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This book presents the state-of-the-art coverage of optical materials and their application in various areas. The contents range from basic principles to quantum cutting luminescent materials, advances in plasmonic and photonic substrate-coupled fluorescence, lanthanide doped materials for optical applications, thermoluminescence and optical material for sensing radioactive elements. It also discusses synthesis, characterization and properties of optical materials including nanomaterials, luminescent nanomaterials for anti-counterfeiting, carbon materials-based nanoscale optics and plasmonics, optoelectronics applications of two dimensional materials and applications of lanthanide ion-doped phosphors. This book is of immense value to those in academia and industry working in the areas of material science, especially optical materials.

Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, Second Edition, Five Volume Set is an authoritative and comprehensive expansion of the classic 2005 work, delivering over 300 brand new or fully updated articles focused on core theoretical discoveries and modern applications. Meticulously planned and structured into approximately 60 sections, the book allows the user to quickly gain a solid footing in the key theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics, mechanics, electrodynamics, relativity, statistical mechanics and the elementary particles that form the core physics background for the field. The work also presents useful coverage of experimental techniques, materials processing, and materials systems, as well as applied topics. Novel topics, including topology in condensed matter, graphene, integer and fractional quantum Hall effect, and other nanoscale phenomena in optics, in semiconductors, and in superconductors are presented in unusual depth. The encyclopedia solves the problem that students and interdisciplinary researchers often have of finding clear, accessible foundational information to answer their initial questions on a topic. - Presents an authoritative, modern presentation of advances in graphene, topology, quantum effects, optics, semiconductors and superconductors, and many more areas - Meticulously organized into approximately 300 articles and 60 sub-sections, offering a thematically balanced and navigable portrait of an unusually diverse interdisciplinary field - Contains logical and consistent chapter templating and writing styles adopted throughout, including use of next generation pedagogic features

Cet ouvrage est une contribution au droit social européen portant sur la question de la rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail à durée indéterminée. Si un tel mode de rupture est aujourd'hui admis dans la majorité des États membres de l'Union européenne, il est permis de s'interroger sur les effets des législations nationales dans l'organisation du marché du travail européen, notamment sur les droits des travailleurs. À l'issue d'une étude comparative sur les principes du droit des contrats, les éléments constitutifs de la relation de travail et l'évolution de la politique sociale européenne, ces travaux proposent l'élaboration d'une norme européenne en vue d'harmoniser un droit à la rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail à durée indéterminée au sein de l'Union européenne.

This handbook gives a complete and detailed survey of the field of semiconductor physics. It addresses every fundamental principle, the most important research topics and results, as well as conventional and emerging new areas of application. Additionally it provides all essential reference material on crystalline bulk, low-dimensional, and amorphous semiconductors, including valuable data on their optical, transport, and dynamic properties.This updated and extended second edition includes essential coverage of rapidly advancing areas in semiconductor physics, such as topological insulators, quantum optics, magnetic nanostructures and spintronic systems. Richly illustrated and authored by a duo of internationally acclaimed experts in solar energy and semiconductor physics, this handbook delivers in-depth treatment of the field, reflecting a combined experience spanning several decades as both researchers and educators. Offering a unique perspective on many issues, SemiconductorPhysics is an invaluable reference for physicists, materials scientists and engineers throughout academia and industry.

The Encyclopedia of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics introduces possibly unfamiliar areas, explains important experimental and computational techniques, and describes modern endeavors. The encyclopedia quickly provides the basics, defines the scope of each subdiscipline, and indicates where to go for a more complete and detailed explanation. Particular attention has been paid to symbols and abbreviations to make this a user-friendly encyclopedia. Care has been taken to ensure that the reading level is suitable for the trained chemist or physicist. The encyclopedia is divided in three major sections: FUNDAMENTALS: the mechanics of atoms and molecules and their interactions, the macroscopic and statistical description of systems at equilibrium, and the basic ways of treating reacting systems. The contributions in this section assume a somewhat less sophisticated audience than the two subsequent sections. At least a portion of each article inevitably covers material that might also be found in a modern, undergraduate physical chemistry text. METHODS: the instrumentation and fundamental theory employed in the major spectroscopic techniques, the experimental means for characterizing materials, the instrumentation and basic theory employed in the study of chemical kinetics, and the computational techniques used to predict the static and dynamic properties of materials. APPLICATIONS: specific topics of current interest and intensive research.For the practicing physicist or chemist, this encyclopedia is the place to start when confronted with a new problem or when the techniques of an unfamiliar area might be exploited. For a graduate student in chemistry or physics, the encyclopedia gives a synopsis of the basics and an overview of the range of activities in which physical principles are applied to chemical problems. It will lead any of these groups to the salient points of a new field as rapidly as possible and gives pointers as to where to read about the topic in more detail.

