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A 22-year-old woman presented with high fever, chest tightness and cough in January 20XX. Since CT scans revealed an anterior mediastinal mass, percutaneous needle biopsies of the mass were performed and she was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL). After the immunophenotype of lymphocytes in her pleural effusion had been identified, she received CHOP therapy because her dyspnea worsened, and induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia was subsequently performed after confirmation of her diagnosis as T-LBL. During this induction therapy, she developed paralytic ileus. One week thereafter, she suddenly exhibited visual disturbance, headache and nausea. Her cerebrospinal fluid was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed symmetrical high signal intensities on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images, and low signal intensities on T1-weighted images in the cortical and subcortical white matter of the posterior parietal and occipital lobes. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed as having posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). During chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies, some patients with PRES reportedly develop paralytic ileus or tumor lysis syndrome. PRES should be considered in patients with neurological abnormalities following such complications during chemotherapy.