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In petroleum engineering, liquid nitrogen can be used to aid in fracturing the formation rock because of its extremely cryogenic temperature. With the development of new jet technology in recent years, liquid nitrogen is considered as a promising jet medium to exploit oil and gas. The first chapter of this book provides an impact pressure and parametric sensitivity analysis of the numerical simulation of liquid nitrogen. In the second chapter, the uses of liquid nitrogen in a completely different sphere are explored, particularly its use for the storage of human cells and tissues for transplantation. Finally, liquid nitrogen is one of the cryogenic fluids most used for cryopreservation of animal germoplasm; low temperature preservation of oocytes, sperm and embryos is a fundamental cornerstone of assisted reproductive technologies. The last chapter examines the mathematical prediction of cooling rates during cryopreservation of reproductive cells in liquid nitrogen.

Jennifer Maiden's poems are like verse essays, subjecting the political issues of our time, and the figures who dominate them, to a fierce scrutiny, while allowing the personal aspects of experience to be portrayed in the most delicate and imaginative ways. This is the quality of liquid nitrogen which gives the book its title – ‘the frozen suspension which is risky/ but also fecund and has beauty'– it is a substance which permits the most intense and heated interactions, and at the same time, the survival of delicate organisms. In the cool medium of Maiden's poetry Julia Gillard confronts her mentor Nye Bevan, Kevin Rudd shares a flight with Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Eleanor Roosevelt plays Woody Guthrie for Hillary Clinton. The poems focus on the terrorist attacks in Mumbai, Breivik in Norway, dissidents in Beijing, the protests in Tahrir Square and Gillard's way of governing, alongside tributes to friends and family, cats and dogs, birds and music. Few poets are as political as Maiden, and as intimate.

This book describes a simple yet innovative method for performing Raman spectroscopy of samples submerged under liquid nitrogen. While Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool for the characterization of the structure of matter in the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases, one major difficulty in its application has been laser damage to the material under investigation, especially for biological samples. This book demonstrates how immersion of the sample in liquid nitrogen protects the sample from thermal degradation and oxidation at high incident laser power and allows improvements in sensitivity and spectral resolution over room-temperature Raman spectroscopy, leading to the so-called RUN (Raman Spectroscopy Under liquid Nitrogen) technique. Cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature also allows the selection of the lowest energy molecular conformation for molecules which may have many low energy conformers. In addition, the presence of liquid nitrogen over a roughened surface improves the sensitivity of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), enabling the closely related SERSUN (Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Under liquid Nitrogen) technique. This book starts with the theoretical and experimental basics of Raman and polarized Raman spectroscopy, before moving on to detailed descriptions of RUN and SERSUN. Room temperature and RUN spectra are provided for over fifty molecules.

The discovery by J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Mtllier in 1986 that the superconducting state can exist in oxides at temperatures above 30 K stimulated research in the field of superconductivity and opened up a new field of research. Within a few years a large number of cuprate superconductors with transition temperatures well above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen have been found. The possibility of using liquid nitrogen as coolant re-stimulated interest in power applications of supercon­ ductivity. In this book an overview of the known high-Te superconductors and their physical properties is presented. Aspects related to conductor fabrication and high-current applications are emphasised. The material should be suitable for use in graduate­ level courses on superconductivity. Researchers in the field may profit from the large number of tables and references describing its status at the end of 1997. An introduction to high-To superconductivity must be based on the fundamental physical principles of normal-state electrical conductivity and the well-known characteristics of conventional superconductors. In Chapter 2 this background is provided. Crystal structures, anisotropic properties and general trends of the critical temperatures of the cuprate superconductors are described in Chapters 3 and 4. The processing of superconductor powders addressed in Chapter 5 affects considerably the current-carrying capacity of high-T. wires. In Chapter 6 several fabrication techniques for superconducting wires are described. In addition, the factors limiting the transport critical currents ofhigh-Te wires are discussed.

