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This Open Access book is the first to provide clinicians with practical guidelines to explain the most frequently occurring neonatal brain injuries to parents and caretakers. The brains of high-risk neonates are vulnerable to injury, and brain injuries are among the most serious complications in babies admitted to neonatal intensive care units. In addition to basic explanations about the origin, extent, severity, consequences, and treatment options of different types of brain injury, the book provides illustrations and representative brain imaging examples that enable clinicians to provide parents with necessary information, presented in a clear and concise way, using lay language and explanatory drawings. There is also a section in each chapter for parents to have for themselves. Therefore, this book is a valuable resource for practitioners from various disciplines, including neonatologists, pediatricians, neurologists, (neuro- and pediatric-) radiologists, neonatal nurse specialists, and physician assistants.

Africa is largely dependent on natural resources in its quest to achieve sustainable development goals, with its woodlands and forests known to be among the most exploited ecosystems. Anthropogenic pressure has led to the progressive conversion of these woodlands and forests into patches of regrowth stands, savanna and cropland systems. Expansion with intensification of agricultural land and the unsustainable use of fuelwood biomass are among the major drivers of such landscape transformations and the associated decline of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This phenomenon is growing in magnitude and significance with emerging environmental issues including climate change, biological invasion, and pollution arising from various land use practices, thereby jeopardizing Africa's development pathway. Agroforestry holds promises to reverse this trend, as it provides the potential for designing multifunctional agricultural landscapes that guarantee trade-offs of food security, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem services. Africa is characterized by highly variable ecological conditions and remarkable cultural diversity that influence the conception of landscape multifunctionality. Drawing upon the vast experience of researchers and many other professionals in Africa, this book contextualizes the roles of trees in African multifunctional landscapes, capturing the biophysical and societal diversity in the region, while scrutinizing the ongoing trend of landscape multifunctionality in Africa with reference to the global scenario. It is designed to provide a holistic and comprehensive understanding of the various roles of trees in African landscapes and shed light on the underlying functional attributes of trees, which will help readers to generate a better insight and problem-solving approach for landscape multifunctionality in the context of Africa. This book defines the multifunctional landscapes with reference to an African context. The book has fourteen chapters, covering five broad thematic areas (i) the multiple services, functions and role of trees in multifunctional landscapes; (ii) tree-based production systems, products and their contributions to rural livelihoods; (iii) drivers of land cover changes and their impacts; (iv) approaches for managing resources to integrate trees in multifunctional landscapes; and (v) external factors affecting landscape resources management in Africa.

Edible Flowers: Health Benefits, Nutrition, Processing, and Applications discusses several edible flowers and their history, bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, chemistry, and manifold applications. Composed of 20 chapters, the book explores significant edible flowers which have a bioactive and pharmacological attribute apart from preservation aspects. Each of the presented flowers are analyzed by its taxonomy, history, nutritional properties, important bioactive natural compounds, pharmacological potential, use in food processing, and marketability. Medicinal and edible flowers that are grown in the various countries and are thought to promote health are also the subject of this book, thus ensuring the food security aspect. Written by a team of experts in the field, this book is a good support for researchers and scientists working in the fields of food science, food technology, and nutrition, with a special interest by the study of edible flowers. - Covers the nutritional and pharmacological aspects of edible flowers - Addresses the most popular edible flowers in the world as a source for nutraceuticals - Presents application in food products and potential health benefits - Discuss the various preservation techniques to improve the storage stability of edible flowers

With a focus on soil systems (status, properties, functionality, diagnosis, roles, assessment, conservation, knowledge, practices, productivity, management, policies, climate, biodiversity, etc.), this book addresses gaps pertinent to promoting sustainable human-environment in the Global South and beyond. The soil system is a complex and dynamic part of the lithosphere with flows, inputs, storage, and output that connects it with other Earth systems. It is a living unit whose physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are dependent on the process of its formation, parent material, age, organic and inorganic constituent, and climate and relief. From a systems standpoint, balancing the relationship between utilization and management will help maintain soil health and the provision of ecosystem services. A healthy soil system is capable of functioning as a living unit to support other life and life processes and contribute to sustainable development in the Global South. This book is of interest and useful to soil, biological and agricultural scientists, trainees and trainers, agricultural institutes, soil and food systems specialists, biodiversity and environmental managers, practitioners, activists, and students (especially undergraduates and postgraduates) in the Global South and beyond.

The Afrotropical Streams and Rivers: Structure, Ecological Processes and Management is a comprehensive guide that provides assessment of major rivers and tributaries in Africa. Unlike other books available, the editors present a thorough study of geomorphological, hydrological, biological, and ecological processes incorporating a range of plant and animal communities, while considering implications of human communities that depend upon them. This book, edited by a diverse cohort of researchers and/or scholars, is intended as an educational and practical guide for graduate students, researchers and scientists who focus on the biodiversity, conservation and management/policy issues of the African river systems. - Provides a comprehensive introduction to African freshwater rivers, their biota, and abiotic processes. - Contains unique case studies on African streams and rivers. - Organised around an interdisciplinary approach that covers the complex aspects of conservation and management of African river systems on the continent.

In a compelling scholarly journey, this book unfolds the intricate narratives of human progress and its environmental repercussions catalyzed by the Industrial Revolution. It thoughtfully contrasts the exploitative environmental ideologies stemming from colonization and industrialization against the profound yet often marginalized indigenous ecological philosophies, urging a pivotal shift in environmental stewardship. The narrative meticulously traces the arc of scientific discovery and environmental policy evolution, from Eunice Foote's groundbreaking hypothesis on the greenhouse effect to the landmark achievements of the Paris Agreement, encapsulating over a century of environmental activism and scholarly debate. The discourse extends beyond traditional environmental concerns, exploring the intersection of climate change with public health, food security, and gender disparities, underscoring the urgency of sustainable agricultural practices and the pivotal role of women in food systems. It introduces the transformative potential of digital health innovations and renewable energy technologies as crucial tools in climate mitigation, highlighting the need for an integrated socio-technical governance model that includes community resilience and biopsychosocial health. The book critically addresses the dynamics of climate finance, advocating for inclusive green growth through strategic renewable energy investments, and revisits the ‘Tragedy of the Commons'to challenge conventional views on communal resource management. It advocates for a justice-oriented approach to tackling the multifaceted environmental, social, and economic challenges, with a particular lens on the adverse impacts borne by marginalized communities in the Global South. Furthermore, it explores the untapped potential of wild genetic resources in bolstering food security. It aligns with the United Nations'Sustainable Development Goals, advocating for integrating Indigenous wisdom into urban development strategies. This book is a call to action, serving as a comprehensive scholarly examination that addresses the multifaceted challenges of climate change, health, and sustainability and champions a collective approach towards forging a sustainable and equitable future.