Diamond is the record-setter in many mineralogical properties such as hardness, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, purity, and covalency of bonding. Similarly, diamond, as the premier gemstone of the mantle holds primacy for geological features such as age and depth of origin. Diamond was among the first crystalline structures to be solved by X-ray diffraction and the first materials measured for their Raman spectrum. At more than 80 billion USD in yearly commercial value, diamond sets the record for the most traded, valuable mineral on the planet. Despite its chemical simplicity, diamond has been the object of more research effort, and had more scientific and popular press pages written about it, than any other mineral.

This two-volume sourcebook is the most comprehensive reference for carbon nanomaterials, bringing together the physics, chemistry, materials science, molecular biology and engineering of all carbon nanomaterial types that are important in electronics, energy, biomedical and environmental applications. Each chapter addresses the fundamental properties, growth mechanisms, processing and functionalization of a particular nanocarbon. The first volume covers graphene, fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds. The second volume focuses on nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanofibers, nanoporous structures and nanocomposites.

This handbook presents a comprehensive survey of magnetism and magnetic materials. The dramatic advances in information technology and electromagnetic engineering make it necessary to systematically review the approved key knowledge and summarize the state of the art in this vast field within one seminal reference work. The book thus delivers up-to-date and well-structured information on a wealth of topics encompassing all fundamental aspects of the underlying physics and materials science, as well as advanced experimental methodology and applications. It features coverage of the host of fascinating and complex phenomena that arise from the use of magnetic fields in e.g. chemistry and biology. Edited by two internationally renowned scholars and featuring authored chapters from leading experts in the field, Springer's Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials is an invaluable source of essential reference information for a broad audience of students, researchers, and magnetism professionals.

The research of functional materials has attracted extensive attention in recent years, and its advancement nitrifies the developments of modern sciences and technologies like green sciences and energy, aerospace, medical and health, telecommunications, and information technology. The present book aims to summarize the research activities carried out in recent years devoting to the understanding of the physics and chemistry of how the defects play a role in the electrical, optical and magnetic properties and the applications of the different functional materials in the fields of magnetism, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic etc.

This comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser systems, including the complete range of their technical applications. The first volume outlines the fundamental components of lasers, their properties and working principles. The second volume gives exhaustive coverage of all major categories of lasers, from solid-state and semiconductor diode to fiber, waveguide, gas, chemical, and dye lasers. The third volume covers modern applications in engineering and technology, including all new and updated case studies spanning telecommunications and data storage to medicine, optical measurement, defense and security, nanomaterials processing and characterization.

Research has paid little attention to date on how European Union law and regulation affect both the public-private mix in healthcare and the organization of private health insurance as an industry. Filling this gap, this collective book provides insights on the political economy of EU insurance regulation, its impact on private health insurers and on its interactions with domestic healthcare policy-making in four countries. Assembling original contributions drafted by a multidisciplinary team, Private Health Insurance and the European Union offers a thorough examination of a largely unrecognized source of EU influence in healthcare – and sheds a new light on the role played by private actors in social policy. Chapter 1 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Semiconducting metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) are promising candidates for functional electronic devices and have attracted considerable attention due to their superior electrical performance, high transparency, excellent stability and uniformity.The book introduces the concepts and working mechanisms of semiconducting metal oxide TFTs, with a focus on metal oxide thin films that have desirable electrical and optical properties. The relationship between material properties and device performance is analysed, and materials and device challenges, as well as possible strategies, are included to promote the commercial translation of metal oxide TFT-based optoelectronic devices.Valuable as a reference text for researchers, and graduate students working in the fields of device physics, semiconducting materials and flexible electronics, the book is also essential reading for engineers working with semiconducting metal oxide TFTs in industry, particularly display and memory technologies.Key FeaturesFirst book to focus on the applications of semiconducting metal oxide TFTsCovers the latest technologies in the field, including displays, sensors, logic operations, data storage and neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligenceAnalyses the relationship between material properties and device performanceIncludes possible strategies to overcome materials and device challenges to promote the commercial translation of the technologyIncludes video demonstrations to help readers understand how the devices work

This book presents the first ever comprehensive survey of a new family of nanocomposite sorbents “salt in porous matrix” (CSPMs). These composites have recently been developed for selective sorption of water, alcohols, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. They owe their origin to the catchy idea of target-oriented tailoring of materials with predetermined adsorption properties harmonized with a particular adsorption process.The book develops the concept of target-oriented synthesis and suggests tools for tailoring new adsorbent materials adapted to multiple practical applications. It describes properties of approximately 50 new CSPMs of water, alcohols, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, including the data obtained in the author's laboratory and literature available by the end of 2018. These data can be used for engineering calculations and analysis of practical applications. The book also discusses potential applications of these sorbents for storage and transformation of low-temperature heat, gas drying, maintenance of relative humidity in museums, and regeneration of heat and moisture in ventilation systems.

