the pore space and fracture channels, as well as removing the filter cake and various inorganic sediments that prevent oil flow. The undesirable effects of acid treatments: corrosion, secondary sedimentation, water cut, are indicated. The geological and physical conditions of the well and reservoir for choosing a treatment technology are considered. They are: reservoir temperature, filtration, and reservoir properties of rocks, granulometric (fractional) and mineralogical composition of rocks, chemical composition of reservoir fluids. The main directions of measures for solving geological and technological complications that arise during acid treatments using inhibitors, new multicomponent compositions of acid agents, special additives, and multi-stage treatments are noted. The paper introduces the technology and results of the application of acid treatments: hydrochloric acid treatment and foam hydrochloric acid treatment of the bottomhole zone of wells located in the north-east of the Syrian Arab Republic, which belong to the two oil field – Suwaydia and Zarba – of the Al-Hasakah Oil Fields Administration. It was noted that the use of a simple hydrochloric acid treatment of several wells did not lead to the predicted increase in oil recovery, and the use of an acid mixture (HCL at a concentration of 15 %, HF at a concentration of 3 %) in well no. 462 of the Suwaydia oil field showed an increase in productivity of 1,5 times. Recommendations are given for improving acid treatments at the Suwaydia, Syria fields to intensify oil production.

Link for citation: Popova M.S., Neskoromnykh V.V., Zotov Z.G., Liu Baochang. Modern basis of automation of diamond drilling control. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 6, рр.103-112. In Rus. The relevance. Diamond drilling is one of the promising and versatile methods of well drilling, which makes it possible to achieve high drilling speeds at great depths of work. At the same time, an expensive diamond tool needs to save a resource. The developed method for managing diamond drilling based on a comprehensive analysis of criteria using the method of a full factorial experiment is effective if it is implemented in real time. Thus, the problem of developing an automated control system for the diamond drilling mode, which makes it possible to save the resource of the tool while ensuring high rates of mechanical drilling speed and minimal power consumption, is topical. This approach will improve the technical and economic results of diamond drilling. The aim of the work is to develop a reliable interactive system of ground sensors and a computer complex that allows implementing automated control of diamond drilling based on a comprehensive analysis of criteria that fully characterize complex drilling and operate in real time. Objects: diamond drilling, interactive systems, devices and sensors of the latest generation. Methods: analytical research, computer simulation, full factorial experiment. Results. The paper introduces the system of sensors and computing unit, consisting of computers and software, capable of collecting and processing information in detail, which makes it possible to give a full assessment of the work of the tool at the bottomhole. The authors describe the scheme of interaction of devices for automation of diamond drilling. The paper introduces the detailed description of the software operation from the sensor signal to the display of the results on the display screen and the characteristic of the result of the application of an automated control system for diamond drilling.

The relevance of the research consists in search for methods for methods for increasing oil recovery aimed at growing the coverage of oil reservoirs developed by flooding, which will allow continuing the operation of fields with high depletion of reserves at the last stages of development. Involvement in the development of complexly localized non-drainable reserves due to the injection of polymer compositions will extend the life cycle of depleted fields and increase the final oil recovery factor. Purpose: to study the impact of injection of polymer compositions on the change in the filtration flows of an oil reservoir in order to increase the final oil recovery factor. Objects: sand layers of the Yu1 horizon of the Vasyugan suite, distinguished by their heterogeneity, inconsistency in thickness, and different permeability along the section. Methods: analysis of the recovery of oil reserves in terms of displacement characteristics, as well as analytical dependencies; analysis of the current state of development; assessment of the effectiveness of the formed waterflooding system; analytical calculations using the filtration equation; laboratory studies on a filtration model; analytical evaluation of the results of testing the selected compositions at the oil field «Х». Results. The article summarizes the results of experimental studies of the effect of adding polymeric reagents to the composition of the fluid injected into the formation on changing the reservoir properties of the productive formation. The paper introduces the results of laboratory studies to determine the technologies and compositions for the implementation of the program for the injection of polymers into the Yu12+3 formation of the oil field «Х». The filtration model of a real reservoir was created from core samples of the field under consideration especially for the research in laboratory conditions; the conditions for fluid filtration through the core column are as close as possible to reservoir ones. The paper introduces the results of pilot work on application of the technology of injection of polymer compositions into the Yu12+3 reservoir of the oil field «Х». The authors carried out the analysis of the effectiveness of the work, made the recommendations for further use of the technology of injection of polymer compositions into the reservoir.

The relevance of the work is caused by the need to solve the problems arising in the development of oil fields: reducing the production rate; deterioration of reservoir filtration properties; increasing water cut of produced oil. The impact on the formation of elastic vibrations in a wide frequency range is considered a promising technology to stimulate and increase oil production. However, the large-scale introduction of such methods is constrained by insufficient understanding of the physics of the processes involved. Objective: to identify mechanisms of improving the permeability of porous media and reservoirs under acoustic influence on them based on theoretical and experimental studies, field tests; to identify priorities for future scientific and practical developments in the application of acoustic technologies to intensify oil production. Methods: analysis of the results of laboratory studies and generalization of experience in the application of acoustic and ultrasonic impact methods on productive formations to intensify oil production. Objects: productive formations of oil fields; contaminated bottomhole zone of wells; samples of porous medium from terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs. Results. The paper introduces the review of the results of theoretical, laboratory, and field studies of methods to improve the efficiency of oil production due to the wave action on the environment by elastic oscillations. The authors analyzed the phenomena occurring during this action in the productive formation. It is noted that most studies in this area refer to the ultrasonic exposure and mainly in laboratory conditions. The paper considers the phenomenon leading to increase in porous media permeability under this impact. In particular, the propagation of elastic vibrations contributes to the prevention of deposition of organic and inorganic sediments, restoration and increase of permeability of saturated porous media, removal of plugs and various deposits in carbonate and terrigenous reservoirs. The directions of promising research are formulated; recommendations for improving oil production through acoustic impact are given. The conducted analysis and generalization confirm that the impact of elastic oscillations in a wide range of frequencies activates various chemical and physical processes, affects the filtration-capacitive properties of productive formations and contributes to oil production intensification.

The relevance of the problem of increasing the efficiency of using the metallic mineral resources extracted from the bowels on the earth's surface is explained by the increasing demand of industrial metals to meet the vital queries of the human. The aim of the study is to develop environment-friendly and resource-saving technologies of extracting metals from sub-standard raw materials in underground mining of metallic mineral deposits. Research methodology includes a set of methods that collectively define the feasibility of involvement in production of non-conforming metallic resources using hydrometallurgical technologies and increasing the extraction of metals compared to traditional washing technology. The main method is semi-experimental leaching of uranium ore in the pile. The results of the research allow us to optimize the organization of work on leaching metals by controlling the process parameters at all stages of leaching of off-grade mineral raw materials in the stacks with a differentiated assessment of the influence of major processes on leaching rates. The paper introduces the data on consumption of reagents and materials, extraction of metals into solution and out of solution and neutralization of the mother liquor. It is shown that leaching in the pile does not radically improve performance of traditional methods of extraction of metals, but only reduces the metal content in the secondary tails. The paper identifies the deficiencies of existing methods of assessing the impact of mining on the environment. The conclusion from the results of the study is that leaching in a stack does not solve the problem of non-waste, essentially increasing the exposure time of chemically hazardous products to living matter.

