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This thesis focuses on the exploration of nontrivial spin dynamics in graphene-based devices and topological materials, using realistic theoretical models and state-of-the-art quantum transport methodologies. The main outcomes of this work are: (i) the analysis of the crossover from diffusive to ballistic spin transport regimes in ultraclean graphene nonlocal devices, and (ii) investigation of spin transport and spin dynamics phenomena (such as the (quantum) spin Hall effect) in novel topological materials, such as monolayer Weyl semimetals WeTe2 and MoTe2. Indeed, the ballistic spin transport results are key for further interpretation of ultraclean spintronic devices, and will enable extracting precise values of spin diffusion lengths in diffusive transport and guide experiments in the (quasi)ballistic regime. Furthermore, the thesis provides an in-depth theoretical interpretation of puzzling huge measured efficiencies of the spin Hall effect in MoTe2, as well as a prediction of a novel canted quantum spin Hall effect in WTe2 with spins pointing in the yz plane.

This thesis presents an in-depth theoretical analysis of charge and spin transport properties in complex forms of disordered graphene. It relies on innovative real space computational methods of the time-dependent spreading of electronic wave packets. First a universal scaling law of the elastic mean free path versus the average grain size is predicted for polycrystalline morphologies, and charge mobilities of up to 300.000 cm2/V.s are determined for 1 micron grain size, while amorphous graphene membranes are shown to behave as Anderson insulators. An unprecedented spin relaxation mechanism, unique to graphene and driven by spin/pseudospin entanglement is then reported in the presence of weak spin-orbit interaction (gold ad-atom impurities) together with the prediction of a crossover from a quantum spin Hall Effect to spin Hall effect (for thallium ad-atoms), depending on the degree of surface ad-atom segregation and the resulting island diameter.

This book deals with the discovery and explanation of the quantum Hall effect and its fundamental principles. It is meant for undergraduate and graduate students of physics, engineering, and applied sciences studying condensed matter physics. Doctoral students and researchers of this subject will also find it equally useful. It begins with a historical overview of this effect wherein the experiment and the physical systems are described. It progresses to cover discrete symmetries like inversion symmetry, time reversal symmetry, particle-hole symmetry, and chiral symmetry. It also examines how the Hamiltonian transforms under such symmetry operations. Two 1D models, namely the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model and a Kitaev chain with superconducting correlations, are discussed too. Then, the quantum Hall effect in graphene is explained. Further, the spin Hall effect is studied which may have prospects of using graphene as spintronic devices. The book ends with a brief review on fractional quantum Hall effect.

This book explores the optical Hall effect in the sharp focus of laser light. It builds upon the established theory of Richards-Wolf (1959), providing numerous real-world examples that illustrate both spin and orbital Hall effects near the focal point. Within the focal zone, distinct regions of left and right circular polarization emerge, showcasing the orbital Hall effect. This effect becomes apparent when localized areas within the focal plane experience transverse energy flow, rotating either clockwise or counterclockwise. The spin Hall effect, a fundamental occurrence, is demonstrated when a linearly polarized Gaussian beam is concentrated. Furthermore, the book reveals spin and orbital Hall effects in light fields with nonuniform linear polarization, where the polarization direction varies within the beam cross section. While the optical or photonic Hall effect has been recognized since 2004, a comprehensive monograph detailing its focal dynamics has been lacking until now. Drawing from the cohesive theoretical framework of the Richards-Wolf theory, this book offers specific examples and results from computer modeling. It equips readers with analytical relations for calculating energy and spin fluxes near a sharp focus across various initial light vector fields. Designed for a diverse audience, including scientists, engineers, and students in optics and photonics, this book serves as a valuable resource. It caters to undergraduate and graduate students in applied mathematics, physics, informatics, and optics, and can also benefit researchers and professionals in the field. Moreover, the book holds potential as a foundational text for advanced graduate courses

This comprehensive book delves into the fascinating world of quasiparticle properties of graphene-related materials. The authors thoroughly explore the intricate effects of intrinsic and extrinsic interactions on the material's properties, while unifying the single-particle and many-particle properties through the development of a theoretical framework. The book covers a wide range of research topics, including long-range Coulomb interactions, dynamic charge density waves, Friedel oscillations and plasmon excitations, as well as optical reflection and transmission spectra of thin films. Also it highlights the crucial roles of inelastic Coulomb scattering and optical scattering in the quasiparticle properties of layered systems, and the impact of crystal symmetry, number of layers, and stacking configuration on their uniqueness. Furthermore, the authors explore the topological properties of quasiparticles, including 2D time-reversal-symmetry protected topological insulators with quantum spin Hall effect, and rhombohedral graphite with Dirac nodal lines. Meanwhile, the book examines the gate potential application for creating topological localized states and shows topological invariants of 2D Dirac fermions, and binary Z2 topological invariants under chiral symmetry. The calculated results are consistent with the present experimental observations, establishing it as a valuable resource for individuals interested in the quasiparticle properties of novel materials.