Materials in a nuclear environment are exposed to extreme conditions of radiation, temperature and/or corrosion, and in many cases the combination of these makes the material behavior very different from conventional materials. This is evident for the four major technological challenges the nuclear technology domain is facing currently: (i) long-term operation of existing Generation II nuclear power plants, (ii) the design of the next generation reactors (Generation IV), (iii) the construction of the ITER fusion reactor in Cadarache (France), (iv) and the intermediate and final disposal of nuclear waste. In order to address these challenges, engineers and designers need to know the properties of a wide variety of materials under these conditions and to understand the underlying processes affecting changes in their behavior, in order to assess their performance and to determine the limits of operation. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides broad ranging, validated summaries of all the major topics in the field of nuclear material research for fission as well as fusion reactor systems. Attention is given to the fundamental scientific aspects of nuclear materials: fuel and structural materials for fission reactors, waste materials, and materials for fusion reactors. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource of information. Most of the chapters from the first Edition have been revised and updated and a significant number of new topics are covered in completely new material. During the ten years between the two editions, the challenge for applications of nuclear materials has been significantly impacted by world events, public awareness, and technological innovation. Materials play a key role as enablers of new technologies, and we trust that this new edition of Comprehensive Nuclear Materials has captured the key recent developments. - Critically reviews the major classes and functions of materials, supporting the selection, assessment, validation and engineering of materials in extreme nuclear environments - Comprehensive resource for up-to-date and authoritative information which is not always available elsewhere, even in journals - Provides an in-depth treatment of materials modeling and simulation, with a specific focus on nuclear issues - Serves as an excellent entry point for students and researchers new to the field

Provides a semi-quantitative approach to recent developments in the study of optical properties of condensed matter systems Featuring contributions by noted experts in the field of electronic and optoelectronic materials and photonics, this book looks at the optical properties of materials as well as their physical processes and various classes. Taking a semi-quantitative approach to the subject, it presents a summary of the basic concepts, reviews recent developments in the study of optical properties of materials and offers many examples and applications. Optical Properties of Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition starts by identifying the processes that should be described in detail and follows with the relevant classes of materials. In addition to featuring four new chapters on optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors, recent advances in electroluminescence, perovskites, and ellipsometry, the book covers: optical properties of disordered condensed matter and glasses; concept of excitons; photoluminescence, photoinduced changes, and electroluminescence in noncrystalline semiconductors; and photoinduced bond breaking and volume change in chalcogenide glasses. Also included are chapters on: nonlinear optical properties of photonic glasses; kinetics of the persistent photoconductivity in crystalline III-V semiconductors; and transparent white OLEDs. In addition, readers will learn about excitonic processes in quantum wells; optoelectronic properties and applications of quantum dots; and more. Covers all of the fundamentals and applications of optical properties of materials Includes theory, experimental techniques, and current and developing applications Includes four new chapters on optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors, recent advances in electroluminescence, perovskites, and ellipsometry Appropriate for materials scientists, chemists, physicists and electrical engineers involved in development of electronic materials Written by internationally respected professionals working in physics and electrical engineering departments and government laboratories Optical Properties of Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition is an ideal book for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students, and teaching and research professionals in the fields of physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, and materials engineering.

Novel electrolytic systems composed from polymer polyethylene oxide are studied in the opening chapter of Liquid and Single Crystals: Properties, Manufacturing and Uses. Being of importance for electrochemical and other applications, the complex electrical impedance spectra and current-voltage characteristics of sodium ion-conductive PEO/E8LC/NaIO4 electrolyte films are analyzed and interrelated to their structural properties and thermal behaviors. Next, the authors discuss the recent development of various synthetic approaches and possibilities for chemical tuning of phosphates crystal growth by application of molten salts flux-growth technique. The X-ray single crystal analysis of self-assembled small peptides and peptide mimetics is examined, and the recent advances and future perspectives in this area are discussed. The authors go on to present a broad overview on the use of the molecular dynamics tool in the simulation of properties for emerging nanostructured materials, with special emphasis on the characterization of their mechanical properties. Heat treatment suitable for the specimen (KCl:Sr2+ single crystal) deformation tests, such as compression and tension, is presented, examined on the basis of the variation of initial dislocation density, the dielectric loss peak due to the divalent impurity-vavancy dipole, and yield stress with a quenching temperature. In conclusion, organic solar cells, which have lateral junctions, fabricated by organic single crystals and organic crystalline films, including the single crystal organic solar cells using lateral electron transport, the lateral alternating donor/acceptor multilayered junctions, and the doped organic single crystal solar cells, are demonstrated.