Link for citation: Popov S.N., Chernyshov S.E., Krivoshchekov S.N. Comparative analysis of the analytical and numerical methods for calculating the stress-strain state of the near-wellbore zone based on the elastic model taking into account the main structural elements of the well. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 5, рр.94-102. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the scientific interest in calculating the near-wellbore zone stress-strain state to improve the development of oil and gas fields, to predict the casing stability and the safety of the cement stone. The main aim: based on a comparative analysis of the methods of analytical and numerical simulation of stress calculation near a vertical well using an elastic model, determine the distribution of radial and tangential stresses, compare the accuracy of their calculation by different methods and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Objects: near-wellbore zone of the terrigenous reservoir of the Achimov deposits of one of the fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. Methods: analytical and numerical finite element methods for stress-strain state calculating of the near-wellbore zone, taking into account the main structural elements of the well and using a linear elastic model. Results. The paper considers the analytical relationships used to calculate the radial and tangential stresses in the casing, cement stone and reservoir rock, as well as the equations used in numerical finite element modeling of stresses near a vertical well. The authors have developed a finite element scheme of the near-wellbore zone, including its main structural elements. The paper introduces the results of calculation of the main components of the stress tensor in the structural elements of the well depending on the radial coordinate for the bottom hole pressure of 20, 40 and 60 MPa. The authors carried out the comparative analysis of the stress calculations results by the methods used. It is shown that the largest discrepancy between the analytical and numerical methods was 2 % that corresponds to radial stresses for the calculation option with a bottom hole pressure of 20 MPa. On average, the discrepancies were: for radial stresses – 0,04 %, for tangential stresses – 0,72 %. It is concluded that when using the model of a linearly elastic medium and under boundary conditions in the form of fixing the model in the upper and lower parts along the normal to the surface, and also without taking into account the pressure distribution in the depression funnel of the model, it is sufficient to use the analytical method of calculation. If it is supposed to use combined boundary conditions, a poroelastic model, taking into account viscoplastic deformations, then it is most preferable to use the numerical simulation method.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand the features of the hydrodynamics of viscous flows in the annular space between drillpipes and wellbore including changes in the shape of the cross section and wall surfaces; to detail intra- and interfacial processes of momentum and mass transfer during the flow of dispersed media with complex rheology in the fields of action of specific internal and external forces in annular eccentric pipes; to establish the capabilities of models, approaches, methods for predicting the evolution of the structure of the flow of mixtures; to develop practical recommendations for personnel on effective wellbore cleaning. The aim of the research is to study, within the framework of CFD methods, the features of the three-dimensional laminar and turbulent flow of a mixture of drilling fluid with solid particles in the coaxial and eccentric inlet area of the well, as well as to establish the patterns of complex viscous flow accompanying the transport of cuttings along the wellbore and cleaning its horizontal sections. Methodology is dominated by the approaches of complex physical-mathematical and computer modeling of processes in the mechanics of homogeneous and heterogeneous continuums, widely tested on internal complex viscous flows, as well as successfully validating and verifying the results under appropriate conditions and close to the flow regimes, heat and mass transfer, performed by other authors on the analysis of technological processes of drilling and cleaning wells. Results. The paper introduces the critical analysis of the current state of the problems of computer modeling of cuttings transport processes in drilling technologies. The features and effects formed by the presence of rotation of the drill pipe, which affect the structure of the flow, are noted. The authors have formulated in detail the problem of hydrodynamics and mass transfer of a turbulent spatially developing dispersed flow of a liquid with solid particles of cuttings in coaxial eccentric pipes of arbitrary rheology, as well as methods for studying it. The paper introduces the remarks on the formalism of the closures of the constitutive equations of the model in the framework of CFD. Calculations revealed the patterns of changes in local and integral parameters of flows and mass transfer associated with an increase in the annular, mass-average velocities resulting from a decrease in the free flow cross section due to the accumulation of cuttings. The trends towards regularization of the effects that create the cleaning are determined. The features of changes in the structure of a complex flow of a mixture in the framework of the Euler-Eulerian and Euler-Lagrangian approaches are disclosed. In conclusion, proposals for engineering prediction of flows in the horizontal section of the well are presented. The applied value of the results is determined by the possibility of making a number of generalizations that eliminate uncertainties caused by taking into account the details of the geometric and hydrodynamic configurations of the problem, as well as using the parameters of real drilling and cleaning modes.

Relevance. At present, the study of Suprasenomanian deposits, including deposits of the Lower Berezovskaya subformation of Cognac-Santonian age, composed of siliceous rocks, has moved from the category of theoretical interest to the category of practically important research. This is due to the fact that industrial gas content was confirmed at six sites (Van-Egansky – NB1 formation, Vyngapurovsky – NB4, Medvezhy – NB3–NB4, Novo-Chaselsky – NB3, Komsomolsky – NB1, Kharampursky – NB1). There are four layers of the Lower Berezovskaya subformation (the NB horizon), however, criteria for determining the boundaries of these layers have not yet been identified. In this paper, the substantiation of lithological-mineralogical and commercial-geophysical criteria for stratigraphic dissection of the section of the Nizhneberez subformation is given. The object of the study is the Berezovskaya formation, which deposits in the north of Western Siberia contain significant gas resources, considered as a reserve for «prolonging the life» of deposits during the development of highly productive Cenomanian deposits. The aim: improving the efficiency of geological exploration to identify gas deposits in siliceous rocks of xenon by clarifying the stratigraphic structure of the rocks of the Berezovskaya formation. Methods. The dissection of the sections was carried out on wells drilled in recent years, with continuous core sampling and with an expanded complex of geophysical studies of wells (GIS), including electrical, radioactive, acoustic, nuclear magnetic methods. The mineral composition was determined by studying the core by X-ray diffraction analysis (more than 300 samples), infrared spectroscopy (220 samples). The composition of chemical elements in rocks was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (more than 300 samples) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (70 samples). Results. It is shown that the boundary between the NB2 and NB3 layers does not have unambiguous GIS criteria. At the Medvezhye field, this boundary is determined by the abrupt change in the readings of the nuclear magnetic and acoustic logs, at the Vyngapurovskoe field such abrupt changes in the curves of these methods are not noted. The paper shows that the boundary between the B3 and B2 layers has a clear characteristic of the mineral composition of rocks and is determined by a sharp decrease in the proportion of zeolites (clinoptilolite) during the transition from NB3 to NB2. Along with a decrease in the content of clinoptilolite at the boundary between the B3 and B2 layers, there is also a sharp change in the chemical composition of rocks, in particular, a sharp decrease in the proportion of strontium is noted. This tendency to decrease the proportion of clinoptilolite and strontium in rocks can be explained by the attenuation of volcanic activity in the south-east of Western Siberia.

Relevance. The present paper is devoted to the practical issues of ensuring uninterrupted and quality power supply for standalone industrial facilities and quick response of power supply systems that become increasingly important in the context of continuously growing portion of renewable generation, such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic arrays, tidal power units, characterized by inconsistency and randomness of power generation periods. At same time, the load also has an unpredictable nature of consumption, which consists in unbalanced connection, abrupt power drops and surges, and the introduction of non-linear consumers, which affects the quality of the voltage in the power supply system. The main aim. The paper presents a method to develop a quick-response control strategy for a standalone three-phase power supply system for mineral mining and processing facilities to ensure the generated balanced voltages with sinusoidal waveforms. Objects: standalone power supply system; PWM four-leg full-bridge inverter, single-/three-phase load. Methods: quaternion algebra, noncommutative multiplication rules for imaginary units, closed-loop control, cascade systems. Results. The authors have developed basic concept covering the organization and implementation of a standalone AC generation system based on three-phase voltage quaternion decomposition into a balanced sinusoidal component and other components caused by amplitude-phase unbalance and nonlinear loads. The described continuous law provides a high speed of instantaneous compensation of distortions at abruptly variable load. Experimental studies were carried out on various kinds and configurations of loads: single-phase, three-phase symmetric, and also two-phase, one phase of which has a non-linear character of current consumption.

Relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand modern achievements in modeling the processes of sludge transport in real conditions of drilling operations that increase drilling speed and the efficiency of well cleaning; to establish the advantages/disadvantages of existing approaches, modern models and complex methods for describing the dynamics of systems with particles in order to effectively choose the rheological properties of drilling fluids and eliminate the reasons of equipment loss. The aim of this work is to understand the modern experience of modeling the processes of cleaning wells with complex geometries, mainly lying in the horizontal plane; to study the features of the flow of mixtures in the annular space with a circular core; providing recommendations for the practice of modeling and calculating hydrodynamic processes that increase hole cleaning efficiency. Methodology. Theoretical and practical research methods from related fields of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in rheologically and physically complex systems; methods for numerical modeling of laminar and turbulent flows under conditions of direct-flow and swirling flows created by a co-axially or orbitally rotating wall, which affect the formation of a layer of cuttings and the dynamics of particles of a dispersed mixture. Results. The paper introduces the results of modern numerical studies of cleaning wells with horizontal sections and the information on aspects of detailed hydrodynamic and diffusion modeling of complex flows in inclined wells. The applied models and methods used to study the characteristics of flow and heat and mass transfer in homogeneous and heterogeneous media in internal systems are formulated. Aspects of modeling the processes of cuttings transport in the framework of Euler/Lagrangian approaches are discussed, taking into account the features introduced by the effects of interfacial interaction/rotation. The paper introduces the changes in cuttings concentration based on rheological properties (power-law or Herschel–Bulkley), different shapes/sizes of particles, flow regimes and inertial forces. The problems of improving the accuracy of cuttings transport modeling, the possibilities of new technologies, original turbulence models and their two-parameter dynamic bases used for increasing the intensification and efficiency of cleaning processes are analyzed. The authors have given the recommendations for their solution in the considered hydrodynamic and geometric configurations. The results and problems that are of fundamental and applied significance and constitute an independent subject of prospective research are indicated.