From rustic towns and emerald valleys to lively cities and moss-draped ruins, the Emerald Isle is yours to discover with Rick Steves! Inside Rick Steves Ireland you'll find:Fully updated, comprehensive coverage for planning a multi-week trip through Ireland Rick's strategic advice on how to get the most of your time and money, with rankings of his must-see favorites Top sights and hidden gems, from the Rock of Cashel and the Ring of Kerry to distilleries making whiskey with hundred-year-old recipes How to connect with local culture: Hoist a pint at the corner pub, enjoy traditional fiddle music, and jump into conversations buzzing with brogue Beat the crowds, skip the lines, and avoid tourist traps with Rick's candid, humorous insight The best places to eat, sleep, and relax with a Guinness Self-guided walking tours of atmospheric neighborhoods and awe-inspiring sights Trip-planning tools, like how to link destinations, build your itinerary, and get from place to place Detailed maps, including a fold-out map for exploring on the go Complete, up-to-date coverage of Dublin, Kilkenny, Waterford, County Wexford, Kinsale, Cobh, Kenmare, The Ring of Kerry, Dingle Peninsula, County Clare, the Burren, Galway, the Aran Islands, Connemara, County Mayo, Belfast, Portrush, the Antrim Coast, Derry, County Donegal, and much more Make the most of every day and every dollar with Rick Steves Ireland. Planning a shorter trip? Check out Rick Steves Best of Ireland.

Artificial Intelligence in Urologic Malignancies describes current artificial intelligence technology, with an emphasis on prostate cancer applications. The book provides guidance on how artificial intelligence can improve therapeutics, how the power of artificial intelligence integrated with current standard therapy and research can enhance decision-making, and proposes future directions on how to integrate artificial intelligence within clinical applications. This is the perfect reference for scientists and researchers interested in the basic translational research opportunities such as drug discovery, pharmacogenetics, and experimental therapeutics, as well as clinicians interested in how AI applications are integrated with applications. - Provides guidance on AI integration that is expected to become standard in the future - Places a special emphasis on prostate cancer and the integration of AI to show how to enhance personalized medicine - Surveys current techniques and standards that can be shared and applied to fields outside cancer

Agroforestry for Carbon and Ecosystem Management is a comprehensive overview of current research, issues, challenges, and case studies in the area of agroforestry. It focuses specifically on carbon source-sink relationship and management through agroforestry practices with the goal of improving overall environmental sustainability. Through expert insights and case studies, the book promotes carbon management, greenhouse gas emission reduction, forest, and ecosystem services management along with relevant sustainable approaches for natural resources conservation. It provides insight into novel approaches for natural resource management, with specific attention given to technologies related to carbon capture and management. Agroforestry for Carbon and Ecosystem Management also proposes possible polices and plans for future research and implementation, the latest updates in the area of agroforestry research for sustainability, developments in carbon dynamics and management, addresses the knowledge gap in relation to agroforestry, sustainability and agroecosystem management and explores the application of remote sensing and geospatial technology for agroforestry management. - Presents the latest insights in agroforestry and ecosystem management to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) for a green future - Includes both theoretical and practical approaches to agroforestry practices - Presents expert insights on the multidisciplinary challenges and opportunities of agroforestry for carbon and other ecological impacts - Explores the integration of technological interfaces for improving the potential of agroforestry practices

This edited book summarizes the efforts made to develop sustainable bioenergy production through different generations. The topics included in the book cover information about different bioenergy crops, their classification and use as biofuel, agronomic practices to improve biomass yield, classic breeding techniques, genetic diversity, current status and future perspective of bioenergy crops in the omics era. It also discusses application of modern biotechnological and molecular biotechnological techniques for the improvement of bioenergy crops this having enhanced biomass and plant based products. The book explores growing biofuel crops and their impact on environment, bioethics and biosafety issues related to the modern approaches. Another important aspect is the incorporation of nanotechnology for bioenergy crops and biofuel production. All book chapters are contributed renowned researchers in their respective field. This is a unique book covering the bioeneragy crops in the modern omics era. The book is useful for the researchers and post-graduate students to guide them in the field of bioenergy crops.

Study of the Norman World's borders, frontiers, and boundaries in Europe, shedding fresh light on their nature and extent.The Normans exerted great influence across Christendom and beyond in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Figures like William the Conqueror and Robert Guiscard subdued vast territories, their feats recorded for posterity by chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Geoffrey Malaterra. Through travel and conquest, the Normans encountered, created, and conceptualised many borders, with the areas of Europe that they ruled and most affected often being grouped together as the'Norman World'.This volume examines the nature, forms, and function of borders in and around this'Norman World', looking at Normandy, the British-Irish Isles, and Southern Italy. Three sections frame the collection. The first concerns physical features, from broad frontier expanses, to rivers and walls that were both literally and metaphorically lines of division. The second shows how borders were established, contested, and negotiated between the papacy and lay rulers and senior churchmen. Finally, the third highlights the utility of conceptual frontiers for both medieval authors and modern historians. Among the subjects covered are Archbishop Anselm's travels across Christendom; the portrayal of borders in the writings of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Gerald of Wales; and the limits of Norman seigneurial and papal power at the edges of Europe. Overall, the essays demonstrate the role that the manipulation of borders played in the creation of the'Norman World', and address what these borders did and whom they benefited.

The Atlantic as Mythical Space'is a study of medieval culture and its concomitant myths, legends and fantastic narratives as it developed along the European Atlantic seaboard. It is an inclusive study that touches upon early medieval Ireland, the pre-Hispanic Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, courtly-love France and the pagan and early-Christian British Isles. The obvious and consequential ligature that runs throughout the different sections of this text is the Atlantic Ocean, a bewildering expanse of mythical substance that for centuries fueled the imagination of ocean-side peoples. It analyzes how and why myths with the Atlantic as preferential stage are especially relevant in pagan and early-Christian western Europe. It further examines how prescientific societies fashioned an alternate cosmos in the Atlantic where events, beings and places existed in harmony with communal mental structures. It explores why in that contrived geography these societies'angels and monsters were able to materialize with wonderful profusion; it further analyzes how the ocean became a place where human beings ventured forth searching for explanations for what is essentially unknowable: the origins of the universe and the reason for our existence in it.