Compound Semiconductors 1995 focuses on emerging applications for GaAs and other compound semiconductors, such as InP, GaN, GaSb, ZnSe, and SiC, in the electronics and optoelectronics industries. The book presents the research and development work in all aspects of compound semiconductors. It reflects the maturity of GaAs as a semiconductor material and the rapidly increasing pool of research information on many other compound semiconductors. Covering the full breadth of the subject, from growth through processing to devices and integrated circuits, this volume provides researchers in materials science, device physics, condensed matter physics, and electrical and electronic engineering with a comprehensive overview of developments in this well-established research area.

The book presents principles of electron magnetic resonance from a chemist's point-of-view, covering g-tensor theory, isotropical hyperfine structure, anisotropical hyperfine structure and fine structure of spectrum, and relaxation theory. Detailed explanations on quantitative determination of paramagnetic species are given to address readers'difficulties. Written as a physical chemistry graduate textbook, it is also suitable for industry users.

La conception qui vise à limiter la fiscalisation à une simple substitution néglige l'imprégnation qu'elle traduit. La fiscalisation constitue un mécanisme au service de la globalisation des finances publiques, au service des politiques sociales et de l'État social. Elle devient un instrument permettant de renforcer l'intervention du Parlement en matière de finances sociales, et d'adapter la structure juridique de la sécurité sociale aux besoins financiers. La fiscalisation tend à devenir la première pierre de la publicisation et de l'unification des règles financières à travers l'harmonisation des règles et en préservant les spécificités juridiques de chaque droit.

This book highlights and examines the level, reach and consequences of corruption in international criminal justice systems. The book argues that corruption in and of criminal justice is an international problem regardless of the jurisdiction and type of political system – democratic, dictatorship or absolute monarchy. It argues that state power combined with the privatization of criminal justice and its policing, custodial institutions and community rehabilitation services is a vast industry within, and across, international jurisdictions that are worth substantial state fund. Criminal Justice and Corruption explains how different theoretical approaches highlight the problem of preventing corruption, discusses the problem of measuring criminal justice corruption, and focuses on individual criminal justice institutions. For each institution Brooks covers key literature and discusses the issues that they face, with a conclusion that reflects on the level and reach of corruption in criminal justice and whether it can maintain its legitimacy, particularly in democratic states.

Volume 29 of Reviews in Mineralogy provides an updated silica review which focuses on the most recent developments. This book describes the crystal structures and phase transitions of silica and its stuffed derivatives; bridges the relationship between the microstructural character of real silica minerals and the behavior of silica in the geological environment; covers Quantum mechanical considerations of the Si-O bond; shows how calculations based upon first-principles theory can explain and predict silica transitions at high temperatures and pressures; covers spectroscopic analyses of silica and how they reveal vibrational behaviors in response to variations in temperature, pressure, and composition and finally details the uses of silica for industrial purposes.

This handbook gives a complete survey of the important topics and results in semiconductor physics. It addresses every fundamental principle and most research topics and areas of application in the field of semiconductor physics. Comprehensive information is provided on crystalline bulk and low-dimensional as well as amporphous semiconductors, including optical, transport, and dynamic properties.

This handbook updates the most fast-moving research areas of porous silicon research, introduces a range of brand new topics not reviewed before and is even more inclusive of worldwide centres of expertise. Rapid advances are being made in porous silicon anodes for lithium batteries, biodegradable nanoparticles and nanoneedles for medical therapy and imaging, energetics and bio-diagnostic techniques. A number of additional characterization and processing techniques are also reviewed for the first time. Experts from 10 additional countries are involved in the 2nd edition: China, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belarus, and Brazil, making more than 40 countries in total. The handbook therefore covers expertise from every continent. Another new feature is a review dedicated to industrial activity. This second edition endeavours to provide the community with a truly comprehensive database and up-to-date commentary on this versatile nanostructured material.

Praise for the First Edition'The book goes beyond the usual textbook in that it provides more specific examples of real-world defect physics … an easy reading, broad introductory overview of the field'―Materials Today'… well written, with clear, lucid explanations …'―Chemistry WorldThis revised edition provides the most complete, up-to-date coverage of the fundamental knowledge of semiconductors, including a new chapter that expands on the latest technology and applications of semiconductors. In addition to inclusion of additional chapter problems and worked examples, it provides more detail on solid-state lighting (LEDs and laser diodes). The authors have achieved a unified overview of dopants and defects, offering a solid foundation for experimental methods and the theory of defects in semiconductors.Matthew D. McCluskey is a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Materials Science Program at Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, Washington. He received a Physics Ph.D. from the University of California (UC), Berkeley.Eugene E. Haller is a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He received a Ph.D. in Solid State and Applied Physics from the University of Basel, Switzerland.