The relevance of the work is caused by the wide use of porous media, both in the design and optimization of compact heat exchangers and in the engineering calculations of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in the channels with a grainy medium and when flowing around the bodies immersed in the porous medium. The main aim of the research is the experimental study of heat transfer in an annular channel filled with a granular medium at various modes of liquid filtration; to obtain semi-empirical correlations for heat transfer in the inertial mode of fluid filtration in an annular channel. Objects: annular channel with a porous insert consisting of glass beads of the same diameter with different types of both regular and chaotic pakings. Methods: experimental methods for finding the patterns of heat exchange processes. In experiments, using thermocouples, the temperature of the heated outer wall of the annular channel was measured in four sections and the temperature of the heater at two different points. The temperatures at the inlet to the working station and at the output of it were measured as well. Simultaneously with thermal investigation, the fluid flow was measured when filtering through a porous insert. Porosity was determined by the usual weighty way. In special calibration experiments, the heat losses of the working section were determined separately. The calculation of the heat transfer coefficient was carried out according to the flow of heat to the outer wall of the annular channel, taking into account heat losses and, along the difference in the measured wall temperature and the medium-mass fluid temperature in this section. The paper introduces the results of the experimental study of liquid filtration flow heat exchange with the walls of the annular channel filled with a porous medium at constant heat flux on the outer wall. The study was conducted on ring channels with different widths. The width of the channel was laid either one layer of the balls of one diameter with two types of packages: cubic and rhombohedral, or several layers of balls, but already with arbitrary packaging (from 3 to 10 ball width). When processing the experimental data, hydraulic grain diameter is selected as the determining geometric parameter. It is shown that, depending on the filtration mode, various laws of heat exchange exist through a porous insert. So for the turbulent filtering mode, the obtained data for heat exchange is well summarized by the universal «law of two-thirds». The paper introduces the comparison with the data of other authors, both for heat exchange in the annular channel and in a round tube. It is shown that in the inertial mode of filtration, the heat exchange corresponds to the regularity of Nu~Re1/2.

The work is devoted to the laboratory investigation of the causes of cryopeg formation – objects of cryolitosones of natural or man-made character, which are lenses of supercooled pore solution in the environment of frozen fluid stop. In particular, processes promoting cryogenic concentration of salts, as well as peculiarities of laboratory experiment are considered. The paper describes the experimental installation and procedure of experiment on controlling freezing–thawing of soil in closed volume – vertical heat-insulated cylinder, in which heat transfer was carried out through end sides according to preset algorithm. The experiment repeated the situation typical for the autumn-spring period: the daily freezing and thawing of wet soil contaminated with easily soluble salts. Four series of experiments were carried out with different number of repeated cycles of freezing front and thawing front motion in soil saturated with concentrated salt solution NaCl directed from top to bottom at a distance of 70-80% from cylinder height. At the same time, the lower area was always supported in the thawed form. The paper considers the phenomena and introduces the probable explanation for processes accompanying soil freezing and thawing, such as decrease of freezing start temperature in vertical section, formation of thermal barrier in direction of freezing front movement in low-temperature area, redistribution of salt ions along vertical section, dependence of concentration gradient on number of freezing – thawing cycles, deviation of melting temperature value in comparison with freezing start temperature. Numerical values of moisture redistribution and solution concentration in soil after each series of experiments were obtained. Methods of modernization of experimental installation and carrying out the experiment are proposed.

The relevance of the research is caused by the widespread application of geology models to study oil and gas reservoirs. At present time, by the government regulations in Russia, all field development projects must be done with geology and simulation models. The main aim of the research is to study and describe evolution of 3D geomodeling as a main method of oil and gas geology. Commonly used geology modeling packages history and features were revealed in order to determine industry interests and trends, advantages and drawbacks of existing software. Object of the research is 3D geology modeling as a method to study oil and gas reservoirs. Methods: study and compilation of the published papers and internet sources on the topic of geology modeling and appropriate software evolution. Results. The paper describes the main steps of 3D geology modeling evolution and the existing software for geology models creation. There are four stages of geology modeling history. First stage is related to recognition of importance of math modeling to describe geology systems. The second stage took part in 1950–1970-s and lay occurrence of such branch of science as mathematical geology and its branch – geostatistics. In early 1980-s first 3D reservoir models were created and used for oil and gas pools study. It inferred active development of geomodeling and occurrence of first software to reservoir modeling in 1980-s. In early 1990-s geology modeling started to enter industry and many geologists used it to study and evaluate oil and gas reservoirs. During 1990-s and 2000-s most of commonly used gemodeling methods and procedures were developed. At present time there is a trend in geomodeling to integrade all geoscience data into one project which should include geology, seismic, simulation, geomechanics and other aspects of reservoir study. Since 2018 the corporate software for geology modeling is created in Rosneft oil company. All determined advantages and new methods are integrated or going to be integrated into new geomodeling package «RN-Geosim».

The relevance of the article is caused by the need to develop new mathematical models, methods, experimental approaches when investigating migration problems of deep hydrocarbon fluids from underground reservoirs of the oil and gas basin. The aim of the research is to develop a universal physical and mathematical model of a detailed forecast of migration over a limited space of a ground collector of arbitrary geometry; make recommendations to the practice of studying the problems of hydrodynamics and heat- and mass transfer in these conditions and to compare the relative values of forces that cause the migration of deep fluids in vertical and lateral directions. Methods of the research are based on general principles of mechanics of continuous homogeneous and heterogeneous media, hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer. Results. The paper introduces the data of analysis of effects accompanying hydro- and gas dynamics, and heat- and mass transfer at flows of homogeneous and heterogeneous rheologically simple and complex viscous mixtures in fields of action of external forces from underground regions with arbitrary geometry of slot and pore space. The authors have carried out the analysis of the correctness of the physical modeling of the problem on underground hydrocarbons migration and establishment of determining mechanisms for their lifting from large depths. It was found that upward migration is formed under the defining influence in the resulting force: floating force (Fв), which takes into account the features of changes in the fields of thermodynamic parameters (composition (ci), temperature (T), pressure (P)); gravity (FG): phase phenomena and processes at the boundaries of the analysed volume of the hydrocarbon medium, as well as pressure gradient force (FPR), the behavior of which is complicated by the distribution of the entire spectrum of external and internal forces in the conjugated system. The paper introduces the conclusions on details of fluid flow modeling, formulations of defining numbers and criteria within the framework of the theory of similarity of the considered problems, useful for understanding and clarifying the essence of effects, processes, forces, mechanisms accompanying migration. The results can be used to predict migration especially at the conditions complicated by: abnormal phase and rheological small-scale diffusion changes in composition; conjugated heat and mass transfer between rock and mixture; instability of modes in local areas of fluid flow at arbitrary thermodynamic and geometric configurations of underground collector.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to take into account the surface properties (wettability) when conducting laboratory studies on the core represented by non-hydrophilic reservoir rocks. In relation to the increased volume of research on the study of these rocks, there is a great need to develop and search for new solutions aimed at ultimately obtaining the most reliable data. The main aim of the research is to develop a complex of special petrophysical studies on core samples of reservoir rocks with non-hydrophilic properties. Object: core samples from one of the fields of the Timan-Pechersk oil and gas province. The field is characterized by a complex structure of the hollow space of deposits and a large amount of resinous-asphaltene components in oil. Results. The authors have carried out the typification of the main kinds of wettability described in the literature. The paper considers the complex of different methods for preparing core samples for research and describes the method for determining the wettability parameter on core samples by the Amott-Harvey method. The results of determining the wettability parameter on core samples prepared by different methods: non-extracted samples, standard extraction, «mild» extraction, «aging» of the core are shown. The authors built the diagrams of comparison of the wettability parameter on core samples depending on the preparation method and open porosity. The paper introduces the results of special studies of the core to determine the relative phase permeabilities on the core sample prepared by various methods with the construction of a comparison graph. The conclusions about the significant influence of the methods of preparing core samples during laboratory research are presented.