This book highlights the overview of Spintronics, including What is Spintronics?; Why Do We Need Spintronics?; Comparative merit-demerit of Spintronics and Electronics ; Research Efforts put on Spintronics ; Quantum Mechanics of Spin; Dynamics of magnetic moments : Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation; Spin-Dependent Band Gap in Ferromagnetic Materials; Functionality of ‘Spin'in Spintronics; Different Branches of Spintronics etc. Some important notions on basic elements of Spintronics are discussed here, such as – Spin Polarization, Spin Filter Effect, Spin Generation and Injection, Spin Accumulation, Different kinds of Spin Relaxation Phenomena, Spin Valve, Spin Extraction, Spin Hall Effect, Spin Seebeck Effect, Spin Current Measurement Mechanism, Magnetoresistance and its different kinds etc. Concept of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), different types of GMR, qualitative and quantitative explanation of GMR employing Resistor Network Theory are presented here. Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR), Magnetic Junctions, Effect of various parameters on TMR, Measurement of spin relaxation length and time in the spacer layer are covered here. This book highlights the concept of Spin Transfer Torque (STT), STT in Ferromagnetic Layer Structures, STT driven Magnetization Dynamics, STT in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillar etc. This book also sheds light on Magnetic Domain Wall (MDW) Motion, Ratchet Effect in MDW motion, MDW motion velocity measurements, Current-driven MDW motion, etc. The book deals with the emerging field of spintronics, i.e., Opto-spintronics. Special emphasis is given on ultrafast optical controlling of magnetic states of antiferromagnet, Spin-photon interaction, Faraday Effect, Inverse Faraday Effect and outline of different all-optical spintronic switching. One more promising branch i.e., Terahertz Spintronics is also covered. Principle of operation of spintronic terahertz emitter, choice of materials, terahertz writing of an antiferromagnetic magnetic memory device is discussed. Brief introduction of Semiconductor spintronics is presented that includes dilute magnetic semiconductor, feromagnetic semiconductor, spin polarized semiconductor devices, three terminal spintronic devices, Spin transistor, Spin-LED, and Spin-Laser. This book also emphasizes on several modern spintronics devices that includes GMR Read Head of Modern Hard Disk Drive, MRAM, Position Sensor, Biosensor, Magnetic Field sensor, Three Terminal Magnetic Memory Devices, Spin FET, Race Track Memory and Quantum Computing.

STAY UP TO DATE ON THE STATE OF MRAM TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS WITH THIS COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE Magnetic Memory Technology: Spin-Transfer-Torque MRAM and Beyond delivers a combination of foundational and advanced treatments of the subjects necessary for students and professionals to fully understand MRAM and other non-volatile memories, like PCM, and ReRAM. The authors offer readers a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of magnetism and electron spin, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the physics of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices as it relates to memory applications. This book explores MRAM's unique ability to provide memory without requiring the atoms inside the device to move when switching states. The resulting power savings and reliability are what give MRAM its extraordinary potential. The authors describe the current state of academic research in MRAM technology, which focuses on the reduction of the amount of energy needed to reorient magnetization. Among other topics, readers will benefit from the book's discussions of: An introduction to basic electromagnetism, including the fundamentals of magnetic force and other concepts An thorough description of magnetism and magnetic materials, including the classification and properties of magnetic thin film properties and their material preparation and characterization A comprehensive description of Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) devices and their equivalent electrical model Spin current and spin dynamics, including the properties of spin current, the Ordinary Hall Effect, the Anomalous Hall Effect, and the spin Hall effect Different categories of magnetic random-access memory, including field-write mode MRAM, Spin-Torque-Transfer (STT) MRAM, Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT) MRAM, and others Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying electrical engineering, similar programs, or courses on topics like spintronics, Magnetic Memory Technology: Spin-Transfer-Torque MRAM and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of engineers and other professionals involved in the design, development, and manufacture of MRAM technologies.

This revised and expanded edition of the first comprehensive introduction to the rapidly-evolving field of spintronics covers ferromagnetism in nano-electrodes, spin injection, spin manipulation, and the practical use of these effects in next-generation electronics. Moreover, the book now also includes spin-based optics, topological materials and insulators, and the quantum spin Hall effect.

This book offers the first comprehensive introduction to the optical properties of the catenary function, and includes more than 200 figures. Related topics addressed here include the photonic spin Hall effect in inhomogeneous anisotropic materials, coupling of evanescent waves in complex structures, etc. After familiarizing readers with these new physical phenomena, the book highlights their applications in plasmonic nanolithography, flat optical elements, perfect electromagnetic absorbers and polarization converters. The book will appeal to a wide range of readers: while researchers will find new inspirations for historical studies combining mechanics, mathematics, and optics, students will gain a wealth of multidisciplinary knowledge required in many related areas. In fact, the catenary function was deemed to be a “true mathematical and mechanical form” in architecture by Robert Hooke in the 1670s. The discovery of the mathematical form of catenaries is attributed to Gottfried Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens and Johann Bernoulli in 1691. As the founders of wave optics, however, Hooke and Huygens did not recognize the importance of catenaries in optics. It is only in recent decades that the link between catenaries and optics has been established.

This book teaches solid state physics in a comprehensive way, covering all areas. It begins with three broad topics: how and why atoms bind together to form solids, lattice vibrations and phonons, and electrons in solids. It then applies this knowledge to interactions, especially those between electrons and phonons, metals, the Fermi surface and alloys, semiconductors, magnetism, superconductivity, dielectrics and ferroelectrics, optical properties, defects, layered materials, quantum Hall effect, mesoscopics, nanophysics and soft condensed matter. Further important topics of the book are the evolution of BEC to BCS phenomena, conducting polymers, graphene, iron pnictide superconductors, light emitting diodes, N-V centers, nanomagnetism, negative index of refraction, optical lattices, phase transitions, phononics, photonics, plasmonics, quantum computing, solar cells, spin Hall effect and spintronics. In this 3rd edition, topics such as topological insulators, quantum computing, Bose–Einstein transitions, highly correlated electron systems and several others have been added. New material on magnetism in solids, as well as a discussion of semiconductors and a changed set of problems with solutions, are also included. The book also discusses “folk theorems” to remind readers of the essence of the physics without mathematics, and includes 90 mini-biographies of prominent solid state physicists of the past and present to put a human face on the subject. An extensive solutions manual rounds out the book.

This new edition presents a unified description of these insulators from one to three dimensions based on the modified Dirac equation. It derives a series of solutions of the bound states near the boundary, and describes the current status of these solutions. Readers are introduced to topological invariants and their applications to a variety of systems from one-dimensional polyacetylene, to two-dimensional quantum spin Hall effect and p-wave superconductors, three-dimensional topological insulators and superconductors or superfluids, and topological Weyl semimetals, helping them to better understand this fascinating field. To reflect research advances in topological insulators, several parts of the book have been updated for the second edition, including: Spin-Triplet Superconductors, Superconductivity in Doped Topological Insulators, Detection of Majorana Fermions and so on. In particular, the book features a new chapter on Weyl semimetals, a topic that has attracted considerable attention and has already become a new hotpot of research in the community.