These volumes of Copper Proteins and Copper Enzymes are intended to describe the contemporary spectroscopy and other biophysical chemistry now being applied to copper proteins in order to determine the structures of their active sites. Several chapters of the treatise describe the functional understanding which is emerging from the new work. The authors are all major contributors to research progress on copper proteins and the volumes will be found to be definitive and authoritative.

Modern electronic devices rely on ever-greater miniaturization of components, and semiconductor processing is approaching the domain of nanotechnology. Studies of devices in this regime can only be carried out with the most advanced forms of microscopy. Accordingly, Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials focuses on international developments in semiconductor studies carried out by all forms of microscopy. It provides an overview of the latest instrumentation, analysis techniques, and state-of-the-art advances in semiconducting materials science for solid state physicists, chemists, and material scientists.

This book explains different magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and uses different combinations of these techniques to analyze defects in semiconductors and nanostructures. It also introduces novelties such as single defects MR and electron-paramagnetic-resonance-based methods: electron spin echo, electrically detected magnetic resonance, optically detected magnetic resonance and electron-nuclear double resonance – the designated tools for investigating the structural and spin properties of condensed systems, living matter, nanostructures and nanobiotechnology objects. Further, the authors address problems existing in semiconductor and nanotechnology sciences that can be resolved using MR, and discuss past, current and future applications of MR, with a focus on advances in MR methods. The book is intended for researchers in MR studies of semiconductors and nanostructures wanting a comprehensive review of what has been done in their own and related fields of study, as well asfuture perspectives.

This book describes the emergent endohedral metallofullerene, lithium-containing fullerene Li@C60, with an overview from its history to recent application research. The book covers synthesis, preparation, purification, structure, physical and chemical properties, derivatization, computational theoretical studies, and device application of Li@C60. Readers can learn cutting-edge nanotechnology of this exotic nanocarbon material, which is expected to deliver future solutions in clean energy and bio devices. This work is by a researcher who has long experience in carbon nanomaterials—more than 15 years with his contributing coworkers. The level of the book is appropriate for graduate students, post-docs researchers, and young faculty members who are interested in nanomaterials from the point of view of chemistry and physics.

The literature so far has reviewed only single-crystal and, up to some extent, optical ceramic scintillators. This book introduces and describes in detail the research and development in thin film scintillators, glass ceramics, as well as nanocomposite and optical ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering. It also features example of an in-depth study of a ZnO-based powder phosphor material. Both technology description and various characterization aspects are provided together with application hints. No other book has been published so far that includes and reviews the scintillator materials covered in this book with their specific technologies. Moreover, technological description is merged with detailed characterization, and the application potential is discussed as well. This book is intended for a wide audience, including postgraduate and PhD students and scientists working in the field of scintillators and phosphors. The extended introductory text, which has a textbook character, will be of immense benefit to students and non-specialists, too.

This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For all courses in courts and criminal justice A balanced, modern, comprehensive approach to the court system in America today Courts and Criminal Justice in America, Third Edition, is the collaboration of the most popular criminal justice authors of the century. Featuring a balanced and modern presentation, this book not only looks at the basic structure of the court system and court process, but also covers cutting-edge topics and all sides of the most controversial issues facing courts today. This student-friendly text does not presuppose any knowledge about the courts or how they operate. Highlighted controversial cases illustrate the tremendous power that the court system has to regulate citizens'lives, to shape what is acceptable and what is forbidden, and to ensure that criminal justice policy balances both rights and liberties. Extensively revised throughout, the Third Edition features new and updated statistics, chapter-opening stories, and Courts in the News and What Will You Do? features that challenge readers to think critically and draw their own conclusions. This respected author team delivers the most comprehensive introduction to America's courts, their personnel, and the context in which they operate on the market today. Courts and Criminal Justice in America, Third Edition, is also available via Revel™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.

This book emphasizes the importance of the fascinating atomistic insights into the defects and the impurities as well as the dynamic behaviors in silicon materials, which have become more directly accessible over the past 20 years. Such progress has been made possible by newly developed experimental methods, first principle theories, and computer simulation techniques. The book is aimed at young researchers, scientists, and technicians in related industries. The main purposes are to provide readers with 1) the basic physics behind defects in silicon materials, 2) the atomistic modeling as well as the characterization techniques related to defects and impurities in silicon materials, and 3) an overview of the wide range of the research fields involved.

In this Festschrift dedicated to the 60th birthday of Péter R. Surján, selected researchers in theoretical chemistry present research highlights on major developments in the field. Originally published in the journal Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, these outstanding contributions are now available in a hardcover print format, as well as a special electronic edition. This volume provides valuable content for all researchers in theoretical chemistry and will especially benefit those research groups and libraries with limited access to the journal.