The relevance of the research is related to the regional specificity of the coal deposit load and objects of the coal complex on water bodies. The data obtained make it possible to expand the understanding of the general regularities in the element’s distribution in the «water – coal bearing rock» system and further use them in various ecological and exploration studies. The aim of the research is to study the features of the component maximum amount distribution in the natural waters of the region and the composition of the host rocks, to estimate the rate of chemical element leaching from the rocks. Objects: surface and groundwater of the Naryksko-Ostashkinskaya area in the Kemerovo region, the most promising for coalbed methane production. Methods: modern methods for determining the water and rock chemical composition, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, as well as standard hydrogeochemical methods for calculating the concentration factors and water migration. Results. The paper introduces the data on 59 elements, including the micro-components of rivers, lakes and groundwater of different water exchanges: active, upper part and lower part (coal bearing rocks) of passive. When the water–rock interaction time increases, the salinity and the major ion and trace element concentrations increase as well. The calculated concentration coefficients relative to the average for groundwater leaching in a moderate climate made it possible to distinguish elements with a high level of accumulation: from major components, these are C, Na, Cl, Fe and the trace elements are Ga, Ba, Li, Zr, Pb, B, Sc, Ni, Br, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, I, Ag, Cd, Cs, Hg. The paper introduces as well the data on 48 elements of the coal bearing sandstones and siltstones, which, together with the literature data on some other elements, made it possible to obtain interesting relationships. For example, in a percentage relative to the total salinity, groundwaters of active water exchange contain 1–2 orders of magnitude more than in rocks: Cu, Ag, Cd, Sr, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Hg, Pb. Taking into account water and rock composition, the coefficients of water migration were calculated, the series of migration of different types of waters were compiled, which did not reveal any fundamental differences. In all natural waters, they are highly mobile: Na, C, Cl, I, B, N, Br, Sr, Cd, Cu, Li, Mo, Ge, Zn; weakly mobile: Al, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Eu, Mn, Si, Cr, Co, Fe, Rb.

The relevance of this research is determined by the widespread use of water georesources as working fluids in hydro- and heat power engineering, in heat supply and cooling systems.In this case, it is often required to carry out technological water treatment before using in the main production cycle. In particular, water needs to be cleaned of colloidal, scale-forming and gaseous impurities. The greatest difficulty is the water treatment from hardness salts, that is, its softening. Calcium and magnesium salts usually precipitate on heat exchange surfaces with the formation of scale, that leads to a sharp decrease in the efficiency of the heat exchange equipment, excessive fuel consumption and frequent stops for cleaning. Descaling is usually done by acid washing of the internal heat exchange surfaces or mechanically. All these methods involve the use of a large number of chemical reagents, and strongly pollute wastewater from water treatment units. In addition, it significantly increases operating costs. The purpose of this research is to theoretically describe the electrochemical processes that occur in installations with permanent toroidal magnets when passing a stream of water with hardness salts dissolved in it, as well as to analyze the practical operation experience of such installations. Objects: toroidal magnetic system, magnetic field, salt ions contained in water, magnetic water treatment units. Methods: toroidal electrodynamics; experiments on the interaction of toroidal electromagnetic objects; hypotheses about electrochemical processes occurring in a water stream flowing along the axis of a magnetic toroid; experiments to test these hypotheses; theory explaining magnetic water treatment technology; analysis of the «Magnust» apparatus long-term operating. Results. The paper introduces the theoretical explanation of the magnetic water treatment technology using toroidal magnetic installations and describes the electrochemical processes occurring at the stage of magnetic treatment and the subsequent stage of heating magnetized water. It is shown that ions of different signs drift in mutually opposite directions in the magnetic field presence. For this reason, the formation of calcium and magnesium hydrocarbonate on the heat exchange surface is difficult. As a result, the deposition of carbonates on heated surfaces does not occur. The authors have determined the most effective design of the magnetic installation and its optimal parameters as well. The paper introduces the information on the «Magnust» apparatus operation at several civil and industrial facilities.

The study is relevant due to the rapid growth of mining exploration and production activities in the permafrost regions of Russia over the last forty years. This paper presents the characteristics of the soils of the settling ponds of the Elgacoal field in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on vulnerability of the geological environment to contamination. An engineering-geological evaluation is necessary in order to prepare decision making on land planning and land use of the area as well as to ensuresmaller negative impact of industrial and infrastructure development on environment and reducing hazards and damage to constructions, people and property. This study aims to establish the vulnerability of the territory to man-made pollution based on the study of engineering and geological conditions of the sites of settling ponds. Object of research is the geological environment. The paper considers the main natural components, which influence land use planning and development, such as lithology; topography; seismotectonic; geotechnic; hydrology-hydrogeology and permafrost. This study includes a brief review of relevant literature, and a summary of information obtained from geological survey company files. All information layers about the natural environmentwere manipulated and combined to produce uniform engineering geological map. We produced a zoning map of the study area that shows zones with different degree of geological environment vulnerability of contamination:high, moderate, low, negligible vulnerability.

Timeliness. Investigation into the issues and existing prerequisites for development of a system of consolidated recording of the bulk of coal in the form of the reserves in place, the mined raw material and the goods to be sold proved the implementability of the task. The consolidated recording will facilitate a proper assessment of the country’s resource potential, as well as that of individual mineral developers, making it transparent and comprehensive for international investors. On the other hand, the recording eliminates the discrepancies in the governmental regulation of taxes imposed for the use of subsoil. The aim of the research is to offer an approach to development of a consolidated classification of coals for the typification of reserves. Objects: the fields of mineral, brown and anthracite coal. The approbation was performed using coal of different grade compositions mined by «Resurs» Company from the existing mine sites located in Erunakovsky and Prokopievsk-Kiselyovsk geological and economic districts. The approach offered is based on the existing regulatory frame work containing the standards used in the CIS countries, including GOST 25543-2013. Methods: comparative analysis of the existing approaches to coal classification, use of grades, process groups and types of usage as the criteria for typification of reserves. Results. The paper demonstrates the issues of understanding the advanced processing as the criterion for evaluation of coals and the need to introduce it as a requirement for proper performance of geological prospecting intended to identify and outline the coals having different process properties. The criterion, as well as other indicators of coal value, is required to typify coals depending on the degree of their processing. The paper contains recommendations on rating of coals based on process groups, as well as the typification of coal reserves. The division of coal reserves by areas of coal use, used as an evaluation criterion, provides the correct justification and design of exploration within the boundaries of the licensed area.

The article relevance is caused by the critical estimation of the data presented in domestic and foreign publications on problems related to modeling of viscous fluid streams while interacting with particles of a dispersed material and with walls of the devices intended for performance of drilling operations; clearing of wellbores from cuttings taking into account well inclination and drillpipe eccentricity. The main aim is to introduce the bibliographic analysis of hole cleaning and cuttings transport, focused on finding ways to efficiently increase operational efficiency; to work out approaches and methods to model the cuttings transport in vertical and horizontal holes; to explain modern data on numerical modeling of cuttings transport problems; to provide recommendations to increase hole cleaning efficiency. The research methods are theoretical and practical ones, characterizing fluid flow in systems, containing particles and the legitimacy of idealization of transport phenomena in mixtures; as well as the methods borrowed from other disciplines aimed at calculating the influence of flow regime and drillpipe rotation and eccentricity on location and behavior of dispersed particles. The general concepts of hydrodynamic and heat- and mass transfer principles in rheological complex media are not discussed in detail, and explained only to that degree which is required for clarity and completeness. The experimental material contains data on applicability of the theory to real physical systems. Most investigations are based on analyzing particle movement through fluid in common lumps as it originates at sedimentation as well as when particles remain more or less motionless, as in densely packed beds; or the relative motion of particles and fluid with complex turbulent distribution; at motion of particles relative to each other when the flow of the carrying medium is a complex shear flow. Results. The paper introduces the analysis of experimental and theoretical results, important for applications related to cuttings transport phenomena, and the features accompanying processes of momentum, mass and energy during the flow of rheologically complex homogeneous and heterogeneous viscous mixtures in the annular space between a rotating eccentric inner pipe and a non-rotating outer pipe. Cuttings accumulation and difficulties in its transportation have major real world applications in drilling inclined and horizontal wellbores. Modeling results and the existing empirical relationships for cuttings behavior are critically analyzed. Advantages and the legitimacy of assumptions of some turbulent models and their closing relationships and dynamic, diffusive properties are presented. Also the parameters and mechanisms modeling the formation, accumulation, sedimentation, transport and separation of slime cuttings from a liquid in which they are suspended are given. The last 25–30 years have seen the numerous advances in numerical methods of multi-parameter and multidimensional modeling of hydrodynamics in dispersed mixtures (suspension, foam, powders). The analysis of experimental works shows that observation of dynamics of solid and liquid particles interaction by contactless means of registration can provide valuable information for validation and verification of the modern Reynolds Shear Stresses (RSS)-models of turbulence and specific turbulent fluxes for streams based on kL-, kε-equations, capable to predict complex turbulent flow of a mixture. The paper introduces the prospects of developing a universal algorithm with the possibility of a detailed prediction of effects: cutting bed formations in arbitrary points of annular spaces; determination of the minimum speed necessary for its formation and removal. The latter can be used in further research for determination of maximum admissible Rate Of Penetration (ROP); optimum values pump output; establishing field guidelines on duration and sequence of well cleaning operations, and the frequency of tripping operations.

