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On Simples, a medicinal text of the first century A.D., is attributed in the manuscripts to the famous Dioscorides. In a remarkable piece of detective work, Professor Fitch establishes that its alphabetical sequences of medications, ignored by earlier scholars, are conclusive proof that the attribution cannot be correct. He also shows that these sequences provide evidence about the content of earlier, now lost, works, including perhaps the Rhizotomikon of Crateus. This is the first English translation of On Simples. With its exhaustive concordances and indices, it will make the work accessible to readers interested in ancient medicine, and will facilitate future research.

This book presents the first ever English translation of the Medicina Plinii, one of the most influential books of applied medicine and self-medication in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.The work, which predates AD 400, was created as a quick reference work for travellers, and became and remained highly influential, as witnessed by frequent references to it and by various later adaptations. Only the rise of scientific medicine and pharmacology led to its demise and confinement in a small corner of specialist studies. It presents more than 1,150 healing methods and recipes mainly adapted from the encyclopedic Natural History of Pliny the Elder, arranged from the patient's head to foot in order that readers could quickly find treatments for their diseases. The Medicina Plinii is of dual interest to present-day scholarship: The book is a monument for the practical application of classical knowledge which has recently found lively interest in the history of science and medicine. At the same time the Medicina Plinii provides a fascinating insight into the realities of the world of Late Antiquity, and into the anxieties of the people living in the vast Roman empire.This book will be of particular interest to scholars and advanced students in the History of Science and Medicine, along with a wider audience interested in medicine, and in life in the Roman world.

Medieval medicine is a field of study still largely unexplored, due mainly to the absence of modern editions of texts.One of these texts is the Thesaurus pauperum, a collection of recipes prepared with natural (and easily accessible) ingredients, conceived as a manual for self-medication. The extraordinary success of this work is proved by its large number of Latin witnesses and by the abundant vernacular translations.The book presents for the first time the critical edition of the Thesaurus pauperum in ancient Pisan vernacular: the text is transmitted by six manuscripts, and dates back to the 14th century. This critical edition is completed with the linguistic analysis of the text and with a glossary of botanical and medical terms. A general introduction put this work in context, offering a survey of medieval medicine and dealing specifically with the different Italian translations of the Thesaurus pauperum. This book provides an useful contribution to the study of history of medicine and to the study of Italian linguistics, thanks to the description of ancient Pisan vernacular and to the lexicological analysis.

The first medical book published in the American colonies The English Physician is a humble vest-pocket-sized 94-page medical guide for the common person, by the prolific herbalist and author Nicholas Culpeper. It was a staple in 17th-century England, as it was short, written in accessible prose, and inexpensive; and perhaps as attractive, it took a decidedly skeptical view of'official'medicine, relying instead on popular remedies. Culpeper's philosophy was to teach the common folk to minister to themselves by providing them with the tools and knowledge for self-help. Published in Boston in 1708 by Nicholas Boone, the American version of The English Physician was widely cited and used at the time. Today only five copies are known to exist. The rarity of this vade mecum of colonial America is wrapped in mystery: Who really wrote this book and when, where, and how did it originate? The editor illuminates these mysteries while adding an informative historical introduction on the state of medical knowledge and practice at the time, exploring Culpeper's position among competing medical writers, and glossing the medical and botanical terms, providing contemporary equivalents. Modern readers will discover the meaning behind the strangely named brews and concoctions of the 17th century and will learn how this Boston printing literally transformed the American landscape with herbs brought from the British colonists'homeland.

The first contemporary translation of the 1,000-year-old text at the foundation of modern medicine and biology • Presents the actual words of Avicenna translated directly from the original Arabic, removing the inaccuracies and errors of most translators • Explains current medical interpretations and ways to apply Avicenna's concepts today, particularly for individualized medicine • Reveals how Avicenna's understanding of the “humors” corresponds directly with the biomedical classes known today as proteins, lipids, and organic acids A millennium after his life, Avicenna remains one of the most highly regarded physicians of all time. His Canon of Medicine, also known as the Qanun, is one of the most famous and influential books in the history of medicine, forming the basis for our modern understanding of human health and disease. It focused not simply on the treatment of symptoms, but on finding the cause of illness through humoral diagnosis—a method still used in traditional Unani and Ayurvedic medicines in India. Originally written in Arabic, Avicenna's Canon was long ago translated into Latin, Persian, and Urdu, yet many of the inaccuracies from those first translations linger in current English translations. Translated directly from the original Arabic, this volume includes detailed commentary to explain current biomedical interpretations of Avicenna's theories and ways to apply his treatments today, particularly for individualized medicine. It shows how Avicenna's understanding of the humors corresponds directly with the biomedical definition of proteins, lipids, and organic acids: the nutrient building blocks of our blood and body. With this new translation of the first volume of his monumental work, Avicenna's Canon becomes just as relevant today as it was 1,000 years ago.