The Carbon Nanomaterials Sourcebook contains extensive, interdisciplinary coverage of carbon nanomaterials, encompassing the full scope of the field-from physics, chemistry, and materials science to molecular biology, engineering, and medicine-in two comprehensive volumes.Written in a tutorial style, this first volume of the sourcebook:Focuses on g

Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Material Science covers significant advances in the technological aspects and applications of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques used in the Earth and Materials Sciences. The current volume compliments the now classic Volume 18, Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology, which became an essential resource to many scientists and educators for the past two decades. This volume updates techniques covered in Volume 18, and introduces new techniques available for probing the secrets of Earth materials, such as X-ray Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy. Other important topics including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are also covered.

Endohedral fullerenes represent a novel family of carbon nanostructures, which are characterized by a robust fullerene cage with atoms, ions, or clusters trapped in its interior. Since the first separation of the endohedral metallofullerene La@C82 in 1991, a large variety of endohedral structures have been isolated and their endohedral nature has been proved by experimental studies. Within the past two decades, the world of endohedral fullerenes was significantly enlarged by the clusterfullerenes and the new carbon cages including non-IPR (IPR=isolated pentagon rule) structures. Resulting from the charge transfer from the encaged species to the fullerene cage, endohedral fullerenes hold a lot of fascinating properties inaccessible by the empty fullerenes, and consequently promise potential applications in biomedicine, molecular electronics and photonics etc.The book provides a comprehensive overview of endohedral fullerenes focused on the new advances in the past decade, including its fundamentals (structures), synthesis, isolation, characterization, properties, functionalization as well as the applications, thus representing the most updated and broad review of this exciting field.

This book brings together the most up-to-date information on the fabrication techniques, properties, and potential applications of low dimensional silicon carbide (SiC) nanostructures such as nanocrystallites, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanostructured films. It also summarizes the tremendous achievements acquired during the past three decades involving structural, electronic, and optical properties of bulk silicon carbide crystals.SiC nanostructures exhibit a range of fascinating and industrially important properties, such as diverse polytypes, stability of interband and defect-related green to blue luminescence, inertness to chemical surroundings, and good biocompatibility. These properties have generated an increasing interest in the materials, which have great potential in a variety of applications across the fields of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, electron field emission, sensing, quantum information, energy conversion and storage, biomedical engineering, and medicine. SiC is also a most promising substitute for silicon in high power, high temperature, and high frequency microelectronic devices. Recent breakthrough pertaining to the synthesis of ultra-high quality SiC single-crystals will bring the materials closer to real applications.Silicon Carbide Nanostructures: Fabrication, Structure, and Properties provides a unique reference book for researchers and graduate students in this emerging field. It is intended for materials scientists, physicists, chemists, and engineers in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and biomedical engineering.

It was fOlllld as long ago as 1954 that heating oxygen rich silicon to around 450°C produced electrical active defects - the so called thermal donors. The inference was that the donors were created by some defect produced by the aggregation of oxygen. Since then, there has been an enor­ mous amount of work carried out to elucidate the detailed mechanism by which they, and other defects, are generated. This task has been made all the more relevant as silicon is one of the most important technological ma­ terials in everyday use and oxygen is its most common impurity. However, even after forty years, the details of the processes by which the donors and other defects are generated are still obscure. The difficulty of the problem is made more apparent when it is realised that there is only one oxygen atom in about ten thousand silicon atoms and so it is difficult to devise experiments to'see'what happens during the early stages of oxygen precipitation when complexes of two, three or four 0xygen atoms are formed. However, new important new findings have emerged from experiments such as the careful monitoring of the changes in the infra­ red lattice absorption spectra over long durations, the observation of the growth of new bands which are correlated with electronic infra-red data, and high resolution ENDOR studies. In addition, progress has been made in the improved control of samples containing oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen.

The Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors are contained in this volume. A record 1050 scientists from 40 countries participated in the Conference which was held in San Francisco August 6·1 0, 1984. The Conference was organized by the ICPS Committee and sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and other professional, government, and industrial organizations listed on the following pages. Papers representing progress in all aspects of semiconductor physics were presented. Far more abstracts (765) than could be presented in a five-day meeting were considered by the International Program Committee. A total of 350 papers, consisting of 5 plenary, 35 invited, and 310 contributed, were presented at the Conference in either oral or poster sessions. All but a few of the papers were submitted and have been included in these Proceedings. An interesting shift in subject matter, in comparison with earlier Conferences, is manifested by the large number of papers on surfaces, interfaces, and quantum wells. To facilitate the use of the Proceedings in finding closely related papers among the sometimes relatively large number of contributions within a main subject area, we chose not to arrange the papers strictly according to the Conference schedule. We have organized the book, as can be seen from the Contents, into specific subcategories and subdivisions within each major category. Plenary and invited papers have been placed together with the appropriate contributed papers.