The relevance of the research. Currently, most of oil fields of Russia have entered the late stage of development. As there is the depletion of easily recoverable oil reserves, more and more efforts are directed at creating technologies and development methods that allow producing hydrocarbons in difficult conditions. For further development of fields with hard-to-recover reserves, the introduction of new methods for increasing oil recovery and the use of new reagents are required. A significant role in this matter is given to chemical methods, in particular the use of solutions of surfactants. Exposure of aqueous surfactant solutions improves the rheological and filtration characteristics of oil by reducing interfacial tension and increasing wetting ability. in this relation, the task of choosing a surfactant for use in the waterflooding system of reservoirs, as well as the development of methodological approaches for their selection, is of current interest. The main aim of the research is toform a methodological approach to study the surfactants used in the waterflooding system to increase oil recovery. Object: carbonate collectors of Udmurt Republic. Methods: laboratory studies of compositions, device for determining the surface tension of surfactant solutions – stalagmometer «Rubin-02 A», filtration units with simulation of formation conditions of UIP-5VG and AFS-300, centrifuge process. Results. The paper identifies the urgent problem – the process of selecting surfactant technology for effective application in the waterflooding system for achieving the highest oil recovery. The surface-active substances that have found active industrial use in the fields of Russia and beyond are analyzed. The physicochemical and technological properties of Russian-made surfactants were evaluated in accordance with the passport characteristics, the requirements of the Provisions of a subsurface user enterprise, and the suitability of chemicals for further use was determined. The paper considers the methodology and results of determining the coefficient of oil displacement with aqueous surfactant solution on core samples taken from deposits in the Udmurt Republic. An express method for assessing the oil-displacing ability of a surfactant is proposed. It is more economical and energy-efficient in comparison with standard filtration studies. According to the results of filtration tests on the core, it was found that the proposed method is comparable with the studies. In general, the proposed methodology for the choice of surfactant composition is possible for implementation in local regulatory documents of a subsoil user enterprise and for use in order to select the necessary reagent to increase oil recovery.

Relevance. The need to determine a reliable pressure distribution field and fluid filtration velocity vectors inside the perforation hole and the reservoir rock surrounding it. Aim. On the basis of numerical finite element modeling of the fluid flow inside the perforation holes and its filtration in the surrounding reservoir rock, to reveal the patterns of pressure distribution and fluid filtration vectors in the perforation hole, on its walls and in the near-wellbore zone. Objects. Near-wellbore zone of a limestone reservoir of one of the oil fields in the south of the Perm Region, including perforations. Methods. Numerical finite element method for calculating the flow and filtration of liquid in the near-wellbore zone, taking into account the geometry of perforation holes. Results. The paper considers the main relationships used in numerical simulation of fluid flow and filtration in the ANSYS finite element modeling software package. The authors have developed the finite element scheme of the near-wellbore zone, including cumulative perforation holes and taking into account their geometric parameters, as well as the fact that inside the holes the fluid flow is modeled in open space using the Navier–Stokes equations, and in the surrounding reservoir rock based on the filtration equations and Darcy's law. Numerical calculations were carried out, on the basis of which the distribution of pressure, flow velocities and fluid filtration inside the holes and in the near-wellbore zone as a whole was obtained. Calculations were made with varying pressure in the well (or pressure drawdown), as well as for different values of reservoir permeability. The calculation results showed that for the actual drawdown values of 10 MPa and the reservoir permeability of 50 mD, the value of pressure change inside the perforation holes will not exceed 0.01 MPa, i.e. it can be assumed that it practically does not change inside the hole. It is noted that the maximum value of the filtration rate corresponds to the top of the perforation holes and then its value decreases as it approaches the borehole wall. It is concluded that in further modeling of the stress-strain state of the near-wellbore zone, taking into account the holes of cumulative perforation on the surface of the holes, it is permissible to set a constant pressure value equal to the pressure in the well, and not logarithmic or any other distribution of it.

Relevance. It is justified by the necessity to confirm the operability of the algorithm of accurate movement of the selected wood sorting to the corresponding storage bunker in the technological process of roundwood sorting at winter warehouses of timber processing companies to solve scientific and engineering problems both at present and in the future. Aim. To investigate the process of moving piece load on the physical model of longitudinal chain or belt conveyor, providing scaled reduction of positioning error. When sorting roundwood on chain longitudinal conveyors of considerable length, there is an error of movement of the selected roundwood sort to the place of discharge into the accumulator, which increases in proportion to the length of the sorting line. At present, conveyors of limited length are used. The accumulators are located on both sides of the conveyor. This reduces the transport error. Sometimes the sorting yard does not allow placing a short conveyor on it or there is a considerable amount of assortments. In this case, it is necessary to use a conveyor of considerable length. The paper proposes a new method of sorting roundwood on longitudinal chain conveyors of considerable length. This reduces the tracking error of the movement of the assortment. Optoelectronic sensors of angular displacements of the leading and driven shafts of the belt conveyor are used as sensors of angular displacements of the shaft. Methods. Physical modelling, information-static processing methods. Results and conclusions. The authors have carried out the analysis of the structure of the physical similarity stand of the longitudinal conveyor; sensors of the technological process, namely, angular frequency of rotation; software and hardware means of processing the obtained information to minimize the error of transporting piece cargo on the conveyor belt. The results of the study confirm the possibility of practical application of the device for operation on longitudinal conveyors.

Relevance. The need to obtain experimental data on dependence of thermoviscosimetric properties of the examined borosilicate glasses on temperature, in order to solve the problem of developing a low-melting composition of borosilicate glass for a small-scale melter designed by Mayak Production Association. Aim. To get the most complete characterization of the glasses under study using thermoviscometric measurements. Methods. Mathematical modelling, simplex-lattice design. Results and conclusions. One of the most effective methods of experiment planning, which allows, with a relatively small number of experiments, obtaining a mathematical model reflecting the dependence of the studied property of the mixture on the content of components in it, is the simplex experiment planning method. To simplify the solution of such a task, a group or groups of components are usually distinguished, in which the ratio of the mass fraction of the components does not change. In this article, three groups of components are taken – simulators of high-level radioactive waste, sodium and boron oxides, and glass frit. The authors have identified the most promising area, where the mass fraction of glass frit is from 67.5 to 75%, the mass fraction of sodium and boron is from 25 to 32.5% and the mass fraction of high-level waste components is from 0 to 20%. The paper presents the results of thermoviscometric measurements of 15 melts of low-melting borosilicate glasses of different compositions at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1,200°C. Using simplex-based mathematical models of experiment planning, domains of dependence of thermoviscosimetric characteristics of glass melts on their compositions were created. The authors identified the compositions of glass melts that are found within the viscosity limits determined as allowable for glass melt discharge during operation of the removable small-scale melter of Mayak Production Association design.

Relevance. Geological prospecting carried out recently throughout the Lena-Tunguska oil-and-gas province makes studies of carbonates of the Osinskaya subformation particularly relevant, as they make it possible to establish the patterns of hydrocarbon trap formation. Aim. To present the results of the lithological and facial, biostratigraphic and petrophysical studies of the Osinskaya subformation in the southern and central part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise. Objects. Carbonate rocks of the middle Osinskaya subformation of the Usolskiy Formation of the Lower Cambrian Tommotian Stage, studied from well cores. Methods. GIS complex, detailed lithological and sedimentological description of the core, sequential stratigraphic analysis, petrographic analysis of 300 samples and examination of paleontological remains taken from the core; analysis. Results. Based on these studies, three sedimentation zones were identified, traced, and described for the first time: deep-water, marginal, and shallow-water. The deep-water zone is characterized by uncompensated sedimentation, the presence of single reefs, and confinement to depressions and troughs. It was flanked by an edge zone of carbonate platform associated with elevated thicknesses of the subformation and distribution of reefs over the area. It was followed by a shallow-water zone, represented by medium and reduced thicknesses of the Osinskaya subformation, its sediments are composed of carbonate grained and clayey rocks with small single reefs. The localized marginal zone of the extended carbonate platform agrees with the previously identified Chambinsko-Altybsko-Mirninskaya and Verkhnetokhomsko-Katsko-Pilyudinskaya zones of distribution of reef-like organogenic structures. On the basis of the studied wells, the structure of three formations according to the lithologic-facial profile was described. The paper introduces the authors’ variant of conducting the boundaries of the members. It was revealed that in the deep-water zone the prospects of searching for reservoir rocks are associated with single carbonate structures, in the marginal zone with area bioherms, and in the shallow-water zone with detrital deposits and shallow bioherms. The paleontological finds are shown to be confined to the selected sedimentation zones and beds. It was determined that algae diagnosed in the boudstones (autochthonous) were involved in the formation of the second and third strata, the edge zone of the carbonate platform. Archaeocyaths were diagnosed in detrital carbonate rocks of the second pack (allochthonous) in well no. 7 and autochthonous in boudstones of well no. 2X. Cribriciates were diagnosed in the boudstones of the third member (autochthonous). Archaeocyaths, cribriciates, namacalatusses, and calcareous algae studied from the cores of wells West Yaractinian no. 45, 361, Bolshetyrskaya no. 7, 3X, 2X, 4X, 5X, 6X were major edificators of Early Cambrian organogenic structures (biostromes, bioherms, bioherms massifs, reef formations).