This volume contains twelve chapters that detail advances in biology. Chapter One discusses non-surgical treatment for periodontal diseases. Chapter Two develops a comprehensive understanding of the influence of metal pollution on ecosystem disturbance. In Chapter Three transcriptome analyses were conducted using the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 exposed to severe salinity and antibiotic stresses. Chapter Four presents a description of plant lectins, in relation to structure, localization, heterologous expression, detection and purification methods, biological activity, and biotechnological applications. Chapter Five discusses the use of methods of multivariate statistics in order to identify significant differences between the histochemical activity of enzymes of the skin glands of laboratory and wild rats. Chapter Six proposes fucoidan as a promising nutraceutical to improve gastrointestinal function. Chapter Seven discusses functions of α-SMA in HSC activation and its potential as a therapeutic target for antifibrotic therapy. Chapter Eight describes the audiovestibular disorders in children with Cytomegalovirus. Chapter Nine explains loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Chapter Ten studies the effect of short-term liquid nitrogen storage of seeds on the germination, phenotypic characteristics, phenolics compounds, soluble sugar and protein contents in L. leucocephala. Chapter Eleven reviews the biological properties of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and summarizes the current knowledge of the function of S1P in macrophage biology. Lastly, Chapter Twelve explains the structure of the neutrino halo of a chicken egg.

The Lamiaceae Family: An Overview provides information on the ethnobotanical, chemical diversity, pharmacological activities, and commercial importance of over 100 Himalayan Lamiaceae species belonging to Nepeta, Ocimum, Mentha, Elsholtzia, Ajuga, Origanum, Thymus, Hyssopus, Calamintha, Plectranthus, Coleus, Perilla, Pogostemon, Salvia, Stachys, Teucrium and Scutellaria. Next, the authors provide systematic and thorough information on the phenolic composition of two Origanum species extracts obtained using different solvents and/or methods shown to possess antioxidant properties that might be correlated to their traditionally established usage. In order to protect essential oils from degradation, to improve their stability and bioavailability, different methods of their encapsulation in various colloidal systems such as microcapsules, microspheres, nanoemulsions and liposomes are introduced. In addition, literature data revealed that the incorporation of synthetic as well as herbal drugs into phospholipids carriers such as liposomes tended to improve their efficacy. Following this, in vitro-grown plantlets of Lavandula officinalis were subjected to green-synthesized silver nanoparticles at 1, 2 and 4 mg/L concentrations. Growth parameters such as elongation, shoot and root formation and biomass accumulations are investigated to understand the effects of silver nanoparticles on micropropagation. Additionally, the variation of major secondary metabolites in water extracts of 13 different Lamiaceae herbs are investigated. After raising for 8 weeks in the greenhouse, the herbs were harvested and cryopreserved using liquid nitrogen. Afterward, sample extracts (20% w/v) were prepared from the leaf using ultrapure water and analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. The authors present some evidence about homoploid hybridization of Origanum genus put forward by Ietswaart. If habitat, ecological and geographic isolations occur between the hybrids and their parents, these hybrids can be speciated via homoploid hybridization in the future. In conclusion, an overview of aromatic species belonging to the family Lamiaceae is presented, and the chemical composition of the volatile fraction of these existing species in Ecuador is also reported.

This book introduces the physical principles behind levitation with superconductors, and includes many examples of practical magnetic levitation demonstrations using superconducting phenomena. It features more than twenty examples of magnetic levitation in liquid nitrogen using high temperature superconductors and permanent magnets, all invented by the author. The book includes the demonstration of suspension phenomenon induced by magnetic flux pinning as well as magnetic levitation by the Meissner effect. It shows how superconducting magnetic levitation and suspension phenomena fire the imagination and provide scientific insight and inspiration. This book will be a useful experimental guide and teaching resource for those working on superconductivity, and a fascinating text for undergraduate and graduate students.

This book covers the important contributions of the Chinese during the development of high-temperature superconductors (HTS). The study of Y-based HTS, which was the first to be reported internationally at a liquid nitrogen temperature above 90 K, has retained the world record for superconducting transition temperatures. The book covers the study of superconducting energy gap, microscopic electron non-uniformity, ARPES research,'kinks'research, eHigh-Tᶜ. In order to provide a comprehensive introduction to the physical properties of condensed matter, this book also includes studies on the thermodynamic properties of high-temperature superconductors, low-temperature heat transport, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, this book includes important topics in theoretical studies, including the study of the magnetic and superconductivity of iron-based materials, the non-diagonal long procedure in condensed quantum phases, and the creation of oxygen sites in the CuO₂ plane. Rotational fluctuations lead to the study of superconducting states. This book is suitable for researchers and graduate students in condensed matter physics, materials science, optics and other fields.