All existing introductory reviews of mineralogy are written accord­ ing to the same algorithm, sometimes called the'Dana System of Mineralogy'. Even modern advanced handbooks, which are cer­ tainly necessary, include basic data on minerals and are essentially descriptive. When basic information on the chemistry, structure, optical and physical properties, distinguished features and para­ genesis of 200-400 minerals is presented, then there is practically no further space available to include new ideas and concepts based on recent mineral studies. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to present a book beginning where introductory textbooks end for those already famil­ iar with the elementary concepts. Such a volume would be tailored to specialists in all fields of science and industry, interested in the most recent results in mineralogy. This approach may be called Advanced Mineralogy. Here, an attempt has been made to survey the current possibilities and aims in mineral mater investigations, including the main characteristics of all the methods, the most important problems and topics of mineralogy, and related studies. The individual volumes are composed of short, condensed chap­ ters. Each chapter presents in a complete, albeit condensed, form specific problems, methods, theories, and directions of investigations, and estimates their importance and strategic position in science and industry.

Das Buch ist eine vergleichende Einführung und gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über die wichtigsten Reformen und Veränderungen im Bereich der sozialen Sicherung in Frankreich und Deutschland. Ein Team von deutschen und französischen Sozialwissenschaftlern vergleicht sozialstaatliche Probleme und Entwicklungen in ausgewählten Einzelbereichen. Schwerpunkte sind die Renten-, Gesundheits- und Arbeitsmarktpolitiken ebenso wie ein deutsch-französischer Vergleich der Familienpolitik und der sozialen Mindestsicherungen. Die aktuellen Reformpolitiken bzw. die Reformdiskussionen werden analysiert und bewertet. Ein abschließender Beitrag beleuchtet die Herausforderungen und die sich abzeichnenden Perspektiven der sozialen Sicherungssysteme im europäischen Prozess.

This book is dedicated to GaN and its alloys AlGaInN (III-V nitrides), semiconductors with intrinsic properties well suited for visible and UV light emission and electronic devices working at high temperature, high frequency, and harsh environments. There has been a rapid growth in the industrial activity relating to GaN, with GaN now ranking at the second position (after Si) among all semiconductors. This is mainly thanks to LEDs, but also to the emergence of lasers and high power and high frequency electronics. GaN-related research activities are also diversifying, ranging from advanced optical sources and single electron devices to physical, chemical, and biological sensors, optical detectors, and energy converters. All recent developments of nitrides and of their technology are gathered here in a single volume, with chapters written by world leaders in the field. This third book of the series edited by B. Gil is complementary to the preceding two, and is expected to offer a modern vision of nitrides and of their devices to a large audience of readers.

The first international symposium on the subject'The Physics and Chemistry of Si02 and the Si-Si02 Interface,'organized in association with the Electrochemical Society, Inc., was held in Atlanta, Georgia on May 15- 20, 1988. This symposium contained sixty papers and was so successful that the sponsoring divisions decided to schedule it on a regular basis every four years. Thus, the second symposium on'The Physics and Chemistry of Si02 and the Si02 Interface was held May 18-21, 1992 in St. Louis, Missouri, again sponsored by the Electronics and Dielectrics Science and Technology Divisions of The Electrochemical Society. This volume contains manuscripts of most of the fifty nine papers presented at the 1992 symposium, and is divided into eight chapters - approximating the organization of the symposium. Each chapter is preceded with an introduction by the session organizers. It is appropriate to provide a general assessment of the current status and understanding of the physics and chemistry of Si02 and the Si02 interface before proceeding with a brief overview of the individual chapters. Semiconductor devices have continued to scale down in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. This has resulted in thinner gate and field oxides as well as much closer spacing of individual device features. As a result, surface condition, native oxide composition, and cleaning and impurity effects now provide a much more significant contribution to the properties of oxides and their interfaces.

This multi-contributor handbook discusses Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), an epitaxial deposition technique which involves laying down layers of materials with atomic thicknesses on to substrates. It summarizes MBE research and application in epitaxial growth with close discussion and a'how to'on processing molecular or atomic beams that occur on a surface of a heated crystalline substrate in a vacuum.MBE has expanded in importance over the past thirty years (in terms of unique authors, papers and conferences) from a pure research domain into commercial applications (prototype device structures and more at the advanced research stage). MBE is important because it enables new device phenomena and facilitates the production of multiple layered structures with extremely fine dimensional and compositional control. The techniques can be deployed wherever precise thin-film devices with enhanced and unique properties for computing, optics or photonics are required. This book covers the advances made by MBE both in research and mass production of electronic and optoelectronic devices. It includes new semiconductor materials, new device structures which are commercially available, and many more which are at the advanced research stage. - Condenses fundamental science of MBE into a modern reference, speeding up literature review - Discusses new materials, novel applications and new device structures, grounding current commercial applications with modern understanding in industry and research - Coverage of MBE as mass production epitaxial technology enhances processing efficiency and throughput for semiconductor industry and nanostructured semiconductor materials research community

