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General theoretical issues related to the concept and classification of rulings made by the court of first instance in civil and arbitration proceedings make it possible to study this institution as a whole. This article considers the concepts of judicial act, court decision, and court ruling from the point of view of legal regulation. The author raised the question of analyzing the existing grounds for classifying court rulings, based on the position of the domestic legislator, i.e., the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The current legal regulation of the institute of court rulings needs to be amended, despite the vivid scientific interest to this issue. Judicial acts realize the constitutional right of citizens to judicial protection. With this in mind, the author proposed a number of amendments to the legislation, explained the existing definition of court ruling, and classified the rulings of the court of first instance in the current legal regulation. The objectives of the study were to analyze the domestic legal regulation, the positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as to review studies that featured these issues. The research relied on the formal-logical and logical-legal methods, as well as on some standard methods of scientific research. As a result, the author developed a number of regulations concerning the definition of court ruling by means of a single concept of a judicial act, as well as some adjustments to the approach to the conditions for appealing rulings of the court of first instance. The paper also considers the aspect related to the extent to which the domestic legal regulation of the institution of first instance court rulings corresponds to the right to judicial protection guaranteed by the Constitution. The author introduced a category of influencing the essence of the final judicial act and, as a result, supplemented the criteria for classifying court rulings on this basis. In general, the article introduces an authentic definition of first instance court rulings and the conditions for appeal.

To counteract the development of criminal activity, law enforcement agencies need to employ new technologies. However, the current models of such implementation provide neither competitive advantage nor forensic efficiency. This article describes the existing models of integrating advanced technologies into law enforcement practice, as well as ways of their optimization. The paper considers the best practices and related risks. The authors relied on standard cognition methods and modeling to develop four key models of integrating modern technologies into crime investigation activities, i.e., 1) legislative consolidation, 2) implementation after the effectiveness has been experimentally verified, 3) departmental regulation, 4) independent initiative implementation. Each model demonstrated a number of advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, they proved legal, effective, rational, and based on actual threats and risks. On the other hand, the legislative consolidation process is long: as a result, participants in criminal proceedings risk their rights. Moreover, no objective effectiveness assessment can be provided while scientific recommendations do not correlate with actual practice. The authors proposed a comprehensive model that can adapt to a particular technology. The model presupposes coordinated actions of scientists, practitioners, investigative authorities, and legislators. The article also introduces an algorithm that increases the effectiveness of forensic activities.

The domestic system of public control is quite diverse. The paper examines this diversity as a basic principle of public control in the Russian Federation, as well as the main problems related to its implementation. The author developed several prospective solutions. A. The public control institution can be incorporated into the Constitution. B. The range of public control forms can be increased. C. Positive foreign experience can be adapted to Russian realities or even incorporated into Russian legislation. D. Russia needs a special system to analyze the economic efficiency and effectiveness of individual forms of public control. E. The number of structures authorized to organize and exercise public control may be expanded. F. Any entities that hinder the implementation of public control must be subjected to stricter legal liability.

Foreign students have to adapt to new linguacultural academic environment. The adaptation process affects their neurodynamic, cognitive, and personal indicators. The research involved such psychophysiological parameters as nervous system lability, visual-motor reactions, memory scope, and attention span. The paper introduces the personality profile of an average foreign student, as well as substantiates the importance of neurodynamic, cognitive, and personal indicators during adaptation. In this research, foreign students demonstrated situational rather than personal anxiety, compared with their Russian peers. They developed fatigue associated with poor functional state of the central nervous system. The adaptation peculiarities depended on the nationality: this fact has to be taken into account to optimize adaptation to the new academic environment. The neurodynamic and cognitive features correlated with Russian proficiency. Those that did not speak Russian had poor visual-motor reaction, nervous system lability, memory scope, and attention span, which correlated with maladaptation to the new linguacultural academic environment.

Court appeal is an integral component of the constitutional right to judicial protection. This paper introduces ways to improve the institution of civil court costs through the prism of justice accessibility. The author studied the optimal mechanisms for paying state fees at civil court; the direct connection between the benefits for the payment of state duty, the principle of justice accessibility, and the right to judicial protection; grounds for granting benefits for the payment of state duty. The author finds it highly undesirable to increase the rates of state duty because this factor can affect the scope of guarantees for judicial protection. However, the current inflation creates prerequisites for an increase in the cost of civil trials for the state, which means expanding the criteria for benefits. A judicial practice analysis revealed no uniformity in the provision of benefits for the payment of state duty but identified the grounds for the application of certain preferential mechanisms. The author proposes to introduce additional guarantees for the right to legal protection, e.g., the institution of financing court costs by a third party, not involved in the case but with guarantees for reimbursement of their costs for financing the trial. The mechanism for investing court costs could be tested in group proceedings.