This book offers an extensive introduction to the extremely rich and intriguing field of spin-related phenomena in semiconductors. In this second edition, all chapters have been updated to include the latest experimental and theoretical research. Furthermore, it covers the entire field: bulk semiconductors, two-dimensional semiconductor structures, quantum dots, optical and electric effects, spin-related effects, electron-nuclei spin interactions, Spin Hall effect, spin torques, etc. Thanks to its self-contained style, the book is ideally suited for graduate students and researchers new to the field.

This first-of-its-kind resource is completely dedicated to spin transfer torque (STT) based devices, circuits, and memory. A wide range of topics including, STT MRAMs, MTJ based logic circuits, simulation and modeling strategies, fabrication of MTJ CMOS circuits, non-volatile computing with STT MRAMs, all spin logic, and spin information processing are explored. State-of-the-art modeling and simulation strategies of spin transfer torque based devices and circuits in a lucid manner are covered. Professional engineers find practical guidance in the development of micro-magnetic models of spin-torque based devices in object-oriented micro-magnetic framework (OOMMF) and compact modeling of STT based magnetic tunnel junctions in Verilog-A. The performance parameters and design aspects of STT MRAMs and MTJ based hybrid spintronic CMOS circuits are covered and case studies are presented demonstrating STT-MRAM design and simulation with a detailed analysis of results. The fundamental physics of STT based devices are presented with an emphasis on new advancements from recent years. Advanced topics are also explored including, micromagnetic simulations, multi-level STT MRAMs, giant spin Hall Effect (GSHE) based MRAMs, non-volatile computing, all spin logic and all spin information processing.

In conventional metals, various transport coefficients are scaled according to the quasiparticle relaxation time, \tau, which implies that the relaxation time approximation (RTA) holds well. However, such a simple scaling does not hold in many strongly correlated electron systems, reflecting their unique electronic states. The most famous example would be cuprate high-Tc superconductors (HTSCs), where almost all the transport coefficients exhibit a significant deviation from the RTA results. To better understand the origin of this discrepancy, we develop a method for calculating various transport coefficients beyond the RTA by employing field theoretical techniques. Near the magnetic quantum critical point, the current vertex correction (CVC), which describes the electron-electron scattering beyond the relaxation time approximation, gives rise to various anomalous transport phenomena. We explain anomalous transport phenomena in cuprate HTSCs and other metals near their magnetic or orbital quantum critical point using a uniform approach. We also discuss spin related transport phenomena in strongly correlated systems. In many d- and f-electron systems, the spin current induced by the spin Hall effect is considerably greater because of the orbital degrees of freedom. This fact attracts much attention due to its potential application in spintronics. We discuss various novel charge, spin and heat transport phenomena in strongly correlated metals.

This book provides an introduction to the physics of nanoelectronics, with a focus on the theoretical aspects of nanoscale devices. The book begins with an overview of the mathematics and quantum mechanics pertaining to nanoscale electronics, to facilitate the understanding of subsequent chapters. It goes on to encompass quantum electronics, spintronics, Hall effects, carbon and graphene electronics, and topological physics in nanoscale devices.Theoretical methodology is developed using quantum mechanical and non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) techniques to calculate electronic currents and elucidate their transport properties at the atomic scale. The spin Hall effect is explained and its application to the emerging field of spintronics – where an electron's spin as well as its charge is utilised – is discussed. Topological dynamics and gauge potential are introduced with the relevant mathematics, and their application in nanoelectronic systems is explained. Graphene, one of the most promising carbon-based nanostructures for nanoelectronics, is also explored. - Begins with an overview of the mathematics and quantum mechanics pertaining to nanoscale electronics - Encompasses quantum electronics, spintronics, Hall effects, carbon and graphene electronics, and topological physics in nanoscale devices - Comprehensively introduces topological dynamics and gauge potential with the relevant mathematics, and extensively discusses their application in nanoelectronic systems

Topological insulators are insulating in the bulk, but process metallic states present around its boundary owing to the topological origin of the band structure. The metallic edge or surface states are immune to weak disorder or impurities, and robust against the deformation of the system geometry. This book, the first of its kind on topological insulators, presents a unified description of topological insulators from one to three dimensions based on the modified Dirac equation. A series of solutions of the bound states near the boundary are derived, and the existing conditions of these solutions are described. Topological invariants and their applications to a variety of systems from one-dimensional polyacetalene, to two-dimensional quantum spin Hall effect and p-wave superconductors, and three-dimensional topological insulators and superconductors or superfluids are introduced, helping readers to better understand this fascinating new field. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students working in the field of topological insulators and related areas. Shun-Qing Shen is a Professor at the Department of Physics, the University of Hong Kong, China.

Learning Solid State Physics involves a certain degree of maturity, since it involves tying together diverse concepts from many areas of physics. The objective is to understand, in a basic way, how solid materials behave. To do this one needs both a good physical and mathematical background. One definition of Solid State Physics is it is the study of the physical (e.g. the electrical, dielectric, magnetic, elastic, and thermal) properties of solids in terms of basic physical laws. In one sense, Solid State Physics is more like chemistry than some other branches of physics because it focuses on common properties of large classes of materials. It is typical that Solid State Physics emphasizes how physics properties link to electronic structure. We have retained the term Solid Modern solid state physics came of age in the late thirties and forties and is now is part of condensed matter physics which includes liquids, soft materials, and non-crystalline solids. This solid state/condensed matter physics book begins with three broad areas: (1) How and why atoms bind together to form solids, (2) Lattice vibrations and phonons, and (3) Electrons in solids. It then applies these areas to (4) Interactions especially of electrons with phonons, (5) Metals, the Fermi surface and alloys, (6) Semiconductors, (7) Magnetism, (8) Superconductivity, (9) Dielectrics and ferroelectrics, (10) Optical properties, (11) Defects, and (12) Certain other modern topics such as layered materials, quantum Hall effect, mesoscopics, nanophysics, and soft condensed matter. For this 2nd addition new material has been added on the evolution of BEC to BCS phenomena, conducting polymers, graphene, highly correlated electrons, iron pnictide superconductors, light emitting diodes, N-V centers, nanomagnetism, negative index of refraction, optical lattices, phase transitions, phononics, photonics, plasmonics, quantum computing, solar cells, spin Hall effect, and spintronics. The major addition to this 2nd edition is an extensive solutions manual, in which all the text problems are discussed. The problems in our book cover a wide range of difficulty. The solutions in this manual are expected to show what we expect to get out of the problems. In the manual, we have also included a brief summary of solid state physics which should help you get focused on problem solving. We have also included'folk theorems'to remind about the essence of the physics without the mathematics.