The Alphabet of Galen is a critical edition and English translation of a text describing, in alphabetical order, nearly three hundred natural products - including metals, aromatics, animal materials, and herbs - and their medicinal uses. A Latin translation of earlier Greek writings on pharmacy that have not survived, it circulated among collections of'authorities'on medicine, including Hippocrates, Galen of Pergamun, Soranus, and Ps. Apuleius. This work presents interesting linguistic features, including otherwise unattested Greek and Latin technical terms and unique pharmacological descriptions. Nicholas Everett provides a window onto the medieval translation of ancient science and medieval conceptions of pharmacy. With a comprehensive scholarly apparatus and a contextual introduction, The Alphabet of Galen is a major resource for understanding the richness and diversity of medical history.

Hildegard von Bingen ist nicht nur wegen ihrer visionär-prophetischen Schriften und ihrer musikalischen Schöpfungen eine herausragende Gestalt des deutschen Mittelalters, sie hat auch mit ihrem naturkundlich-heilpraktischen Werk Physica großen Einfluss ausgeübt, der bis in die Gegenwart reicht. Allerdings wurde die bisherige Standardausgabe aus dem Jahr 1855 ihrem Werk nur unzureichend gerecht, weil die wichtigsten Handschriften erst im Nachhinein entdeckt worden sind – die authentischste sogar erst im Jahre 1983. Diese Florentiner Handschrift konnte der neuen Textausgabe als Grundlage dienen, wobei aber auch die gesamte übrige Überlieferung wesentlich zur Textkonstitution beiträgt. Das Ergebnis ist ein fast um das Doppelte erweiterter Text, wobei in den bisher nicht bekannten Teilen vor allem kombinierte Rezepturen im Vordergrund stehen, die unter den Aspekten der schon in der Antike vorgeprägten mittelalterlichen Humoralpathologie erstellt wurden. Ihre Gültigkeit bis in die Gegenwart ist in Fachkreisen ein heiß umstrittenes Thema. Dass das Werk als Naturlehre in der langen Tradition eines Isidor von Sevilla und des Summarium Heinrici steht, konnte erst durch die begleitenden Forschungen bei der Erarbeitung dieser Textausgabe nachgewiesen werden. – Ein kommentiertes Wörterbuch zu den deutschen Wörtern der Physica ist in Vorbereitung.

'I love that this book is the real deal. A truly unique and informative read.'— Texas Kitchen and Garden and MoreOriginally written in the Aztec language, Nahuatl, in 1552, this classic codex was the first herbal and medical text compiled in the New World. The author of this extraordinarily rare and valuable document was Martín de la Cruz, an Aztec physician, whose work was subsequently translated into Latin by an Aztec nobleman, Juan Badiano.The book was translated into English in 1939 by William Gates. In these pages are centuries-old Aztec remedies for boils, hair loss, cataracts, insomnia, sore throats, hiccups, gout, lesions, wounds, joint diseases, tumors, and scores of other ailments. Over 180 black-and-white figures of the plants augment the text, along with 38 full color illustrations made specially for the Gates edition. Additional supplements include an introduction to the Mexican botanical system, an analytical index of the plants, and a new Introduction by anthropologist Bruce Byland of the City University of New York.Remarkable for its scope, detail, careful observation, and accurate description, An Aztec Herbal stands as a magnificent example of the impressive medical knowledge of indigenous peoples. This handsome and inexpensive edition of a long-unavailable work promises to engender a new appreciation of the skill and inventiveness of Aztec medical practices in particular and of Native American science in general.

For 1,600 years Dioscorides (ca. AD 40–80) was regarded as the foremost authority on drugs. He knew mild laxatives and strong purgatives, analgesics for headaches, antiseptics for wounds, emetics to rid one of ingested poisons, chemotherapy agents for cancer treatments, and even oral contraceptives. Why, then, have his works remained obscure in recent centuries? Because of one small oversight (Dioscorides himself thought it was self-evident): he failed to describe his method for organizing drugs by their affinities. This omission led medical authorities to use his materials as a guide to pharmacy while overlooking Dioscorides'most valuable contribution—his empirically derived method for observing and classifying drugs by clinical testing. Dioscorides'De materia medica, a five-volume work, was written in the first century. Here revealed for the first time is the thesis that Dioscorides wrote more than a lengthy guide book. He wrote a great work of science. He had said that he discovered the natural order and would demonstrate it by his arrangement of drugs from plants, minerals, and animals. Until John M. Riddle's pathfinding study, no one saw the genius of his system. Botanists from the eighteenth century often attempted to find his unexplained method by identifying the sequences of his plants according to the Linnean system but, while there are certain patterns, there remained inexplicable incoherencies. However, Dioscorides'natural order as set down in De materia medica was determined by drug affinities as detected by his acute, clinical ability to observe drug reactions in and on the body. So remarkable was his ability to see relationships that, in some cases, he saw what we know to be common chemicals shared by plants of the same and related species and other natural product drugs from animal and mineral sources. Western European and Islamic medicine considered Dioscorides the foremost authority on drugs, just as Hippocrates is regarded as the Father of Medicine. They saw him point the way but only described the end of his finger, despite the fact that in the sixteenth century alone there were over one hundred books published on him. If he had explained what he thought to be self-evident, then science, especially chemistry and medicine, would almost certainly have developed differently. In this culmination of over twenty years of research, Riddle employs modern science and anthropological studies innovatively and cautiously to demonstrate the substance to Dioscorides'authority in medicine.