Relevance. This paper considers the issue of construction of underwater passages of trunk pipelines by the directional drilling method using concrete weight coated pipes. This issue is relevant, since at the present moment there is no standards and technical documentation regulating the calculation procedure of the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with concrete coating in a well. There are situations when design institutes made incorrect design decisions as a result, the pipe string got stuck during works. Those incidents led to unnecessary economic expenditures and a delay in the work implementation plan. Aim. To study the issues which related with the sticking of the pipe string during the construction of the underwater passage of the main pipeline by the method of directional drilling; calculate the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with concrete coating and the actual parameters of the pilot drillhole. Objects. An underwater passage of a trunk pipeline constructed by the method of directional drilling. Methods. Study of standards and technical documents on the construction of underwater crossings of main pipelines and an analysis of the incident in which a pipeline with concrete weight coating got stuck. Results. The authors substantiate the calculation of the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with a concrete coating based on the requirements of domestic standards and technical documentation. The authors have calculated this value by an analytical method, based on studies of the bending stiffness of concrete structures by foreign scientists, as well as actual parameters of the pilot drillhole. The obtained results of the studied values were analyzed and a conclusion was given about the causes of the incident associated with the sticking of the pipe string.

Relevance. In modern cartography, the introduction of advanced digital technologies is taking place continuously, increasing the quality and demand for cartographic products. One of such innovative directions is augmented reality technology, with which you can expand the content of the map using electronic mobile devices. The spread of augmented reality is facilitated by the widespread penetration of high-speed mobile Internet not only into large cities, but also in rural areas, as well as the reduction in the cost of electronic devices and services. Depending on the direction of application of augmented reality in cartography, the approach to the choice of software and hardware is changing. Aim. Analysis and systematization of the technical means and technologies of augmented reality in cartography. Objects. Augmented reality technologies in cartography, augmented reality technical means and their components. Methods. Content analysis of information on technologies, hardware and software for augmented reality in cartography. Results. The authors have analyzed hardware and software tools of augmented reality in cartography. They proposed the options for working with augmented reality in the form of scenario plans for three types of augmented reality in cartography: marker, markerless and spatial technologies. The minimum technical requirements of developers for the use of existing cartographic and navigation applications were highlighted. The paper considers a number of digital environments for implementation of augmented reality elements in cartography. The advantages of each of them were noted. The authors compiled a block diagram of a typical hardware-software complex of an augmented reality system in cartography and geoinformatics. They systematized types of sensors that solve geoinformation and cartographic tasks using augmented reality technologies.

Relevance. The need to study high-carbon deposits as potential sources of hydrocarbons and ore minerals that can significantly increase the mineral resource of Russia. In addition, the analysis of lithological and geochemical features and the reconstruction of the sedimentation conditions of the Kuonamka Formation make it possible to more accurately judge the nature of the Lower and Middle Cambrian paleobasin in the east of the Siberian Platform. Aim. To identify lithological and geochemical features of the composition and determine the sedimentation environment of the Kuonamka Formation. Object. High-carbon deposits of the Kuonamka Formation uncovered by exploration wells on the eastern margin of the Mun arch of the Siberian platform in the Kulenke river basin. Methods. Lithological description of core material; mineralogical and petrographic analysis; X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and microelement analysis; determination of the content of sulfur and iron forms by wet chemistry; scanning electron microscopy using X-ray spectral microprobe; analysis of petrochemical modules. Results. It was established that the Kuonamka Formation in the studied sections has a consistent structure of four well-defined lithological-stratigraphic horizons. The composition of the deposits is predominantly mixed and is determined by variations in three main mineral groups: clay, carbonate and siliceous, in addition organic matter. The paper demonstrates different forms of organic matter confirming the mixed algal-bacterial genesis of the biocenosis of the Kuonamka basin. The revealed lithological features and lithochemical data indicate the accumulation of high-carbon deposits at a considerable distance from the drift sources in the depression zone of the open sea basin with weak circulation of bottom waters in anoxic conditions. The geochemical euxinic environment was dominant in carbonate-siliceous muds. Sedimentation occurred during one major transgressive-regressive sedimentation cycle being a typical sequence of filling a uncompensated deep depression.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase the reliability and resource of progressing cavity pumps, used in complicated well operating conditions, since they have low reliability in comparison with electrical submersible pumps, that limits their application. Progressing cavity pumps are used in well conditions characterized by a high viscosity of the pumped fluid (more than 30 mPa·s) and a high content of solid particles in it (the coefficient of suspended particles is more than 500 mg/liter). Experience in operating progressing cavity pumps shows that the reliability of pumping installations depends primarily on the reliability of the rod string. In addition to the torque load required to transfer the rotation from the induction motor to the screw pump, immersed on more than one kilometer from the wellhead, the sucker string experiences tensile loads from the weight of the pump rods and the axial load of the screw pump, as well as bending loads caused by the spatial curvature of the wellbore . The paper proposes the implementation of methodology for calculating the sucker rod columns of progressing cavity pumps with regard to axial, torsional and bending loads in the Python programming language. The proposed method for calculating the rod column of a screw pumping unit takes into account the rod column friction on tubing pipes arising from the Eulerian forces pressing the rods to the pipes due to the spatial curvature of the wellbore. Using software implemented in the python programming language, the authors have made calculations that showed the influence of various complicating factors on the magnitude of the loads on the rod string. As a result of calculations of the fatigue strength of the pump rods, cyclic loads during the rotation of the rods in the local sections of the local curvature of the wellbore was shown. The developed software allows you to take into account the degree of influence of complicated well operating conditions at the design stage, and thus, significantly increase the turnaround time of the rod screw pumping units. The main aim of the research is to assess the influence of various operating factors on the loads acting on the string of pump rods during well operation, as well as on the fatigue strength of the pump rods. Methods. Using software implemented in the python programming language, calculations were performed that showed the influence of various complicating factors on the magnitude of the loads on the rod string. The paper demonstrated the effect of loads on the fatigue strength of sucker rods caused by cyclic loads during rotation of the rods in the areas of local curvature of the wellbore. The developed software allows taking into account the degree of influence of complicating factors at the stage of selecting the layout of a PCP, as well as during operation, and thereby significantly increasing the overhaul period of PCP operation.

The relevance of the research.The construction of industrial facilities in areas with difficult relief and geological structure requires calculations of the stress-strain state in order to obtain estimates of the zones of irreversible deformation development. This problem can be solved using numerical modeling. In this paper, we consider a section of the planned construction of the Volochaevskoe electric depot of the Dzerzhinsky line of the Novosibirsk subway. The difficult relief and low strength characteristics of the construction zone require special attention to assess the soil bearing capacity and the slopes stability of closely located ravines. Numerical modeling is used to assess the stress-strain state of the medium using geophysical data on the structure and mechanical properties. These data provided information on stress concentration zones and the possible development of irreversible deformation. The main aim of the researchis to determine the stress-strain state and evaluate the stability of the upper part of the geological section using petrophysical and geophysical data obtained by seismic and electrical exploration. The object: geological section along the extension section of the Dzerzhinsky line of the Novosibirsk subway of the Volochaevskoe electric depot. Methods. Numerical modeling is used to calculate the stress-strain state in the construction zone. The problem is solved in an elastoplastic setting. Geometric and geomechanical parameters of the environment are obtained in the analysis of petrophysical and geophysical data. Result.The paper considers the section of the medium crossing the construction site of the electric depot «Volochaevskoye» of the Dzerzhinsky line of the Novosibirsk subway. Two geomechanical models are introduced:the first horizontally layered built on the basis of seismic data,the second is more complex, it includes data on heterogeneities found on the basis of the electrical resistivity distribution. The study area is characterized by a general deformation associated with zones of reduced strength. They are found in a complex analysis of electrical exploration and petrophysics. The stress-strain state does not significantly change taking into account these zones. Localization zones of irreversible deformation and fracturing can be formedin the upper part of the earth's crust. It was established that zones with a sharp difference in relief represent the greatest danger and will be destroyed first.