This book is the proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology (ISQM—TOKYO'08) which aims to link the recent advances in technology with fundamental problems in quantum mechanics. It also discusses fundamental problems and issues in quantum physics and places a special emphasis on “Quantum Coherence and Decoherence”.The proceedings included a special lecture by Prof C N Yang, “Pseudopotential Method in Cold Atom Research”, and 75 refereed papers covering the wide range of quantum physics: cold atoms and molecules; spin-Hall effect and anomalous Hall effect; magnetic domain wall dynamics and spin-related phenomena; Dirac fermions in condensed matter; quantum dot systems; entanglement and quantum information processing, qubit manipulations; mechanical properties of confined geometry; precise measurements; novel properties of nano-systems; and fundamental problems in quantum physics.The book will not only serve as a good reference for experts on quantum coherence and decoherence, but also as an introduction for newcomers to this field.

The goal of the 8th International Symposium on Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology was to link recent advances in technology with fundamental problems and issues in quantum mechanics with an emphasis on quantum coherence, decoherence, and geometrical phase.The papers collected in this volume cover a wide range of quantum physics, including quantum information and entanglement, quantum computing, quantum-dot systems, the anomalous Hall effect and the spin-Hall effect, spin related phenomena, superconductivity in nano-systems, precise measurements, and fundamental problems. The volume serves both as an excellent reference for experts and a useful introduction for newcomers to the field of quantum coherence and decoherence.

Advanced Two-Dimensional Material-Based Heterostructures in Sustainable Energy Storage Devices provides a detailed overview of advances and challenges in the development of 2D materials for use in energy storage devices. It offers deep insight into the synthesis, characterization, and application of different 2D materials and their heterostructures in a variety of energy storage devices, focusing on new phenomena and enhanced electrochemistry.This book: Introduces 2D materials, synthesis methods, and characterization techniques Discusses application in a wide range of batteries and supercapacitors Offers perspectives on future investigations necessary to overcome existing challenges This comprehensive reference is written to guide researchers and engineers working to advance the technology of energy-efficient energy storage devices.

2D Materials: Chemistry and Applications, Part 2 addresses the cutting-edge advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and applications of two-dimensional materials, focusing on graphene and other emerging materials like boron nitride, germanene, silicene, and stanene. This volume explores the potential of these materials in energy storage, nanoelectronics, waste management, and more, while addressing challenges like toxicity and cost-effective production.The book highlights innovative approaches to graphene-based supercapacitors, nanoparticle-functionalized graphene, and the application of 2D materials in diverse fields. It also provides insights into the toxicity and remediation strategies of graphene family materials and outlines the roadmap for sustainable graphene production.This book is ideal for researchers, academics, and professionals in materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, and environmental engineering.Key Features:Advanced applications of graphene-based supercapacitors.Functionalization and applications of boron nitride, germanene, silicene, and stanene.Insights into graphene toxicity and remediation approaches.Roadmap for cost-effective graphene production and waste management.

This contributed volume provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary advancements in the field of nanomagnetism and spintronics. It covers a diverse range of topics, including the static and dynamic responses of designer nanomagnets, spin wave dynamics in ultra-thin ferromagnetic films, voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy, magneto-elastic control of nanomagnet dynamics, mutual synchronization in spintronic oscillators, magnetic droplet solitons, and the applications of voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy in spintronic devices. Each chapter discusses specific aspects of these subjects, exploring theoretical models, experimental methods, applications, and future directions, making it an essential resource for researchers, students, and professionals in the fields of physics, materials science, electrical engineering and nanonscience.

The electrical properties of materials are fundamental to many devices encountered in daily life and in today's industry, ranging from the semiconductors used in microelectronics to the dielectric materials in liquid crystal displays, the magnetic materials in the motors of electric cars and the superconducting materials in MRI scanners. All stem from the response of electrons to electric and magnetic fields. This book explains the phenomena, reviews the best materials, and presents the most relevant applications. The behaviour of electrons in atoms, liquids, solids, and periodic crystals is described, and the possibilities of new artificial materials are discussed. In themselves, electrons are intriguing, sometimes displaying particle-type and other times wave-type behaviour. Full understanding of wave properties requires quantum mechanics, often seen as a barrier due to the unfamiliarity of the concepts involved and the complexity of the mathematical apparatus needed. A key aim is to overcome these difficulties. Underpinning theory is explained as simply as possible. Classical and quantum mechanics are used as appropriate, in each case giving a full development and often presenting complementary viewpoints. Examples are presented in a comprehensive set of problems. This flexible approach allows full understanding both of fundamentals (for example, the properties of atoms in different columns of the periodic table) and of applications (the design of a new laser based on an artificially engineered band structure). The contents have been successfully refined over more than 50 years and are especially suitable for undergraduates and postgraduates in Materials and Electrical Engineering.