For the majority of the world's population, medicinal and aromatic plants are the most important source of life-saving drugs. Biotechnological tools represent important resources for selecting, multiplying and conserving the critical genotypes of medicinal plants. In this regard, in-vitro regeneration holds tremendous potential for the production of high-quality plant-based medicines, while cryopreservation – a long-term conservation method using liquid nitrogen – provides an opportunity to conserve endangered medicinal and aromatic plants. In-vitro production of secondary metabolites in plant cell suspension cultures has been reported for various medicinal plants, and bioreactors represent a key step toward the commercial production of secondary metabolites by means of plant biotechnology. Addressing these key aspects, the book contains 29 chapters, divided into three sections. Section 1: In-vitro production of secondary metabolites Section 2: In-vitro propagation, genetic transformation and germplasm conservation Section 3: Conventional and molecular approaches

Following the discovery of the oxide superconductors in 1986 by Bednorz and Müller, a number of new superconducting compounds was found exhibiting superconductivity above the liquid nitrogen temperature including rare-earth oxides and bismuth oxides, enabling cheaper cooling methods to be applied. The new class of superconducting materials featuring high critical temperatures (Tc above 77 K) and high second critical magnetic fields gave a new impetus to the research and development in superconductivity. Governments of many countries worldwide have encouraged scientists, engineers and industry to develop high temperature superconducting materials for practical use. Environmentally benign scenarios of high speed transport systems, energy saving by utilizing DC cables, medical equipment (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems), a new class of magnetic drug delivery system (MDDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and non-contact rotating machinery are expected. Nowadays, there is already a variety of high-Tc superconducting products available on the market, like single domain, batch processed bulks with diameters up to 140 mm, hundreds of kilometers of the first generation silver-sheathed Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 wires and tapes, and several kilometers of the second generation Y-123 tapes ('coated conductors') for winding coils of superconducting super-magnets or for constructing high-Tc super-cables for high energy transfer. The authors hope that, especially for young researchers, new upcoming engineers and students of superconductivity theory extension, the collected know-how in technology of superconducting thin films, wires, and bulks, and the new opportunities available for practical applications by the unique features of high-Tc materials will be very useful. The volume is designed to cover the recent achievements in occurrence, synthesis and application of high-Tc superconductors. The volume consists of a total of seventeen chapters, each of them defining in-depth the chapter subject and surveying recent developments in the field. The main objective of this volume is to summarize the recent advances in material science of high-Tc superconductors, including their properties, processing, and applications. New and challenging issues appear in this book, like superconducting large grain bulk RE-123, flux pinning, nanowire network fabrics and their applications, and a quantitative analysis on the normal-state Nernst coefficient. Furthermore, the book also covers recent developments on a variety of materials and the progress made, especially concerning the magnetic characterization of bulk C-doped MgB2, silver added bulk FeSe, and (BiPb)SrCaCuO systems, respectively. To show a full picture of the currently ongoing research efforts, the book covers large scale applications of bulk materials, including magnetic bearings, superconducting electric motors and their design layouts, hybrid-type superconducting magnetic bearings for rotating machinery, compact magnetic field generators, refrigerators, and recent developments in the application of superconducting super-magnets in the medical field. The authors would like to take this opportunity to express their sincere gratitude to all of the chapter contributors for their great endeavor in completing this book in time. They also wish to acknowledge Carra Feagaiga from NOVA Science Publisher for offering invaluable advice at every stage of editing this book. We would also like to extend our thanks to President Prof. M. Murakami-sensei, SIT for his constant support and encouragements. The team of authors and the editors sincerely hope that the presented ideas and information in this book will be helpful for interested readers, scientists, young researchers, bachelor and master students, and will encourage further development in the field.

The aim of this work is to advance the knowledge on the behavior of fluids in porous materials. Wicking, or imbibition, is a spontaneous penetration of liquid into porous media due to capillary forces. Due to the challenges of the capillary transport of cryogenic liquids, the wicking of liquid nitrogen subjected to evaporation was of a special interest for this research. For that, a novel test facility was built to perform experiments in a one-species system under pre-defined non-isothermal conditions. Two one-dimensional macroscopic wicking models were proposed to evaluate the impact of the porous sample superheat, geometrical and structural characteristics as well as the impact of the vapor flow created due to evaporation. In the second part of this work, the capillary transport abilities of porous ceramic monoliths of anisotropic structure were studied. The polymer-derived ceramic samples fabricated with the freeze-casting method were characterized via vertical wicking tests. In the third part, the capillary transport properties of porous media and the wicking process were examined using the computational fluid dynamics software. The results of benchmark microscopic and macroscopic simulations may serve as a basis for further numerical investigations of fluid flow problems in porous media.

