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This book provides a thoroughly revised, invaluable resource for university students and researchers in the life sciences, medicine and related fields. This esteemed text attempts to organize available information on this topic to help a better understanding of the role of cytochrome c oxidase and its functional interaction with cytochrome c (Cyt c), the network of oxidation-reduction processes of cyt c in the cell with an emphasis on the implications for apoptosis induction and possible roles of cyt c reducing agents as an attractive strategy to improve neurodegenerative pathologies or cancer. In this book, the authors also reviewed the advantages of cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry to disentangle brain substrates underlying different kinds of learning and memory, from memory engram being retrieved with an untrained hippocampus to its power to identify sensory areas in the teleost fish. Finally, the authors will explore different approaches in cell cultures, animal models, and clinical trials to enhance cytochrome c oxidase activity that lead to improve brain respiratory metabolism, namely, methylene blue and photobiomodulation. This volume effectively introduces basic concepts that are followed by more specific applications as the text evolves, providing the potential of cytochrome c to lead a revolution in the way neurodegenerative disorders are treated.

By carefully examining the biological, genetic, evolutionary, and psychological evidence, a noted biologist finds a shocking lack of substance behind ideas about biologically based sex differences. Features a new chapter and afterward on recent biological breakthroughs.