First published over forty years ago and now updated to cover the “Celtic Tiger” economic boom of the 2000s and subsequent worldwide recession, this new edition of a perennial bestseller interprets Irish history as a whole. Designed and written to be popular and authoritative, critical and balanced, it has been a core text in both Irish and American universities for decades. It has also proven to be an extremely popular book for casual readers with an interest in history and Irish affairs. Considered the definitive history among the Irish themselves, it is an essential text for anyone interested in the history of Ireland.

The Compendium of World Sovereigns series contains three volumes: Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern. These volumes provide students with easy-to-access ‘who's who'with details on the identities and dates, ages and wives, where known, of heads of government in any given state at any time within the framework of reference. The relevant original and secondary sources are also listed in a comprehensive bibliography. The text provides a clear reference guide for students to who was who and when they ruled in the dynasties and other ruler-lists for the Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern worlds – primarily European and Middle Eastern but including available information on Africa and Asia and the pre-Columbian Americas. The trilogy accesses and interprets the original data plus any modern controversies and disputes over names and dating, reflecting on the shifts in and widening of focus in student and academic studies. Each volume contains league tables of rulers'‘records', and an extensive bibliographical guide to the relevant personnel and dynasties, plus any controversies, so readers can consult these for extra details and know exactly where to go for which information. All relevant information is collected and provided as a one-stop-shop for students wishing to check the known information about a world Sovereign. The Medieval volume begins with the Byzantine Empire and moves through the Crusader States, the Islamic World, South and East Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean, and lastly Western and Eastern Europe. Compendium of World Sovereigns: Volume II Medieval provides students and scholars with the perfect reference guide to support their studies and to fact check dates, people, and places.

This is the first of two volumes that together provide a global overview of the impact of agriculture on soil degradation, tracing the most critical drivers like the use and abuse of agrochemicals, mechanization, overgrazing, irrigation, slash and burn agriculture, and the use of plastics. This book covers the main effects of agriculture practices on soil degradation in several countries from Africa, America, Asia, and Oceania, and it elucidates the impact of chemical agents on soil quality, namely, the use of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, soil acidification and microplastics pollution. In these continents, a large number of the population depend on agriculture, which sets an enormous pressure on the ecosystems. Divided into 13 chapters, the book offers authoritative contributions about the fundamental soil degradation problems in countries such as Argentina, Australia, Peru and Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, the United States of America. As soil degradation issues are often linked with biodiversity loss and poverty, readers will also find in this book an important discussion of the different social, economic, political, and environmental aspects contributing to soil quality and sustainable management. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students, environmental managers and policymakers alike.

Hit Ireland's can't-miss sights, bites, and history in two weeks or less with Rick Steves Best of Ireland!Strategic advice from Rick Steves on what's worth your time and money Two-day itineraries covering Dublin, Kilkenny, Kinsale, Kenmare and the Ring of Kerry, Dingle Town and Peninsula, County Clare, Galway, Aran Islands, Belfast, Portrush, and the Antrim Coast Rick's tips for beating the crowds, skipping lines, and avoiding tourist traps The best of local culture, flavors, and more, including insightful walks through the most interesting neighborhoods and museums Trip planning strategies like how to link destinations and design your itinerary, what to pack, where to stay, and how to get around Over 350 full-color pages with detailed maps and vibrant photos throughout Suggestions for side trips to Valley of the Boyne, Wicklow Mountains, Rock of Cashel, Cobh, Blarney Castle, Connemara and Mayo, Bangor, and Derry Experience Ireland's legendary warmth and beauty for yourself with Rick Steves Best of Ireland! Planning a longer trip? Pick up Rick Steves Ireland, an in-depth guide perfect for spending more than two weeks exploring Ireland.

The first volume of this comprehensive global perspective on Integrated Drought Management is focused on understanding drought, causes, and the assessment of drought impacts. It explains different types of drought: agricultural, meteorological, hydrological, and socioeconomic droughts, their indices and the impact of climate change on drought. The volume also examines spatiotemporal analysis of drought, variability and patterns, assessment, and drought evaluation. With numerous case studies from India, Mexico, Turkey, Brazil, US, and other countries, this volume serves as a valuable resource for all readers who want to advance their knowledge on drought and risk management. Features:Provides a global perspective on drought prediction and management and a synthesis of the recent state of knowledge.Covers a wide range of topics from essential concepts and advanced techniques for forecasting and modeling drought to societal impacts, consequences, and planning.Presents numerous case studies with different management approaches from different regions and countries. Addresses how climate change impacts drought, the increasing challenges associated with managing drought, decision making, and policy implications. Includes contributions from hundreds of experts around the world.Professionals, researchers, academics, and postgraduate students with knowledge in environmental sciences, ecology, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, water resources engineering, and earth sciences, as well as those interested in how climate change impacts drought management, will gain new insights from the experts featured in this two-volume handbook.

Metals in Water: Global Sources, Significance, and Treatment covers metal pollution in water, where they come from, their effects, and remediation processes. Sections overview heavy metals pollution, including their global health impacts and remediation measures. Geogenic and anthropogenic input of heavy metals in water are described, along with global case studies, step-by-step methods on remediation techniques, different detection sensors, and assessment practices of toxicity of heavy metals. The book focuses on recent research surrounding heavy metals'contamination in water resources and its impact across the globe. Chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects and serve as baseline information for water resources studies. This book is useful for postgraduate students, teachers and researchers working in areas of water resources and pollution, hydrochemistry, environmental remediation and toxicology who are looking to understand the affects metals have on water, the environment and health, and also those looking for methods for remediation. - Presents global case studies of sites contaminated by metals, effects on the environment, and successful remediation techniques - Includes a whole section on remedial measures, with clear step-by-step'how to'guides - Provides chapters covering detailed biogeochemical processes

Agriculture has been an enduring human tradition key to survival and civilization. However, after the advent of industrialization and agricultural growth, the industry has been met with several challenges including pollution, land use, and food insecurity. With the agricultural industry contributing to pollution and emissions, many have found it imperative to investigate the causes and seek out solutions. The Research Anthology on Strategies for Achieving Agricultural Sustainability discusses the issues that the agricultural industry currently faces and the technological opportunities that can be explored to help protect and predict crop growth and achieve more resilient agricultural processes. It analyzes the impact of agricultural pollution and food insecurity on a global scale, but also proposes solutions to promote agricultural sustainability. Covering topics such as bio-farming, smart farming, and population growth, this book is an indispensable resource for government officials, agricultural scientists, farmers, students and professors of higher education, activist groups, researchers, and academicians.