100 all-new, accessible recipes from the favorite Top Chef All-Stars winner and Top Chef judge and Food Network regular. Fans know Richard Blais best as the winner of Bravo's Top Chef All-Stars, the first competitor to be invited back as a permanent judge on Top Chef, and now as a Food Network regular as well. On television, Blais is famous for his daring cooking, making use of science (think liquid nitrogen) to dazzle and impress. But how does he cook at home for his family when the cameras are off? That's what this book will answer, with elevated homestyle recipes and personal stories that invite you behind the scenes and into his own kitchen for the first time. Some recipes might look familiar, like spaghetti and meatballs, but have a secret, flavor-boosting ingredient, and others feature clever but unexpected techniques, like his fried chicken that is first marinated in pickle juice. These are creative recipes that anyone can make and are sure to excite, from Seabass with Ginger Beer and Bok Choy to Jerked Spatchcock Chicken and Plantains, making this this the book Blais fans have been waiting for. “I cannot get over how amazing his food is. Can. Not. Get. Over!” —Amy Schumer “This collection of recipes is accessibly bold, certain to wow your family and dinner guests.” —Jesse Tyler Ferguson “A fantastic collection of recipes that, at first glance, may seem out of a home cook's league. However, Richard Blais has a way of turning beautiful restaurant-like dishes into approachable at-home recipes that will make you look like a rock star in the kitchen.” —Emeril Lagasse

Vegetable processing is preparation of vegetables for use by humans'consumptions as food. The main objective of vegetable processing is to supply wholesome, safe, nutritious and acceptable food to consumers throughout the year. Vegetables consist of a large group of plants consumed as food. Perishable when fresh but able to be preserved by a number of processing methods, they are excellent sources of certain minerals and vitamins and are often the main source of dietary fibre. The consumption of vegetables has increased significantly as consumers have become more health-conscious. Owing to the perishable nature of the fresh produce, international trade in vegetables is mostly confined to the processed forms. Vegetables can be classified by edible parts into root (e.g., potatoes and carrots), stem (asparagus and celery), leaf (lettuce and spinach), immature flower bud (broccoli and brussels sprouts), and fruit (tomatoes and cucumbers) etc. Depending on the class of vegetable, there are differences in the structure, size, shape, and rigidity of the individual cells. The fresh market shelf life and processing requirements are also very different. The four quality factors of vegetables are colour, texture, flavour, and nutritive values. Fresh vegetables are purchased on the basis of colour and texture, but repeated purchases are made on the basis of flavour and nutritional content. The major nutrients contributed by vegetables to the human diet are dietary fibre (both soluble and insoluble), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium), and vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin A, thiamine, niacin, folic acid). Vegetables contain a complex profile of bioactive compounds, of which most are labile to heat, air and/or light. To extract bioactive compounds effectively from fresh tissue, samples are usually cut into small pieces and then snap-frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen since chopped material is much more unstable. Vegetables are the major sources of natural antioxidants and contain various kinds of antioxidant compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, lutein, and lycopene. Among these compounds, Phenolic compounds represent a majority of natural antioxidants presently identified. It has ability to scavenge free radicals and exhibits antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiglycemic, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Phenolic compounds can be used as ingredients in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and food. For application in food, it can be used to prevent oxidation of food containing high amounts of liquid. Phenolic compounds were found in various vegetables. Determination of the nature of the compounds in different commodities by different methods and the influence of pre-harvest, postharvest and processing treatments is well know. This book summarizes the vegetable processing of different crops and wide variety of extraction and characterization techniques which are used to quantify individual or total antioxidants, as well as other bioactive compounds. Keeping above view in mind, we have decided to work on compilation and editing of Book entitled'Vegetable Processing and Bioactive Compound Extraction'by Dr. Dattatreya M. Kadam, Dr. Monika Sharma and Dr. Devinder Kaur. Book covers tomatoes, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, brinjal/egg plant, mushroom, Bitter gourd, bamboo, chilli, potatoes, leafy vegetables, lady finger, root crops, onion, curry leaves, (22 Chapters) those chapters are contributed by different authors/ multiple authors from different organization, institute and university. This edited book will be good source of text/ reference book for teachers, students and researchers of different universities, colleges and institute. This book targets the areas of Food Processing, Food Process Engineering, Agricultural Processing, Food Science and Technology, Horticulture, Post-harvest Technology, Food and Nutrition, Food Biochemistry, Food Micro