This textbook serves to supplement existing quantum mechanics courses with the WKB (Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin) theory for recently discovered Dirac materials, such as graphene, a dice lattice, and alpha-T3 materials. This includes finding the semiclassical wave function, coordinate-dependent momentum, semiclassical action, the complete set of transport equations, and applicability conditions for the approximation. The discovery of graphene and its unique electronic behavior has transformed research in condensed matter physics over the last 10-15 years, but core curriculum in standard graduate-level physics courses still does not reflect these new developments and this book intends to close this gap. With a clear focus on various types of Dirac Hamiltonians, the multidimensional theory is only a small part of the book. The derivation of the WKB equations for novel Dirac materials and their applications to electron tunneling, turning points and classically forbidden regions, resonances and localized states, and many other crucial physical problems are methodically presented. This textbook aims to expand the existing approach to presenting the WKB approximation and covers recent developments in its applications. This book also includes many informative graphics, as well as problems and exercises with hints at the end of each chapter. Additional detailed mathematical derivations, as well as code in Mathematica, are added throughout the whole book. Ideal for graduate students and researchers in condensed matter physics, this textbook serves as a modern guide for learning the WKB theory.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Large-Scale Scientific Computations, LSSC 2023, held in Sozopol, Bulgaria, during June 5–9, 2023. The 49 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 61 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: preconditioning and multilevel methods; fractures and mixed dimensional modeling: discretizations, solvers, and methodology; machine learning and model order reduction for large scale predictive simulations; fractional differential problems: theoretical aspects, algorithms and applications; variational analysis and optimal control; stochastic optimal control and numerical methods in economics and finance; tensor methods for big data analytics and low-rank approximations of PDEs solutions; applications of metaheuristics to large-scale problems; large-scale models: numerical methods, parallel computations and applications; HPC and HPDA: algorithms and applications.

MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites This volume is the first book to comprehensively explore the various fabrication and processing strategies for MXene-reinforced polymer composites including detailed characterizations and their numerous applications. The book systematically provides a critical discussion on the synthesis and processing methods, structure, properties, characterizations, surface chemistry, and functionalization strategies of MXenes and their utilization as efficient nanofiller into various polymer matrices to form high-performance polymer composites. The book provides a deep insight into the recent state-of-the-art progress in MXene-reinforced polymer composites, discussing several critical issues and providing suggestions for future work. The key features of this book are: Providing fundamental information and a clear understanding of the synthesis, processing, compositions, structure, and physicochemical properties of MXenes; Presenting a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing MXene-reinforced polymer composites; Exploring various processing and fabrication methods of MXene-reinforced polymer composites; Providing deep insight into fundamental properties and various emerging applications of MXene-reinforced polymer/composites. Audience Researchers, postgraduates, and industry engineers working in materials science, polymer science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, as well as technologists in electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries.

This book provides a single-source reference to the state-of-the-art in emerging computer systems. The authors address the technological contributions and developments at various hardware levels of new systems that compute under novel operational paradigms such as stochastic, probabilistic/inexact, neuromorphic, spintronic, bio-inspired and in-memory computing. Coverage includes the entire stack, i.e., from circuit, architecture, up to system level. This book includes tutorials, reviews and surveys of current theoretical/experimental results, design methodologies and a range of applications.

Since the discovery of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Mn4N epitaxial films in 2012, Mn4N has attracted much attention as a rare-earth free new spintronics material. The recent record velocity of current-induced magnetic wall motion achieved on Mn4N and compensated Mn4N microstrips at room temperature has attracted a great deal of attention, and spin transfer torques have renewed interest. Mn4N shows interesting phenomena that magnetization and angular momentum compensation due to impurity doping occur at room temperature. It also has other very unusual properties such as a negative thermal expansion coefficient. In addition, a very large number of different kinds of mixed crystals have been formed. Specifically, they include Mn4N doped with various impurities (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, In, Ga, Ge, Sn, Pd, Ag, Sb, Pt, Au, Gd, and Dy). Key Features: Provides a comprehensive review of ferrimagnet Mn4N, an electrode material of growing interest Covers a wide range of topics from crystal growth to magnetic properties of Mn4N and their mixed crystals Presents categorized relevant references The first book on the subject of ferrimagnet Mn4N

A topological insulator is an area that has yet to be fully explored and developed. The charge-induced bandgap fluctuation in the best-known bismuth-chalcogenide-based topological insulators is approximately 10MeV in magnitude. The major focus has shifted to the investigation of the presence of high-symmetry electronic bands as well as the utilization of easily produced materials. As the subject of topological insulators is still in the nascent stage, there is growing research and knowledge in the emerging field. This book is intended to provide the readers with an understanding of the needs and application of these materials. Keywords: Topological Insulators, Insulators, One-Dimensional Topological Insulators, Graphene, Magnetic Topological Insulator, Antiferromagnetic Phase, Ferromagnetic Phase, Topological Superconductor, Nonlinear Optical Behavior, Saturable Absorber, Quantum, Band Gap, Photonic Topological Insulators.

Plasmonics stems from the surface charge density oscillations at metal–dielectric interface, leading to extremely strong light–matter interactions. In the past few decades, plasmonics has become one of the most favorite fields/techniques in realizing high-performance photonic devices. For this purpose, different new concepts, such as exploration of different radiation frequency regions, two-dimensional materials/heterostructures, and different types of substrates for the excitation of plasmons have been investigated for plasmonics-based sensors and detectors. This book focuses on the recent and advanced works on optical sensors and detectors utilizing plasmonic techniques for opto-electronic applications. The book is unique as it describes both sensors and detectors based on plasmonics and their practical applications in a single book, a feature not found in any book so far.

This book highlights all newly reported carbon nanostructures including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, metal organic frameworks, fullerenes, nanorods, nanospheres, nano onions, porous nanoparticles, nanohorns, nanofibers and nanoribbons, nanodiamonds, graphitic carbon nitrides, carbon aerogels and hydrogels, graphdiyne and graphenylene. It presents the historical development of carbon nanostructures technologies, different types and classifications, and different fabrication and functionalization techniques, including outer/inner surface functionalization and covalent and noncovalent functionalization. This Handbook discusses the unique properties of functionalized carbon nanostructures that can be obtained by modifying their structures, composition, and surface. It gives the reader an in-depth look at the current achievements of research and practice while pointing you ahead to new possibilities in functionalizing and using carbon nanomaterials. Finally, it covers the various applications of functionalized carbon nanostructures including adsorbents, additives, active materials in energy accumulating systems (batteries, hydrogen storage systems, and supercapacitors), filtering media, catalysts or supports for catalysts, sensors or substrates for sensors, additives for polymers, ceramic composites, metal and carbon alloys, glasses, digital textiles, and composite materials.