This book offers a diverse set of solid concerted strategies in the development and implementation of specific'climate actions,'in natural and built places where we all live. The book also serves as a conduit of knowledge for those who are unsure on how they can make a difference for their families, their communities, and the natural places that surround them. Through many actionable examples of mitigation efforts for the ever-present effects of climate change, especially for those who may not understand the wide range of climate action opportunities that are available. Scientists, academics, and community leaders, will find concrete examples on how they too, can develop and implement climate action solutions.

This book investigates the role of climate-induced innovation and climate change mitigation technologies in reducing the negative impact of climate change. Through original case studies and analysis, frameworks to both reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and respond to the impacts of a changing climate are explored. Particular attention is given to biotechnology patents and innovations for small farm agriculture. This book aims to provide new insight into the relationship between climate change and innovation, highlighting the problems and opportunities posed by the transition to an environmentally sustainable society. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in environmental and innovation economics.

Now more than ever, you can count on Rick Steves to tell you what you really need to know when traveling through Ireland. From rustic towns and emerald valleys to lively cities and moss-draped ruins, experience it all with Rick Steves! Inside Rick Steves Ireland you'll find:Fully updated, comprehensive coverage for planning a multi-week trip through IrelandRick's strategic advice on how to get the most of your time and money, with rankings of his must-see favoritesTop sights and hidden gems, from the Rock of Cashel and the Ring of Kerry to distilleries making whiskey with hundred-year-old recipesHow to connect with local culture: Hoist a pint at the corner pub, enjoy traditional fiddle music, and jump into conversations buzzing with brogueBeat the crowds, skip the lines, and avoid tourist traps with Rick's candid, humorous insightThe best places to eat, sleep, and relax with a GuinnessSelf-guided walking tours of atmospheric neighborhoods and awe-inspiring sightsTrip-planning tools, like how to link destinations, build your itinerary, and get from place to placeDetailed maps, including a fold-out map for exploring on the goCoverage of Dublin, Kilkenny, Waterford, County Wexford, Kinsale, Cobh, Kenmare, The Ring of Kerry, Dingle Peninsula, County Clare, the Burren, Galway, the Aran Islands, Connemara, County Mayo, Belfast, Portrush, the Antrim Coast, Derry, County Donegal, and much moreCovid-related travel info and resources for a smooth tripMake the most of every day and every dollar with Rick Steves Ireland.Planning a one- to two-week trip? Check out Rick Steves Best of Ireland.

Earth Systems Protection and Sustainability qualifies imperatives and discusses the use of mathematical approaches to assess and achieve sustainability in threatened and vulnerable Earth systems globally. Mathematical advances in this context include both operational and Boolean methods, as well as linguistic, logic-based Bayesian approaches and generative mathematics relevant to scenario formation. The mathematic methods are refined into functional areas and deeper learning, which enable the use of searching algorithms to achieve optimal solutions for the circular nature and application of sustainability. Pertinent sections and synergistic elements are covered in order to synthesize key informative nodes, advising of the very real dangers facing planet Earth and its biodiversity. Each volume stands in its own right. Analytical and scientific chapters are blended with social resilience and socio-economic development consideration, thus enabling the settings of sustainability within varying scenarios of climatic forces and species dynamics.Volume 1 focuses on ground-breaking evolutionary expansion assisting with life's continuation on Earth, sustainable management of pathogens and halophyte uses in agroecology, bioremediation methods in drilling waste management, conservation and sustainability of diversity, climate change mitigation strategies, displacement management in a large scale ongoing crisis, risk reduction and management policy, sustainably intelligent-driven markets, sustainability consensus in an uncertain environment and path planning in static and dynamic environments. Pictorial contributions made from across the world refine particularly urgent problems for attention, and provide solutions and methods of environmental sustainability operated in communities, complementing the descriptive chapter sections. Both volumes are targeted for a global audience of academic, professional, classroom, governmental, unit and community members, and seek to include all sectors to ensure ongoing and comprehensive Earth Systems Protection.

Highly practical, this book is the first in a series entitled Domestic Cat Behaviour Problems designed to help veterinary professionals and behaviourists understand the background behind common domestic cat behaviour problems and provide various treatment strategies. The text in this volume covers feline problem elimination and marking behaviour inside the home, outlining: •Normal behaviour. •The various underlying causes of feline house-soiling. •Prevention of unwanted behaviour. •Recognition of potential trigger factors and warning signs. •How to identify contributory factors. •Practical treatment strategies. Brimming with sound practical advice, this book will be invaluable to veterinarians, veterinary nurses/technicians, clinical animal behaviourists, and those studying domestic cat behaviour.

Water-soil-vegetation dynamic nexuses affect, and are affected by, both human activity and climate change. Inappropriate land management practices can result in soil and vegetation degradation, which in turn will likely alter natural hydrologic processes, leading to more frequent and severe flooding and drought. In response, an altered hydrologic condition tends to prompt soil erosion by wind and water, which can cause further vegetation degradation or even loss. Such nexuses will likely become more interwoven in changing climate because the non-stationary climate can further deteriorate the already-altered hydrologic condition. So far, our understanding is incomplete regarding how such nexuses maintain or break equilibriums between water, soil, and/or vegetation in terms of eco-environmental resilience. This book: 1) conceptualises the interrelated physical processes of water-soil-vegetation systems; 2) introduces mathematical models for simulating the processes; and 3) develops a variety of modelling cases of selected systems across the world. Key FeaturesIncludes both fundamental principles and practical applicationsEmphasizes semiarid water-soil-vegetation nexuses rather than individual processesDeciphers dynamics and interrelations of the physical processes of semiarid water-soil-vegetation systemsAddresses impacts of climate change from practical management perspectivesMaximizes readability by including illustrations, pictures, and annotated equations