The relevance of the work. Such spheres of human activity, as geological exploration, production, transportation and recycling use the means of mechanization and automation with application of different types of electric drives. The reliability of these devices is determined by winding insulation quality. In this regard, the search for effective means of controlling wire enamel insulation, improving the insulation quality, eliminating technological reasons of defect occurrence are popular and topical. The aim of the work is to research the influence of defect meter parameters, modes of control and gas-discharge defects flowing in a primary converter on accuracy of measuring the geometrical sizes of defects in wire insulation. Methods: oscilloscope, micrometer, theory of planning the experiments, methods of correlation estimates between the control parameters and regression analysis. Results. The author has revealed and stated in the paper the regularities of occurrence of systematic error in measuring defect extent when controlling wire isolation at winding, by the defectiveness meter using the gas-discharge sensor as the primary defect converter. It is shown that two factors: control U voltage on the defect gas-discharge sensor and the time constant τ= RC of the sensor discharge circuit, influence most of all the value of the specified errors. Using the correlation and regression analyses the adequate model of systematic error was constructed; it was established that the wire motion velocity has no significant effect on the magnitude of this error. When applying the theory of planning the experiments the author obtained the adequate equation based on bias from the control settings. The paper demonstrates the practical application of the established patterns to improve the accuracy of controlling the defect extent in wire insulation in gas sensor meters.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need in quantitative evaluation of reservoir connectivity of models for classifying realizations in multivariant modelling and optimization of selection of methods and parameters for reservoir geomodelling. The main aim of the research is to define connectivity coefficient and estimate its representative validity for different size and geometry models; to evaluate impact of reservoir heterogeneity parameters on connectivity coefficient value. Objects of the research are geological and simulation models of oil and gas reservoirs. Methods of the research are geological modelling and reservoir simulation, statistical analysis of the results of geomodeling and reservoir simulation. Results. The paper briefly describes the existing methods for evaluating the connectivity of oil and gas reservoirs and new approach to connectivity estimation. New connectivity coefficient is defined as a ratio of model liquid rate to unit model liquid rate. Unit model means that net to gross ratio value for all cells is 1 and the model provides maximum possible liquid rate. The paper considers the impact of the model geometry and scale on the connectivity coefficient value. The authors have studied the relation of connectivity coefficient to net to gross ratio, variogram ranges and anisotropy, nugget effect. The connectivity coefficient was stated as a variable, which characterizes the ability of reservoir to pass fluid independent of absolute and relative permeability, porosity, transmissibility etc. The connectivity coefficient as opposed to percolation theory methods can provide continuous evaluation of fluid flow between model cells and does not require valid production history of reservoir.

The relevance of the research. In the time of global digitalization, when such projects as Digital Earth become relevant, computer visualization is a key element of computer modelling both in academic research and in technology, especially in the fields of natural and mineral resources management, and geo-resources exploration. Computer visualization is also necessary for presenting the «big data», for instance, data accumulated in geological research of large spaces. Computer visualization as an independent branch of science has been developing for over thirty years now. Now, Virtual Reality is actively used in computer visualization. Virtual Reality can be used in the presentation of Earth Resources Data. It is possible to create three-dimension displays of graphic objects representing the elements of the landscape. One of its subbranches is software visualization. Software visualization is essential in presenting complex software systems related to design and development in different fields of technology, including energy efficient technologies. Objects. The paper is dedicated to research and development in the field of software visualization based on virtual reality. These researches can be applied in a number of areas related to Geoinformatics, as well as in the field of exploration of georesources. Methods: methods of computer visualization theory, in particular, the elements of visualization metaphor theory. The aim of the research and development is to find those approaches that will enable efficient use of virtual reality in solving complex problems that software specialists face. This software may be related to large volumes of geospatial data. Results. The paper provides a survey of the development of software visualization and description of projects in this field, developed over the past decades. It describes the projects of visual programming and software visualization systems, developed by the authors on the basis of virtual reality with the use of cosmic space metaphors and an expanded city metaphor. It reviews the psychological aspects of the human factor in the development of software visualization systems with the use of virtual reality, including the use of activity theory. The paper arises a problem of describing the activity of a software developer acting as a user of software visualization systems. Software development for real-life technical problems (for example, for geological engineering or geo-resources forecasting) requires specialization and personalization of visualization systems. The results of the conducted analysis allow us to conclude that we are now at the early stages of crucial research.

The relevance. In technologies related to preparation of drilling fluids and thinning down of highly viscous oil products, it is promisingly to use the vibration electromagnetic activators. Vibration electromagnetic activators, operating at near-resonant frequencies in limit shock-free modes with the maximum energy efficiency, requires the determination of the coil inductance at fixed values of the magnetic gap. One of the most promising methods for determining inductance is the preliminary identification of the parameters of adaptive model by falling current curve. The main aim of the research is to develop a method of identification the inductance of a vibration electromagnetic activator coil with a fixed value of the magnetic gap based on regression analysis of the free component of the current. Methods: ordinary differential equations, Laplace transform with zero initial conditions, transfer function impulse response, regression analysis, the methods of differential equations solving, Newton method, theory of optimization, minimization based on sum squares of residuals objective function. Results. The paper introduces the method for preliminary identification of the inductance of vibration electromagnetic activator coils based on a regression analysis of falling current curve. The authors have concocted out the formula for objective function and composed a nonlinear algebraic equation relative to its derivative with respect to the estimated argument. The paper demonstrates the operational integrity, speed of convergence and dynamics of changing the error in the developed method with a significant deviation of the a priori values of the estimated value from the true one, both up and down. When using a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter, the algorithm for preliminary identification of inductance will require no more than 11 calculation cycles to enter the dead zone, and when using a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter, no more than 13 calculation cycles.

The relevance of the research is dictated by the need to develop mathematical models of microwave heating and MW-drying of wet materials to obtain technologically optimal and cost-effective modes. This publication is a continuation of the article by the same authors in «Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering», in which the authors using mathematical modeling, studied in detail the process at the first stage of drying –the heating stage, when heat exchange between the surface of a moist body and the environment is due to radiation and convection – energy is absorbed by the surface layer due to its small depth of penetration. The authors constructed the asymptotic solutions of this nonlinear problem for small and large values ​​of dimensionless time demanded by engineering practice, both for parametric analysis, and for carrying out operational calculations. The approach associated with the consideration of the second stage, the stage of constant drying rate, is based on a more detailed study of heat transfer, and the calculation of the rate of drying is carried out using the approximation dependence of A.V. Lykov. The paper proposes a condition for cross-linking of thermal modes of I and II stages of drying. The aim of the research is the state of the problem of the second stage of microwave drying of wet material – a stage of constant drying rate – and implementation of a theoretical solution to determine the distribution of the temperature field across the layer thickness and the magnitude of the drying rate. The object of the research is a flat layer of wet material – coal, sand, wood, and other capillary-porous arrays, which are affected by microwave radiation. Such materials have a high dielectric constant and, as a result, very effectively absorb microwave radiation, which is almost 100 % converted to thermal energy. The research methods are associated with mathematical modeling, which are based on Maxwell's electrodynamics equations and A.V. Lykov heat and moisture transfer. In this article, the Maxwell problem is solved independently of the problem of heat and mass transfer; therefore, the flux density absorbed by microwave radiation is known. Also, one of the features of this problem is the consideration of materials with a small absorption depth, that is why the source term in the system of equations for heating is in the boundary condition. As a result of the research, the authors involving the stationary temperature field conditions and the constancy of the moisture content flux density over time stated and solved the problem of temperature field distribution across the thickness of the wet plate, which strictly follows the square parabolic law. The drying speed of the II stage and the critical moisture content at the end of the II stage were determined from A,V. Lykov correlation dependencies. The paper introduces the stitching solutions for the I and II stages and the analysis of the constructed solutions.

Relevance. The main drilling development direction is improving technical and economic indicators. The main direction is the new rock-cutting tools generation, which ensures the effective rock destruction. To improve the technical and economic drilling indicators it is necessary to study the processes occurring during well drilling. Often the processes are complex and need to be detailed. This applies to narrow, hard-to-reach places in the bottomhole zone. In some cases, experimental research methods are difficult, expensive, or completely unavailable. In addition, the main modern requirement for scientific research is an integrated approach. It consists in a comprehensive and simultaneous consideration of all processes occurring during well drilling. In this regard, a relevant method is the computer simulation. This method studying drilling accurately, visually and reliably. The aim of the research is the computer simulation of the processes occurring during drilling. Objects: processes occurring during well drilling. Methods: simulation modeling, analytical studies, analysis. Results. The authors have identified the main drilling processes that need to be explored in the design and development of a new generation rock cutting tools. The paper considers the possibilities of computer modeling in study of drilling with diamond crowns. On the simplified model example for the interaction of rock cutting tools with rocks, software products are given. The results of their use are shown: the thickness of a rock layer removed by any diamond crowns, the tool location coordinates at any time, the heating temperature of the diamond single-layer crown, the distribution of mechanical stresses. The authors compared the modeling of the same drilling processes using different software products. The features, modeling accuracy of drilling processes are revealed. The computer simulation of drilling processes is grounded. The paper demonstrates the advantages of computer simulation over the experiment.