This book provides a compressive overview of nanotechnology in modern drug discovery for students and researchers. The book starts with the fundamentals of nanotechnology followed by nanomaterials in pharmaceutical drug design, drug delivery applications, regulatory aspects, formulation and nanoparticle biotransformation. It provides a step by step guide through the drug development process while conveying information about the benefits of nanomaterials for therapy. The book concludes with perspective on the future of nanotechnology-based drug discovery, summarizing current knowledge on nanotherapeutics and translational medicine.Key Features- Explains the fundamentals of nanotechnology in drug discovery- Includes up-to-date information on modern nanopharmaceutical manufacturing, nanomaterials, and nanoparticle-based drug therapy- Practice questions for learners and a list of references for advanced readers for each chapter

'High-order harmonics emerging from the interaction of strong laser fields with solid matter constitute a novel, highly sensitive tool for interrogating electronic structure and dynamics in solids. At the interface of attosecond physics and condensed matter physics, this book provides an excellent overview of the current state of the art.'Ferenc KrauszNobel Laureate in Physics, 2023High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in solids, the nonlinear upconversion of coherent radiation resulting from the interaction of a strong and short laser pulse with bulk matter, has come of age. Since the seminal experiments and theoretical developments, there has been a constant and vibrant interest in this topic. In this book, we invite experimental and theoretical experts in the field with the aim to summarize the progress made so far and propose new possibilities and prospects for the generation of high-order harmonics using solid samples. Nowadays, it is possible to engineer, both spatially and temporally with nanometric and attosecond resolution, the driven fields. This could bring solid HHG to the next exciting frontier as novel and fully tunable table-top coherent sources.

This book employs nonequilibrium quantum transport, based on the use of mixed Hilbert space representations and real time quantum superfield transport theory, to explain various topological phases of systems with entangled chiral degrees of freedom. It presents an entirely new perspective on topological systems, entanglement-induced localization and delocalization, integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE), fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), and its respective spectral zones in the Hofstadter butterfly spectrum. A simple and powerful, intuitive, and wide-ranging perspective on chiral transport dynamics.

Semiconductor Metamaterials: Part One, Volume 116 in a two-part series surveys the state-of-the-art in material platforms for optical metasurfaces. Chapters cover Metasurfaces from materials with 2nd-order nonlinearity, Light Emitting Metasurfaces based on Direct Bandgap Semiconductors, Tunable Metasurfaces enabled by Phase-Change Materials, Phase-Transition Materials for Thermal Tuning of Metasurfaces, Tunable Metasurface Devices based on Soft Matter, Infrared Metasurfaces, Polarization Sensing Platforms, UV/ Visible Metasurfaces, and Metasurfaces for Catalysis & Chemistry. - Provides the most important aspects of the semiconductor materials platforms that are used for optical metasurfaces - Considers both static and dynamic metasurfaces - Covers the entire EM spectrum, from UV to visible and IR light

MXenes One-stop reference explaining the manufacturing, design, and many applications of MXenes in an easy-to-understand linear format MXenes is a one-stop reference on MXenes, a promising new class of 2D materials, discussing the routes of functionalization and modifications towards high performance materials and providing broad coverage of lab synthesis methods. To aid in reader comprehension, this text presents the topic in a linear fashion, starting with an introduction to MXenes and ending with a comparison of MXenes to other similar 2D materials, discussing limitations, advantages, future perspectives, and challenges of both MXenes and MXene-based materials. The text covers up-to-date research in the field with a strong focus on novel findings in various devices along with core technological advancements that have been made in recent years. MXenes discusses sample topics such as: Properties of MXenes, including strong hydrophilicity, exceptional conductivity, high elastic mechanical strength, large surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical stability Applications of MXenes in energy storage, optoelectronics, spintronics, biomedicine, electro-catalysis, photocatalysis, membrane separation, supercapacitors, and batteries Performance factors that can hinder the efficacy of MXenes, including aggregation, difficulty obtaining a single layer, restacking, and oxidation of MXene nanosheets State-of-the-art progress in the field of gas sensors and electrochemical biosensors for the detection of various biomolecules, pharmaceutical drugs, and environmental pollutants Containing everything readers need to know about this exciting new class of 2D materials, MXenes is an essential reference for professionals working in advanced materials science, flexible electronics, nanoelectronics, and the energy industry, along with chemists, material scientists, and engineers in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Quantum Photonics aims to serve as a comprehensive and systematic reference source for entrants to the field of quantum photonics, including updated topics on quantum photonics for researchers working in this field. The book reviews the fundamental knowledge of modern photonics related quantum technologies, key concepts of quantum photonic devices, and quantum photonics applications. The book is suitable for graduate students, researchers, and engineers who want to learn quantum photonics fundamentals. The editors, who are leaders in this field, have formulated this book as an introduction to the cutting-edge research in quantum photonics. Researchers and students involved in the development of semiconductor optoelectronics and optical communication systems should also find this book helpful. - Covers the whole quantum photonics field, including nanostructured materials, physics, modelling, and quantum technology applications ranging from applications of q-bit emitters to quantum dot lasers - Comprehensively and systematically reviews fundamentals and applications of quantum photonics for beginners in the field - Provides foundational knowledge for modern photonics-related quantum technologies

This book provides an overview of magnetic resonance in organic semiconductor devices, including a framework of the underlying spin physics. It starts with an introduction of organic electronic and optoelectronic devices. Basic principles of optical and electrical detection are included, as well as the conventional microwave detection of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for organic devices. The details of a magnetic resonance spectrometer are presented as well as operando conditions (measurements under real working conditions). The details for experimental setup are provided. This book will also include emerging research in the field of organic neuromorphic devices, and aims to offer essential knowledge for researchers, developers, and students interested in applying magnetic resonance methods to electronic and optoelectronic devices. Key Features: Provides an overview of recent progress of magnetic resonance in organic semiconductors and their electronic/optoelectronic devices Includes a description of the instrumentation of a magnetic resonance spectrometer Contains practical information about operando measurements on magnetic resonance for organic devices Presents neuromorphic devices

This textbook presents an up to date perspective on the fundamental elements of theoretical physics. It encompasses analytical mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical physics, special and general relativity, and non-relativistic quantum theory, thoroughly developing the necessary mathematical methods beyond standard calculus while striving to be as clear, explicit, and direct as possible. The exposition of the theory, both in the classical and quantum parts, is expanded and reworked compared to the first edition. In parallel with the formalism, which is explained in full detail, several more experimental phenomena and techniques are included and discussed. Throughout, the emphasis is on the physical meaning of the theory, that is, the precise way in which the necessary experimental verification occurs or might occur in the future. With its comprehensive approach, rigorous mathematical treatments, and clear, physically oriented explanations of principles and experiments, this textbook is an essential resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, as well as a valuable reference for researchers.