This book describes innovative agricultural methods using thermal and non-thermal microwave or plasma energies. Humans that were nomadic in the past can now stably obtain food by developing agriculture. Cities were formed as a result of remarkable development. Later, chemicals were introduced to agriculture to stabilize the food supply further. Natural products were initially used, but various artificial compounds have been developed for agriculture since the 1900s. To further improve crop productivity and diversification, gene recombination (genetic engineering) using biotechnology has progressed in recent years and continues to develop further. However, these technologies contain pesticide residues and pose safety risks. The innovative new agriculture explained in this book is based on the use of microwaves and plasma that do not rely on chemicals and genetic modification. This is one of the first books focusing on the agricultural usage of microwaves. In addition, it is a technical book that incorporates plasma into agriculture from this perspective. The book covers microwaves and plasmas, which are completely different fields. Thus, it will be attractive to many readers who want to acquaint themselves with these alternative technologies and implement them.　This book will be useful to a broad audience including researchers and technicians at Universities and practitioners in industries. It is made accessible to readers across different fields by including abundant figures and by limiting the use of equations to the possible extent.

For many centuries, fenugreek has been one of the most popular spices and vegetables serving as an integral part of culinary practices across many cultures. Fenugreek contains exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties, but scientific evidence for its potential health benefits has been considerably understudied and is beginning to grow.This book is a comprehensive compilation and documentation on the scientific profile of fenugreek and its phytoconstituents, including their most known applications and health benefits. It features a wide range of chapters written by highly experienced academics and industrial professionals. Topics cover applications of fenugreek including information on nutrition, fitness supplements, functional food, and excipients of novel drug delivery systems. In addition, it features topics on related products in the areas of nutraceuticals, functional food preparations, and complementary medicines.Features:· Comprehensive review of traditional wisdom and modern scientific evidence on fenugreek· Presents scientific evidence of fenugreek as an ingredient for product development formulation· Contains information on extraction methods, risk assessment, claim validations, and the regulatory status of fenugreek-based products· Covers broad physiological benefits of fenugreek in management of diabetes mellitus, primary hyperlipidemia, inflammation and pain, neuropathy and neuroinflammation, neurological and psychological disorders, kidney and lung disorders, as well as immunological, infectious, and malignant disorders· Enhances awareness of existing scientific knowledge surrounding fenugreek, whilst encouraging future scientific research towards better and safer nutritional and medicinal applicationsThis book is a valuable resource of information on fenugreek for researchers, students, nutritionists, sport medicine practitioners, fitness enthusiasts and trainers, naturopaths, traditional practitioners, and toxicologists. This book helps industries in the fields of nutraceuticals, fitness and sports medicine products to develop their future products. However, this book is not a substitute for medical advice or recommendations.

This edited book details the plant-assisted remediation methods, which involves the interaction of plant roots with associated rhizospheric microorganisms for the remediation of soil and water contaminated with high levels of heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, agricultural by-products, municipal wastes, industrial solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and various other contaminants. Each chapter highlights and compares the beneficial and economical alternatives of phytoremediation to currently practiced soil, water, and air removal. This book covers state-of-the-art approaches in phytoremediation contributed by leading and eminent scientists from across the world. Phytoremediation approaches for environmental sustainability dealing the readers with a cutting-edge of multidisciplinary understanding in the principal and practical approaches of phytoremediation from laboratory research to field application. This book is of interest to researchers, teachers, environmental scientists, environmental engineers, environmentalists, and policy makers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental microbiology, biotechnology, eco-toxicology, environmental remediation, waste management, and environmental sciences as well as the general audience.

Handbook of Biofuels looks at the many new developments in various type of bioenergy, along with the significant constraints in their production and/or applications. Beyond introducing current approaches and possible future directions of research, this title covers sources and processing of raw materials to downstream processing, constraints involved and research approaches to address and overcome these needs. Different combinations of products from the biorefinery are included, along with the material to answer questions surrounding the optimum process conditions for conversion of different feedstocks to bioenergy, the basis for choosing conversion technology, and what bioenergy products make economic sense. With chapters on the techno-economic analysis of biofuel production and concepts and step-by-step approaches in bioenergy processing, the objective of this book is to present a comprehensive and all-encompassing reference about bioenergy to students, teachers, researchers and professionals. - Reviews all existing and emerging technologies surrounding the production of advanced biofuels, including biodiesel and bioethanol - Includes biofuel applications with compatible global application case studies - Offers new pathways for converting biomass

Sustainable Nanotechnology A robust examination of the use of nanotechnology in the manufacture of sustainable products In Sustainable Nanotechnology: Strategies, Products, and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of nanotechnology applications in environmental, pharmaceutical, and engineering products in the context of global sustainability. The book offers balanced coverage of the benefits and risks of nanotechnology. Divided into three parts, the editors have included contributions from leading scholars discussing sustainability, toxicological impacts, and nanomaterial-based adsorbents. This edited volume helps readers understand how nanotechnology and nanomaterials apply in different global sustainability challenges. It also discusses models for understanding the lifecycle and risk assessments of manufactured nanomaterials. Case studies are included to explore such topics as design, remediation, and technology assessment. The book also provides: Thorough introductions to nanotechnology-based research priorities for global sustainability and the challenges and opportunities of modern, sustainable nanotechnology Comprehensive explorations of improving the sustainability of bio-based products with nanotechnology and the improvement of the environmental sustainability of biopolymers using nanotechnology Practical discussions of nanotechnology-based polymers for drug delivery applications In-depth examinations of green nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems Perfect for nanotechnology-focused professionals, sustainability experts, biomedical experts, and pharmaceutical industry practitioners, Sustainable Nanotechnology: Strategies, Products, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of neuroscientists, bioengineering professionals, and those involved in neuroprosthetic engineering.