The article written in the analytical framework of evolutionary economic geography, which stipulates that current distribution of economic activity depends on past history and following path dependence. Many remote regions in the world based their economies on the extraction of natural resources – mining, oil and gas industries, agriculture and forestry etc. Those commodities are commonly referred to as «staples», i. e. natural resources that require minimal on-site processing to prepare them for export. This paper answers the research question – whether resource regions can transit from extractive industries to attractive due to economic lock-ins and an embedded lack of local capacity. There is a lack of investigation in research literature on how accumulated resources of «old» staples path are used to create new industries that are completely different from any existing ones. This paper presents successful cases of Kemerovo region – Kuzbass, Russia, on how the new tourism industry uses and transforms generic resources of resource-based economy. It is shows that public–private interactions can lock-out even staple-economy and establish tourism destination in tourism unfriendly environment of industrial and mining region.

The relevance of the work is in identification of fundamental role of paleohydrogeological factors in the evolution of the hydrogeochemical field in the Mesozoic of the West Siberian sedimentary basin northern and arctic regions. For the first time, the paper proposes the mechanism explaining their contribution to formation of hydrogeochemical anomalies in the Oxford reservoir (Upper Jurassic aquiferous complex) of the studied region, where hydrogeochemical inversion is widely developed. The aim of the research is to identify the features of composition of syngenetic waters disposed together with the sediment in the expelled and infiltration stages of a sedimentary basin on the basis of established cycling hydrogeological history of the West Siberian sedimentary basin northern and arctic regions; to carry out the comparative analysis of the current and syngenetic waters and determine the nature of hydrogeochemical anomalies. Methods. The methods developed by A.A. Kartseva, S.B. Vagina, E.A. Baskov and other researchers on paleohydrogeological reconstructions of sedimentary basins were used. The periodization of hydrogeological history was carried out, with identification of the main hydrogeological cycles (with the infiltration and elizion stages). Paleohydrogeochemical studies on the Arctic regions of the West Siberian sedimentary basin were carried out for the Jurassic-Cretaceous section using the methodology for reconstructing the salt composition of the waters of ancient marine and alluvial basins, paleogeographic maps and hydrogeochemical database of Siberian sedimentary basins. Results. The paper introduces the results of paleohydrogeological reconstructions of the West Siberian sedimentary basin northern and arctic regions. It was established that sedimentary waters dominate in the hydrogeological section of the studied region, in some cases diluted with infiltrogenic waters that have penetrated during the regression of the sea basin. A comparative analysis of buried syngenetic waters of the Oxford basin and data on modern hydrogeochemistry of groundwater revealed a number of negative and positive anomalies. Negative anomalies naturally trace the clay boundary of the Oxford regional reservoir and are associated with the development of water exchange elision. The geostatic (lithostatic) water-pressure system at a depth of 2–2,5 km goes into thermo-dehydration, which is accompanied by abnormally high reservoir pressure and the appearance of fresh chemically-bound water in the water-pressure system. Most of the positive anomalies are confined to the structures of the South Nadym and Predisenyskoy mega-monoclise, where the processes of vertical unloading of groundwater of the Lower Middle Jurassic and Paleozoic aquiferous complexes in the zones of tectonic disturbances are widely manifested. The water-rock-gas-organic matter system plays a key role in formation of groundwater chemical composition in oil and gas deposits.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to create optimal filters, the design and physical principles of which are aimed at slowing down the mudding process, reducing the hydraulic resistance, and, thereby, ensuring a long period of operation. The goal is to design self-cleaning filter constructed in the optimal way in the context of hydrodynamic. The object of the research is the well-tube self-cleaning filter that needs improving fluid flow hydrodynamic parameters through punched holes structure changing. Methods: simulation of fluid flow in the well-tube self-cleaning filter hydrodynamic task using the applicable software pack SolidWorks. Results. The paper describes the design of a particle-retaining borehole self-cleaning filter proposed by the authors and equipped with a system of rotating permanent magnets. The magnetic field created by rotation of the permanent magnets, provides a significant reduction in clogging processes. Further improvement of the design is associated with a decrease in hydraulic resistance, which prevents the pumped liquid from penetrating into the filter cavity. The paper introduces the technique for creating a simulation model to solve the internal hydrodynamic problem of fluid flow in a borehole self-cleaning filter using the SolidWorks application software. Simulation is intended to simulate fluid (water) passage through cylindrical holes in the filter wall in the direction from the outside to the inside. The authors have studied the hydrodynamic effects and the main physical parameters that occur as a result of fluid passing through cylindrical perforations. The performed simulation of the pumped fluid flow in the borehole self-cleaning filter made it possible to establish the optimal drilling pattern for perforation holes in the filter frame and the optimal filter length equal to 0,4 of the formation thickness.

The relevance of the research. The conditions of the known large mesothermal gold deposits formation into black shales states of different age form the subject of animated discussion which often acquires the signs of substitute and probably therefore the endless one as a result of exception by concrete author or author’s group of the facts important for the problem solution but which don’t fit in database of developing by him/them ideas, from the consideration, discussion, generalization. The main aim of the research. To obtain the correct results required for deepening the hydrothermal ore formation theory and developing, improving the effective forecast-search criteria of the deposits it is necessary to remove this negative manifestation of the human factor and return the discussion in normal course by means of including in scientific expression of «handy» and «non handy» facts in reconstruction of ore formation. The methods of the research. The author has analyzed the database proposed long ago and recently for substantiation of the metamorphic-hydrothermal and others hypotheses of mesothermal gold deposits formation into black shales strates. The paper introduces the author’s materials, including the analytic data – the results of the full chemical silicate analysis (wet) of rocks, atomic-absorption analysis of the content of gold, silver, mercury into rocks, petrochemic balance calculations of the between-zoning migration of chemical elements into near-ore metasomatic haloes, mathematical computing of the analyses results (content oregenous elements). The results of the research. The author made the conclusion on geology-genetic uniformity of mesothermal gold deposits formed into crystalline substratum and black shales. The following facts: 1) control of gold deposits by deep faults; 2) similar geologic age of early plutons, massifs of palingenetic granitoids with large accompanying dikes of average-soured rocks and late dikes of the moderately-alkaline dolerites, dolerites, leucodolerites of tillore, insideore, afterore generations, including transformed into hightemperature biotite-amphibole hornblende metasomatites of insideore dikes-fluidconductors, and ores; 3) authentic mineral-petrochemic zoning of the near-ore metasomatic haloes in both substratum, formed in conditions of potassium-sulphurously-carbon-dioxidic metasomatism of propilite-beresitic type with entrance into haloes of potassium, restoring sulphur, carbon dioxide, removal of sodium and partly silicium; 4) inheritance by the nearore metasomatites of the petrochemic type insidedoleritic metasomatism and contrasting anomalies of the femic (Mg, Fe, P, Ti) elements; 5) isotopic relations of sulphides sulphur and carbonates carbon of ores and nearore metasomatites meeting the meteoritic standard (the mantle), prove the conclusion. The enumerated facts eliminate the participation of metamorphism in ore formation. In Lensk region, as well as in others goldore regions of mountain-folded Siberian craton frame, mesothermal gold deposits are formed into antidromic granite-diorite-dolerite fluid-ore-magmatic complexes composition at late basic stage of their function, and insideore dikes-fluid conductors of moderately-alkaline dolerites are the link between basic hearthes of mantle – the sources of gold-bearing solutions, and deposits in the crust. Paper structure. The 3rd part of the paper has the following sections: subject of the problems and the formulation of the task; mineral-petrochemic zoning of the nearore propilitic-beresitic type metasomatic haloes in mesothermal gold deposits formed into crystalline substratum and black shales series; mineral-petrochemic zoning of the gold deposit Sukhoi Log nearore metasomatic haloe. In the 4th part of the paper there are the following sections: the distribution of oregenous elements into nearore expanse of the mesothermal gold deposits formed into crystalline substratum and black shales series; the discussion of the results and conclusion.