The book discusses almost all aspects of spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, starting from a very basic level, and will be of interest to both spintronics and neuromorphic computing communities. The chapters also cover most simulation and experimental studies reported recently by researchers worldwide on this topic. The book includes an introductory chapter on nanomagnetism and spin physics and another on neural network algorithms (covering both the machine-learning and neuroscience aspects of these algorithms). These introductory chapters will help the readers build their background and truly appreciate the recent research results on spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, presented in the later chapters of the book. Various numerical simulation exercises are also provided in the book.

High efficiency, large scale, stationary computing systems – supercomputers and data centers – are becoming increasingly important due to the movement of data storage and processing onto remote cloud servers. This book is dedicated to a technology particularly appropriate for this application – superconductive electronics, in particular, rapid single flux quantum circuits. The primary purpose of this book is to introduce and systematize recent developments in superconductive electronics into a cohesive whole to support the further development of large scale computing systems. A brief background into the physics of superconductivity and the operation of common superconductive devices is provided, followed by an introduction into different superconductive logic families, including the logic gates, interconnect, and bias current distribution. Synchronization, fabrication, and electronic design automation methodologies are presented, reviewing both widely established concepts and techniques as well as recent approaches. Issues related to memory, synchronization, interconnects, coupling noise, bias networks, signal interfaces, and deep scaling of superconductive structures and design for testability are described, and models, expressions, circuits, algorithms, and design methodologies are discussed and placed in context. The aim of this book is to provide insight and engineering intuition into the design of large scale digital superconductive circuits and systems.

Sustainable materials science and engineering is one of the important characteristics of the existing high-tech revolution. The advances of materials science pave way for technical advancements in materials science and industrial technologies throughout the world. Materials are regarded as critical component in all emerging industries. Exquisite preparation and manufacturing must be carried out before a new material may be used. Nevertheless, electronic materials are undeniably important in many aspects of life. Smart materials and structures is a multi-disciplinary platform dedicated to technical advances in smart materials, systems and structures, including intelligent materials, sensing and actuation, adaptive structures, and active control. Recently, sustainable materials and technologies reshape the electronics industry to build realistic applications. At present, without the impact of sustainability, the electronics industry faces challenges. Researchers are now more focused on understanding the fundamental science of nano, micro, and macro-scale aspects of materials and technologies for sustainable development with a special attention toward reducing the knowledge gap between materials and system designs. The main aim of this international conference is to address the new trends on smart sustainable materials field for industrial and electronics applications. The main purpose of this conference is to assess the recent development in the applied science involving research activity from micro- to macro-scale aspects of materials and technologies for sustainable applications. In such a context, particular emphasis is given to research papers tailored in order to improve electronic and industrial applications and market extension of sustainable materials.

Nowadays, most of the research focuses on nanomaterials in which one of the dimensions falls in the 1-100 nm range. These nanomaterials can be thin films, quantum dots, nanowires, nanopyramids, and nanoclusters. Thus, nanomaterials are impacting almost all aspects of materials for various applications in emerging energy and sensor devices. The book comprises ten chapters and discusses nanomaterial applications in energy, solar cells, water splitting, sensors, etc. The book caters to budding researchers'needs in synthesizing nanomaterials and post-graduate students.

The Jaynes–Cummings Model (JCM) has been at the forefront of modern physics as one of the simplest, yet intricately nonlinear, models of light-matter interaction. Focusing on the omnipresence of the JCM across a range of disciplines, this significantly updated and comprehensive review conveys to the reader the fundamental generality of its formalism, looking at a wide range of applications in specific physical systems and across disciplines including atomic physics, quantum optics, solid-state physics and quantum information sciences. An ideal reference for researchers in quantum physics and quantum optics, the book also comprises an accessible introduction for students engaged with non-equilibrium quantum phase transitions, quantum computing and simulation, quantum many-body physics, cavity, circuit and waveguide QED. Key Features: Collects JCM physics and applications scattered across literature and different applications. The exposition guides the reader through a rich and appealing landscape interlacing quantum optics and condensed-matter physics. All chapters discuss theory and experiment, linked historically to the development of the various directions stemming from JC physics. This is accompanied by a thorough list of references to the key publications. The presentation is kept concise, while continuous text is interspersed with various illustrations and an economical use of mathematical expressions.

During the past several decades, tremendous progress has been made in terahertz (THz) science and technology. There is a continuing need to have terahertz waves ready for practical applications. Terahertz photonic and electronic devices are being readied to be employed in application systems such as communication links, satellite communications, radar, surveillance, hard/soft material heating, biomedical treatment, and biomedical diagnostics. This book focuses on the advances in terahertz source technologies both from photonics and electronics (solid-state and vacuum-state) points of view. Written in a noncomplicated language, the book will be useful for a broad spectrum of readers, including advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in electronics and photonics, researchers in various disciplines in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and electrical engineering, system engineers in various industrial sectors, general readers, and those who are interested in the interaction between electromagnetic waves and matters and in the effects of electromagnetic waves on matters.

Smart thin films, composed of functional materials deposited in thin layers, have opened new avenues for the development of flexible, lightweight, and high-performance devices. Optoelectronics and Spintronics in Smart Thin Films presents a comprehensive overview of this emerging area and details the current and near future integration of smart thin films in solar cells, and memory storage. Offers an overview of optoelectronics and spintronics Discusses synthesis of smart nanomaterials Describes deposition techniques and characterization of thin films Considers the integration and application of opto-spintronics for technological advancement of solar cells and memory storage devices Focused on advancing research on this evolving subject, this book is aimed at advanced students, researchers, and engineers in materials, chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering, as well as applied physics.

Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics Comprehensive resource covering concepts, perspectives, and skills required to understand the preparation, nonlinear optics, and applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials Bringing together many interdisciplinary experts in the field of 2D materials with their applications in nonlinear optics, Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics covers preparation methods for various novel 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and single elemental 2D materials, excited-state dynamics of 2D materials behind their outstanding performance in photonic devices, instrumentation for exploring the photoinduced excited-state dynamics of the 2D materials spanning a wide time scale from ultrafast to slow, and future trends of 2D materials on a series of issues like fabrications, dynamic investigations, and photonic/optoelectronic applications. Powerful nonlinear optical characterization techniques, such as Z-scan measurement, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and microscopy, are also introduced. Edited by two highly qualified academics with extensive experience in the field, Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics covers sample topics such as: Foundational knowledge on nonlinear optical properties, and fundamentals and preparation methods of 2D materials with nonlinear optical properties Modulation and enhancement of optical nonlinearity in 2D materials, and nonlinear optical characterization techniques for 2D materials and their applications in a specific field Novel nonlinear optical imaging systems, ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy for investigating carrier dynamics in emerging 2D materials, and transient terahertz spectroscopy 2D materials for optical limiting, saturable absorber, second and third harmonic generation, nanolasers, and space use With collective insight from researchers in many different interdisciplinary fields, Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics is an essential resource for materials scientists, solid state chemists and physicists, photochemists, and professionals in the semiconductor industry who are interested in understanding the state of the art in the field.

Metamaterials-by-Design: Theory, Technologies, and Vision is devoted to a comprehensive review of the latest advancements and current trends in the field of system-level-oriented metamaterial design methods, technologies, and future perspectives. Starting from the theoretical and methodological motivations of this research to macro-scale performance-driven design of volumetric and planar metamaterials, the book introduces advanced task-oriented modeling approaches, including specific reference to their multi-scale/ multi-physics customization in recent metamaterial science and engineering. In the introduction of these concepts, particular attention is paid to the illustration of the physical mechanisms and phenomena at the basis of the field manipulation capabilities enabled by metamaterials. Contributions from industry and academic perspectives on active and passive metamaterial-enhanced devices for communications and sensing are included. The final part of the volume is aimed at providing a perspective regarding the current trends, future research and application tracks in system-performance-driven metamaterial design methodologies and technologies, included potential applications in future reconfigurable and cognitive materials. - Includes comprehensive review of the research developments, methodologies, and opportunities in the field of metamaterials-by-design - Discusses new and emerging applications of metamaterials in microwave and terahertz spectrum, photonics, and optics scenarios - Reviews performance-driven metamaterial design methodologies and technologies in communications and sensing

This book tracks changes in the use of metadiscourse in Chinese scholars'English and Chinese research articles, discusses how these changes reflect changes in Chinese scholars'interactions with their peers in China and outside China, and analyzes how Chinese scholars are responding to changes in the academic context that embrace and shape rhetorical practices in the academic world. Around the turn of the twenty-first century, the Chinese government declared the goal of “enhancing international soft power,” and one important way to achieve this goal is to promote China's global academic influence. China has indeed made remarkable strides in terms of academic output by publishing Chinese scholars'research papers and monographs around the world. However, “international soft power” means more than just the export of papers or books; it means connecting to and participating in the academic world. For this to happen, Chinese scholars must get to know their international counterparts, understand their rhetorical preferences, and be willing (and able) to accommodate their needs.

What is'topological'about topological quantum states? How many types of topological quantum phases are there? What is a zero-energy Majorana mode, how can it be realized in a solid-state system, and how can it be used as a platform for topological quantum computation? What is quantum computation and what makes it different from classical computation?Addressing these and other related questions, Introduction to Topological Quantum Matter & Quantum Computation provides an introduction to and a synthesis of a fascinating and rapidly expanding research field emerging at the crossroads of condensed matter physics, mathematics, and computer science. Providing the big picture and emphasizing two major new paradigms in condensed matter physics – quantum topology and quantum information – this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers entering this field, as it allows for the fruitful transfer of ideas amongst different areas, and includes many specific examples to help the reader understand abstract and sometimes challenging concepts. It explores the topological quantum world beyond the well-known topological insulators and superconductors and unveils the deep connections with quantum computation. It addresses key principles behind the classification of topological quantum phases and relevant mathematical concepts and discusses models of interacting and noninteracting topological systems, such as the toric code and the p-wave superconductor. The book also covers the basic properties of anyons, and aspects concerning the realization of topological states in solid state structures and cold atom systems.Topological quantum computation is also presented using a broad perspective, which includes elements of classical and quantum information theory, basic concepts in the theory of computation, such as computational models and computational complexity, examples of quantum algorithms, and key ideas underlying quantum computation with anyons. This new edition has been updated throughout, with exciting new discussions on crystalline topological phases, including higher-order topological insulators; gapless topological phases, including Weyl semimetals; periodically-driven topological insulators; and a discussion of axion electrodynamics in topological materials.Key Features:· Provides an accessible introduction to this exciting, cross-disciplinary area of research.· Fully updated throughout with new content on the latest result from the field.· Authored by an authority on the subject.Tudor Stanescu is a professor of Condensed Matter Theory at West Virginia University, USA. He received a B.S. in Physics from the University of Bucharest, Romania, in 1994 and a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign in 2002. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Rutgers University and at the University of Maryland from 2003 to 2009. He joined the Department of Physics and Astronomy at West Virginia University in Fall 2009. Prof. Stanescu's research interests encompass a variety of topics in theoretical condensed matter physics including topological insulators and superconductors, topological quantum computation, ultra-cold atom systems in optical lattices, and strongly correlated materials, such as, for example, cuprate high-temperature superconductors. His research uses a combination of analytical and numerical tools and focuses on understanding the emergence of exotic states of matter in solid state and cold atom structures, for example, topological superconducting phases that host Majorana zero modes, and on investigating the possibilities of exploiting these states as physical platforms for quantum computation.