Biofuels and Bioenergy: A Techno-Economic Approach provides an in-depth analysis of the economic aspects of biofuels production from renewable feedstock. Taking a biorefinery approach, the book analyzes a wide range of feedstocks, processes and products, including common biofuels such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biooil and biodiesel, feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, non-edible feedstocks like vegetable oils, algae and microbial lipids, and solid and liquid wastes, performance assessments of biodiesel in diesel engine, and the latest developments in catalytic conversion and microbial electrosynthesis technologies. This book offers valuable insights into the commercial feasibility of biofuels products for researchers and students working in the area of bioenergy and renewable energy, but it is also ideal for practicing engineers in the biorefinery and biofuel industry who are looking to develop commercial products. - Focuses on an in-depth, techno-economic analysis of biofuel and bioenergy products, including all important feedstocks, processes and products, all of which are supported by industry case studies - Includes environmental impacts and lifecycle assessments of biofuels production alongside techno-economic analyses - Provides a critical guide to assessing the commercial viability and feasibility of bioenergy production from renewable sources

As the global demand for meat increases due to population and economic growth, more pressure has been placed on the animal feed sector to support sustainable livestock production, whilst also ensuring the nutritional value and palatability of feed. With traditional sources of protein, including oilseeds and distiller grains, considered as major contributors to climate change, there is growing interest in establishing alternative, more ‘climate-smart'sources of protein, such as seaweed and other forms of microalgae that can supplement livestock diets. Seaweed and microalgae as alternative sources of protein summarises current advances in utilising macroalgae and microalgae as alternative sources of proteins. The collection reviews processes of protein formation in macroalgae and microalgae, macroalgae farming and processing as well as microalgae bioprocessing. Chapters also discuss the practical application of seaweed as an alternative protein source in ruminant, pig, poultry and fish diets. Edited by Professor Xin Gen Lei, Cornell University, USA, Seaweed and microalgae as alternative sources of protein will be a standard reference for researchers from universities or other research centres involved in macroalgae/microalgae production and livestock nutrition, companies involved in the manufacture or supply of animal feed or livestock nutrition services, government and other agencies regulating the animal feed sector, as well as farmers interested in furthering their knowledge on recent developments in the animal feed/livestock nutrition sector.

Investigating the complex nature of environmental problems requires the integration of different environmental processes across major components of the environment. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) not only includes analyzing and modelling environmental changes, but also supports planning alternatives that promote environmental monitoring and management.The adoption of integrated modelling approaches requires the development of frameworks which may be used to investigate individual environmental processes and their interactions with each other. Integrated modelling systems and frameworks are often the only way to examine important environmental processes and interactions, relevant spatial and temporal scales, and feedback mechanisms of complex systems for CEA.This book examines the ways in which interactions and relationships between environmental components are understood, paying special attention to climate, land, water quantity and quality, and both anthropogenic and natural stressors. It reviews modelling approaches for each component and existing integrated modelling systems for CEA. Finally, it proposes an integrated modelling framework and provides perspectives on future research avenues for cumulative effects assessment.

Marked by names such as W. B. Yeats, James Joyce and Patrick Pearse, the decade 1910–1920 was a period of revolutionary change in Ireland, in literature, politics and public opinion. What fed the creative and reformist urge besides the circumstances of the moment and a vision of the future? The leading experts in Irish history, literature and culture assembled in this volume argue that the shadow of the past was also a driving factor: the traumatic, undigested memory of the defeat and death of the charismatic national leader Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-1891). The authors reassess Parnell's impact on the Ireland of his time, its cultural, religious, political and intellectual life, in order to trace his posthumous influence into the early twentieth century in fields such as political activism, memory culture, history-writing, and literature.

This book presents various methods for sustainability assessment of energy systems, under various different conditions and scenarios. It answers the questions of how to measure the sustainability of energy systems by adopting appropriate metrics and methods. This book provides readers with a comprehensive view of the frontiers of sustainability assessment methods for energy system analysis. It presents various methodologies, allowing readers to understand: the complete metrics for sustainability assessment; life cycle thinking for sustainability assessment of energy systems; and the advanced sustainability assessment methods for energy systems. This book is of interest to researchers, engineers, decision makers, and postgraduate students within the field of energy systems, sustainability, and decision analysis.

Dairy foods account for a large portion of the Western diet, but due to the potential diversity of their sources, this food group often poses a challenge for food scientists and their research efforts. Bringing together the foremost minds in dairy research, Handbook of Dairy Foods Analysis, Second Edition, compiles the top dairy analysis techniques and methodologies from around the world into one well-organized volume. Exceptionally comprehensive in both its detailing of methods and the range of dairy products covered, this handbook includes tools for analyzing chemical and biochemical compounds and also bioactive peptides, prebiotics, and probiotics. It describes noninvasive chemical and physical sensors and starter cultures used in quality control. This second edition includes four brand-new chapters covering the analytical techniques and methodologies for determining bioactive peptides, preservatives, activity of endogenous enzymes, and sensory perception of dairy foods, and all other chapters have been adapted to recent research. All other chapters have been thoroughly updated.Key Features: Explains analytical tools available for the analysis of the chemistry and biochemistry of dairy foods Covers a variety of dairy foods including milk, cheese, butter, yogurt, and ice cream Analysis of nutritional quality includes prebiotics, probiotics, essential amino acids, bioactive peptides, and healthy vegetable-origin compounds Includes a series of chapters on analyzing sensory qualities, including color, texture, and flavor. Covering the gamut of dairy analysis techniques, the book discusses current methods for the analysis of chemical and nutritional compounds, and the detection of microorganisms, allergens, contaminants, and/or other adulterations, including those of environmental origin or introduced during processing. Other methodologies used to evaluate color, texture, and flavor are also discussed. Written by an international panel of distinguished contributors under the editorial guidance of renowned authorities, Fidel Toldrá and Leo M.L. Nollet, this handbook is one of the few references that is completely devoted to dairy food analysis – an extremely valuable reference for those in the dairy research, processing, and manufacturing industries.

Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation: Techniques and Case Studies for Environmental Pollution, Second Edition describes the successful application of microbes and their derivatives for bioremediation of potentially toxic and relatively novel compounds in the environment. Our natural biodiversity and environment is in danger due to the release of continuously emerging potential pollutants by anthropogenic activities. Though many attempts have been made to eradicate and remediate these noxious elements, thousands of xenobiotics of relatively new entities emerge every day, thus worsening the situation. Primitive microorganisms are highly adaptable to toxic environments, and can reduce the load of toxic elements by their successful transformation and remediation. This completely updated new edition presents many new technologies and techniques and includes theoretical context and case studies in every chapter. Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation: Techniques and Case Studies for Environmental Pollution, Second Edition serves as a single-source reference and encompasses all categories of pollutants and their applications in a convenient, comprehensive format for researchers in environmental science and engineering, pollution, environmental microbiology, and biotechnology. - Describes many novel approaches of microbial bioremediation including genetic engineering, metagenomics, microbial fuel cell technology, biosurfactants and biofilm-based bioremediation - Introduces relatively new hazardous elements and their bioremediation practices including oil spills, military waste water, greenhouse gases, polythene wastes, and more - Provides the most advanced techniques in the field of bioremediation, including insilico approach, microbes as pollution indicators, use of bioreactors, techniques of pollution monitoring, and more - Completely updated and expanded to include topics and techniques such as genetically engineered bacteria, environmental health, nanoremediation, heavy metals, contaminant transport, and in situ and ex situ methods - Includes theoretical context and case studies within each chapter

Rare, unique and irreplaceable – precious native rainforests occupy a precariously small part of Australia while retaining a remarkable level of both biological and chemical diversity unrivalled by any other ecosystem. Australia's ancient history and traditions are intimately intertwined with the rainforest plants that humans have utilised as both food and medicine. Phytochemistry of Australia's Tropical Rainforest is a record of this history and details how our understanding of these plants has led to the discovery of anaesthetics, analgesics, steroids, antimalarials and more. It provides an insight into the habitat, ecology and family associations of hundreds of species and explores their future therapeutic potential, alongside phytochemical studies of the ancient plant lineages. Toxicological evaluations of important poisonous plants are also included. Rainforests provide shelter for unique flora and fauna that are counted among the rarest species on Earth, many of which are illustrated in this book. This comprehensive work is an essential reference for phytochemists, ethnobotanists and those with an interest in rainforests and their medicinal and botanical potential.

The genus Jatropha comprises a range of species with a wide range of potential applications. For instance, J. dioica and J. curcas have important medicinal, pharmaceutical and food uses, as described throughout the book. Most of the chapters of this book are focused on this later species, which is considered as the most promising and the one with the most applications. J. curcas oil is used as substrate for biodiesel production and, due to its high tolerance and uptake of metals, this plant is also used in phytoremediation, to be specific for the remediation of degraded mining areas. This book presents an overview of both current and promising applications of the species of Jatropha to the agricultural, mining and biofuel industries and, to lesser extent, the pharmaceutical and food industries. The agronomic practices (genotypes, plant density, fertilization, pruning and harvest date) are described as well. The most recent developments are discussed and the future prospects for research in these fields are explored.

From rustic towns and emerald valleys to lively cities and moss-draped ruins, experience Ireland with the most up-to-date 2021 guide from Rick Steves! Inside Rick Steves Ireland you'll find:Comprehensive coverage for planning a multi-week trip through IrelandRick's strategic advice on how to get the most of your time and money, with rankings of his must-see favoritesTop sights and hidden gems, from the Rock of Cashel and the Ring of Kerry to distilleries making whiskey with hundred-year-old recipesHow to connect with local culture: Hoist a pint at the corner pub, enjoy traditional fiddle music, and jump into conversations buzzing with brogueBeat the crowds, skip the lines, and avoid tourist traps with Rick's candid, humorous insightThe best places to eat, sleep, and relax with a GuinnessSelf-guided walking tours of atmospheric neighborhoods and awe-inspiring sightsTrip-planning tools, like how to link destinations, build your itinerary, and get from place to placeDetailed maps, including a fold-out map for exploring on the goUseful resources including a packing list, Irish phrase book, historical overview, and recommended readingUpdated to reflect changes that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic up to the date of publicationOver 1,000 bible-thin pages include everything worth seeing without weighing you downCoverage of Dublin, Kilkenny, Waterford, County Wexford, Kinsale, Cobh, Kenmare, The Ring of Kerry, Dingle Peninsula, County Clare, the Burren, Galway, the Aran Islands, Connemara, County Mayo, Belfast, Portrush, the Antrim Coast, Derry, County Donegal, and much moreMake the most of every day and every dollar with Rick Steves Ireland.Planning a one- to two-week trip? Check out Rick Steves Best of Ireland.

This book provides an overview of facts, theories and methods from hydrology, geology, geophysics, law, ethics, economics, ecology, engineering, sociology, diplomacy and many other disciplines with relevance for concepts and practice of water resources management. It provides comprehensive, but also critical reading material for all communities involved in the ongoing water discourses and debates.The book refers to case studies in the form of boxes, sections, or as entire chapters. They illustrate success stories, but also lessons to be remembered, to avoid repeating the same mistakes. Based on consolidated state-of-the-art knowledge, it has been conceived and written to attract a multidisciplinary audience.The aim of this handbook is to facilitate understanding between the participants of the international water discourse and multi-level decision making processes. Knowing more about water, but also about concepts, methods and aspirations of different professional, disciplinary communities and stakeholders professionalizes the debate and enhances the decision making.

This book discusses unique ion channels and transporters that are located within epithelial tissues of various organs including the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract. The authors will show, that each of these channels and transporters play crucial roles in transepithelial ion and fluid transport across epithelia and their responsibility in maintaining homeostasis. The reader gains an understanding of the fundamentals of epithelial ion transport, in terms of function, modelling, regulation, trafficking, structure and pharmacology. This is the third of three volumes highlighting the importance of epithelial ion channels and transporters in basic physiology and pathophysiology of human diseases. The focus of this volume lies with different ion channel and transporter families. Additionally, this volume benefits from pharmaceutical contributors and their insights into recent pre-clinical drug discovery efforts and results from clinical trials. Overall, these chapters offer a more thorough coverage of individual epithelial ion channels and transporters from the 1st Edition, along with eleven new chapters. That makes Volume 3 an insightful contribution for physiology students, scientists and clinicians.

The book provides valuable information on wild plants and their ethnopharmacological properties, discussion on ethnobotany, phytotherapy, diversity, chemical and pharmacological properties including antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antiprotozal properties. The chapters include a wide range of case studies, giving updated evidence on importance of wild plant resources from different countries including Nepal, India, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Egypt, Peru, etc. In addition, some specific species are used to explain their potential properties. Discussing traditional usage and pharmacological properties of wild plants, this book is entirely different from other related publications and useful for the researchers working in the areas of conservation biology, botany, ethnobiology, ethnopharmacology, policy making, etc.