The separation of isotopes has always been a challenge because of their identical size, shape and thermodynamic properties. Nowadays, the extraction of deuterium is performed e.g. by the Girdler Sulfid process or cryogenic distillation, which lead to low separation factors (below 2.5) in combination with high energy costs. The standard way to produce helium-3 is to skim it as a byproduct of the radioactive tritium decay. In this thesis, two alternative approaches have been investigated for the separation of light isotopes, Quantum Sieving and Chemical Affinity Sieving. While Quantum Sieving is based on confinement in small pores, Chemical Affinity Sieving relies on strong adsorption sites. Both methods use the mass difference of the isotopes, which is related to their zero-point energy. The microporous metal-organic frameworks are excellent candidates for studying these quantum effects due to their well-defined pore structure and the possibility to introduce strong adsorption sites directly into the framework. The samples have been exposed to an isotope mixture and the adsorbed quantity of each isotope was detected by low-temperature thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The ratio of the desorbed amount of the isotopes leads directly to the selectivity (separation factor). The selectivity is determined as a function of exposure time and temperature and exhibits the highest value of 25 observed for hydrogen isotopes at temperatures well above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.

Whilst programming early PET and IBM computers, I thought our brains must be better designed. If someone hit the wrong button, computers instantly forgot everything you'd written. I still recall sharing Aristotle's delight and shouting ‘eureka'48 years ago when I discovered how life originated. This book grew from the idea that uncoiled DNA held flat by proteins formed a molecular abacus called a ‘minion'. Minions have nine answers to any question, they don't just answer yes or no. Only Human explains how minions account for different ways of thinking. They index knowledge, relate artistic, scientific and philosophical ideas and resolve disputes. They embrace all human knowledge, store it in 18-character words and account for relationships and aesthetics. ‘We see through a glass, darkly'says the Bible, I offer a vision of how the 21st century will be different. What's Natural? describes mind and body working together and how trace element supplements can prevent common maladies. Genes encoding enzymes don't explain everything. We also inherit molecular pumps made of DNA, establishing life's rulebook. Understanding them and adopting my proposals could simplify medical and psychiatric care, freeing resources for managing rare conditions and foreign aid. Origin of life relates my discovery of ice crystallizing in liquid nitrogen, explaining it. Allowing for the way minions warp perception reinterprets relativity, big bang cosmology and quantum mechanics; research needs redirecting to humanitarian projects. Mimicking life's energy efficiency would reduce the fuel consumption and pollution threatening our environment. Theories evolve, as Newton did ‘I have stood on the shoulders of giants'.

Whilst programming early PET and IBM computers, I thought our brains must be better designed. If someone hit the wrong button, computers instantly forgot everything you'd written. I still recall sharing Aristotle's delight and shouting ‘eureka'48 years ago when I discovered how life originated. This book grew from the idea that uncoiled DNA held flat by proteins formed a molecular abacus called a ‘minion'. Minions have nine answers to any question, they don't just answer yes or no. Only Human explains how minions account for different ways of thinking. They index knowledge, relate artistic, scientific and philosophical ideas and resolve disputes. They embrace all human knowledge, store it in 18-character words and account for relationships and aesthetics. ‘We see through a glass, darkly'says the Bible, I offer a vision of how the 21st century will be different. What's Natural? describes mind and body working together and how trace element supplements can prevent common maladies. Genes encoding enzymes don't explain everything. We also inherit molecular pumps made of DNA, establishing life's rulebook. Understanding them and adopting my proposals could simplify medical and psychiatric care, freeing resources for managing rare conditions and foreign aid. Origin of life relates my discovery of ice crystallizing in liquid nitrogen, explaining it. Allowing for the way minions warp perception reinterprets relativity, big bang cosmology and quantum mechanics; research needs redirecting to humanitarian projects. Mimicking life's energy efficiency would reduce the fuel consumption and pollution threatening our environment. Theories evolve, as Newton did ‘I have stood on the shoulders of giants'.