The information revolution of this century was brought about by photonics based on simple and common materials, such as glasses and semiconductors. Although semiconductors will continue to be of central importance in the present century, glasses will also be of great importance in future photonic devices since they have various advantages over other materials in homogene­ ity, transparency, easy fabrication and excellent solvent properties. This book focuses on selected topics which are new and of fundamental importance in the applications of active glasses in photonic devices based on our research concept called'induced structure.'The book originates from a final report of the Hirao Active Glass Project (HAP), Exploratory Re­ search for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST). Most of the reports in the book concern glasses under the action of very strong electromagnetic fields such as that induced by femtosec­ ond lasers. They include creation of induced structures in glasses, analysis of induced structure, and some functional devices using active glasses. This book is designed to provide graduate students and new researchers with an introductory review of the recent developments in the field of photonic ma­ terials. The reader will benefit from an overview of the latest results in the applications of active glasses in photonic devices and from a wealth of knowl­ edge covering most basic solid-state physics, chemical physics, and electronic engineering.

Biological magnetic resonance (NMR and EPR) is a rapidly expanding area of research with much activity in most universities and research institutions. International conferences are held biennially with an increasing number of participants. With the introduction of sophisticated and continuously im­ proving instrumentation, biological magnetic resonance is approaching the state of a common physical method in biochemical, biomedical, and bio­ logical research. The lack of monograpbs on the subject had been con­ spicuous for a long time. This gap started to close only recently. However, because of the rapid expansion and intensive research, many texts are dated by the time of their appearance. Therefore we have undertaken the editing of a series that is intended to provide the practicing chemist, biochemist, or biologist with the advances and progress in selected contemporary topics. In seeking to make the series as authoritative as possible, we have invited authors who have not only made significant contributions but who are also currently active in their fields. We hope that their expertise as well as their first hand experience as reflected in the chapters of this volume will be of benefit to the reader, inter alia, in planning his own experiments and in critically evaluating the current literature.

EPR of Free Radicals in Solids: Trends in Methods and Applications, 2nd ed. presents a critical two volume review of the methods and applications of EPR (ESR) for the study of free radical processes in solids. Emphasis is on the progress made in the developments in EPR technology, in the application of sophisticated matrix isolation techniques and in the advancement in quantitative EPR that have occurred since the 1st edition was published. Improvements have been made also at theoretical level, with the development of methods based on first principles and their application to the calculation of magnetic properties as well as in spectral simulations. EPR of Free Radicals in Solids II focuses on the trends in applications of experimental and theoretical methods to extract structural and dynamical properties of radicals and spin probes in solid matrices by continuous wave (CW) and pulsed techniques in nine chapters written by experts in the field. It examines the studies involving radiation- and photo-induced inorganic and organic radicals in inert matrices, the high-spin molecules and metal-based molecular clusters as well as the radical pro-cesses in photosynthesis. Recent advancements in environmental applications in-cluding measurements by myon resonance of radicals on surfaces and by quantitative EPR in dosimetry are outlined and the applications of optical detection in material research with much increased sensitivity reviewed. The potential use of EPR in quantum computing is considered in a newly written chapter. This new edition is aimed to experimentalists and theoreticians in research involving free radicals, as well as for students of advanced courses in physical chemis-try, chemical physics, materials science, biophysics, biochemistry and related fields.

The field of Very High Frequency EPR (VHF EPR) or sometimes called Very High Field EPR (conveniently, also abbreviated as VHF EPR) has blossomed during the past decade, especially after the original pioneering work of Ya. S. Lebedev and his group at the Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Although Lebedev suffered heavily under the economic constraints of the communist Soviet Union and then succumbed to cancer at the peak of his scientific career, his groundbreaking work from the 1970's is still considered today to be the'gold standard'by researchers practicing EPR at high magnetic fields. A stimulus for the production of this book is the legacy of Yakov Levedev in his students now residing in academic positions in the US and elsewhere. The aim of this book is to highlight the state of this growing field. This is an attempt to cover the full scope of VHF EPR in a single volume. The idea for this volume came to the editors at the 2001 Rocky Mountain Analytical Conference during the 24th International EPR Symposium chaired by Sandra and Gareth Eaton. VHF EPR was presented as an independent research field at a workshop organized by LC BruneI and supported by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, a National Science Foundation funded facility at Florida State University.