In Ireland, the link between place and myth is strong, and there is no more enlightening way to understand the rich tapestry of Irish mythology, and its relationship to our true history, than by reading the landscape. Earthing the Myths is an engaging and exhaustive county-by-county guide to the vast number of fascinating places in Ireland connected to myth, folklore and early history. Covering the period 800 BC to AD 650, this book spans the Late Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the early Christian period, and explores the ways in which the land evolved, and with it our catalogue of myths and legends. Smyth chronicles sites the length and breadth of the country, where druids, fairies, goddesses, warriors and kings all left their mark, in tales both real and imagined. With over one thousand locations recorded, from Rathlin Island to the Beara Peninsula, Earthing the Myths breathes life into places throughout Ireland that find their origins in our pre-Christian and pre-Gaelic past, and shows that they still possess unique wisdom and vibrant energy.

This book discusses unique ion channels and transporters that are located within epithelial tissues of various organs including the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract. As the authors show, these channels and transporters play crucial roles in transepithelial ion and fluid transport across epithelia and their contribution to maintaining homeostasis. Readers will be introduced to the fundamentals of ion transport in terms of function, modelling, regulation, structure and pharmacology. This is the first of three volumes highlighting the importance of epithelial ion channels and transporters in basic physiology and pathophysiology of human diseases. This volume focuses on basic fundamentals of epithelial transport physiology. There is a range of chapters dedicated to specific aspects of epithelial ion transport and cell function. Accordingly, the authors discuss techniques used to determine epithelial function, principles of epithelia transport, polarization of epithelial cells, mathematical modelling of epithelial ion transport, protein folding of ion channels, degradation epithelial ion channels, fundamentals of epithelial sodium, potassium and chloride transport, fundamentals of bicarbonate secretion, volume regulation, and microRNA regulation of epithelial channels and transporters. Given its scope, Volume 1 offers a valuable resource for physiology students, scientists and clinicians alike.

A food system is sustainable if it delivers food and nutrition security for all without compromising the economic, social, and environmental bases to generate food security and nutrition for future generations. Sustainable food systems are vital in ensuring global health and ending malnutrition in all its forms. Assessing important dimensions of the food system such as nutrition, sustainable agriculture, food loss and waste can provide stakeholders with necessary information to evaluate the strength of their country's food systems and determine where more support is needed. Developing Sustainable Food Systems, Policies, and Securities is a pivotal reference source that explores the nature, extent, and causes of nutrition problems across the world as well as the role that agricultural policy plays in these issues. The book supports the development of sustainable food systems, policy options, and securities by various countries in order to successfully maintain sustainable food production systems. Featuring research topics such as food security, carbon emissions, and nutrition, the book is ideally designed for economists, environmentalists, food producers, policymakers, researchers, academicians, and students seeking coverage on agricultural and sustainability issues.

“We officially declare this the book of cheese.... The stunningly realistic illustrations are reason alone to buy the guide.” —Saveur, Our Favorite Cookbooks to Gift This Year“A cheese lover's dream, educating aficionados through gorgeous pictures and fun, colorful graphics.”—BookPage Everything you need to know about the world's great cheeses, including how they're made, their universe of flavors, origins, and terroir. Organized by type, the book features more than 400 cheeses worth knowing—from fresh cheese and pressed cheese to blue cheese, soft cheese, and spreadable cheese. Each includes an an identifying illustration, nuts and bolts like the type of milk and fat content, and a brief, memorable description. Readers will find unexpected cheeses that are best for melting (Hushållsost), best for serving solo (Bovški Sir), and even the stinkiest (pick up some Allgäuer Weisslacker and see what company thinks). Includes dozens of maps; an aroma wheel to help refine your palate; a guide to composing cheese boards; tips for pairing with wine, beer, whiskey, cider; and so much more.

This book provides an insight into how a country contributes to the GHG emissions reductions required to keep global warming within the limits set by the Paris Agreement arrived at COP21 in 2015. It shows what actions are needed for the implementation plan that Fiji will use to satisfy its quota (i.e. its Nationally Determined Contribution or NDC) of the total GHG emissions reductions. It is a primary resource material for those who wish to obtain an understanding of the science behind climate change mitigation. It reveals the behind-the-scenes action that takes place to convert the rhetoric of climate change into the action on the ground that actually reduces the GHG emissions and global warming. The book also presents a critique of methods adopted by nations in meeting their NDCs to emissions reductions as agreed at the Paris Agreement, and suggests improvements.

Floriculture is one of the fastest-growing sectors of commercial agriculture world-wide with many highly profitable crops. Cultivation of flowers more pragmatic endeavor than other crops. Every day novel variety, new colour in any ornamental flower crop not only fascinates us but also gives a thrust to know more about their breeding technologies. Creation of diversity of new and domesticated flower crops by public and private sector flower breeders brings a fascination towards its breeding technology. The students while dealing with the breeding and biotechnology of flowers then they must required a base knowledge. Therefore emphasis has been given to present the book in its easiest form so that anyone can understand it without losing interest from it. It has been designed to cover all the aspects of breeding, the basic objectives, different breeding methods, methodology for improvement of specific crops, stress resistance, quality improvement, mutagenesis, genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Theatergeschichte ist allzu oft die Geschichte der Hauptstadttheater. Die meisten Theater sowohl in Deutschland als auch in Großbritannien waren und sind jedoch Regionaltheater. Anselm Heinrich kann zeigen, dass sich die Theater in Bradford, Leeds, Sheffield und York nicht grundsätzlich von denen in Münster, Bielefeld, Dortmund, Bochum und Hagen unterschieden. Die Theater unterlagen jeweils einem ganz ähnlichen wirtschaftlichen Druck: Ein Spielplan musste populär sein, die Zuschauerzahlen wurden genau beobachtet. Weder für britische noch für deutsche Theater gab es Bestandsgarantien - bis 1933, als die Nationalsozialisten begannen, Zuschüsse in bisher nicht gekannten Höhen zu zahlen. Der Zweite Weltkrieg setzte schließlich ein Denken in Gang, das die regionalen Theater nicht mehr nur als Wirtschaftsunternehmen begriff, sondern in einer stärkeren kulturellen und politischen Funktion sah. Nach 1940 erhielten auch britische Theater Subventionen, und die Erwartungen an einen nicht mehr rein unterhaltenden Spielplan waren denen in Deutschland nicht unähnlich.