In this book, the author Joseph G. Sinkovics liberally shares his views on the cancer cell which he has been observing in vivo and in vitro, over a life time. Readers will learn how, as an inherent faculty of the RNA/DNA complex, the primordial cell survival pathways are endogenously reactivated in an amplified or constitutive manner in the multicellular host, and are either masquerading as self-elements or as placentas, to which the multicellular host is evolutionarily trained to extend full support. The host obliges.The author explains that there is no such evidence that “malignantly transformed” human cells survive in nature. However, when cared for in the laboratory, these cells live and replicate as immortalized cultures. These cells retain their vitality upon storage in liquid nitrogen. One can only imagine an astrophysical environment in which such cells could survive; perhaps, first their seemingly humble exosomes would populate that environment. Immortal cellpopulations so created may survive as individuals, or may even re-organize themselves into multicellular colonies, as representatives of life for the duration of the Universe.This thought-provoking book is the work of a disciplined investigator and clinician with an impeccable reputation, and he enters a territory that very few if any before him have approached from the same angles. It will appeal to researchers with an interest in cell survival pathways and those researching cancer cells.

A victim gets iced in this chocolate-themed mystery with recipes and “a loving description of the food scene in Portland”(Kirkus Reviews). Hayden Mundy Moore is an expert on everything chocolate, helping clients develop new products and revamp recipes until they're irresistible. But sometimes, a dash of murder finds its way into the mix... After her involvement in a murder case in San Francisco, heiress Hayden Mundy Moore has moved on for the moment to Portland, Oregon, where her old college friend Carissa is celebrating her recent engagement. Naturally, while Hayden's in town, staying in a house rented by her financial adviser, she has to visit every local destination known for serving chocolate treats. Among them is Carissa's ice cream business, Churn PDX, part of a group of food carts called Cartorama. Then Carissa's fiancé is killed by the liquid nitrogen used to make ice cream—and Hayden gets the scoop on his notorious womanizing, which leads to more than a sprinkling of suspects...

In another Century and a half, the world, as we know it, will be greatly changed. This book foresees changes that most of us could scarcely dream of. It imagines a world where current international tensions have mostly dissolved, where continental solidarity has supplanted most national boundaries, and where global warming has actually abated. It is a time when space exploration is of prime importance and when robotically operated stations exist on our own Moon and on Mars and Venus. But several traditional earthly problems have not been resolved. One of these is the periodic emergence of infectious diseases that (by means of insidious mutations) have evaded all modern efforts to prevent or control them. Enter Q-strain, an astoundingly pernicious mutation of Ebola virus which, over the period of a few years, totally wipes out all humans on the Earth. There is time, however, in the interim, to transport the very earliest stage (blastocysts) of the clones from many very accomplished humans to the robotic station on the Moon. (These clones had been acquired years before the epidemic and stored in suspended animation in liquid nitrogen). Roughly a century later, when the “all clear” for absence of the Ebola Q-strain mutant on the Earth has been biologically verified, these “celebrity clones” are given birth on the Moon and raised to adulthood by robotic guides and caretakers. The story then centers on the development of fourteen spirited “celebrity clones” who must find ways to realistically coexist, and then to ultimately return a human presence to our now Ebola-free blue planet. This sounds like quite a challenge, and in fact, that's just what it is.

For the past few years, Grant Thompson has spent his weekends starting fires, building cannons, and experimenting with dry ice and liquid nitrogen. He's made pumpkins explode, defied gravity, and discovered countless ways to make everyday life easier using ordinary items such as butter, suntan lotion, cupcake wrappers, and aluminum foil. His discoveries and experiments, many posted online to sites such as YouTube, have earned him the title of the King of Random.With the help of the staff at Instructables.com, Thompson has compiled the best of his weekend projects in Life Hacks. With life hacks from the King himself, you'll see how easy it is to have better summers, less stressful holidays, and cooler—literally—birthday parties.Following Thompson's instructions in this book, you'll be able to:Make dry ice with a fire extinguisherCreate carbonated ice creamStart fires with plastic water bottlesCharge your cell phone—using your own energyBuild working speakers for less than $1And much more

Focus of this study is the pressurization system of a cryogenic liquid propellant tank for the launcher application. Objective of the pressurization system is to provide the required pressure evolution in the propellant tank for a proper operation of the engine. The motivation of this study is an improved understanding of the complex fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic phenomena during the active-pressurization process of cryogenic propellants in order to optimize the on-board pressurant gas mass. Therefore ground experiments, numerical simulations and analytical considerations were performed for the investigation of the initial active-pressurization phase. For the performed experiments, liquid nitrogen was used as cryogenic model propellant, which was actively pressurized under normal gravity conditions up to different final tank pressures. As pressurant gases, gaseous nitrogen and gaseous helium were used with different inlet temperatures. For the numerical analyses the commercial CFD program Flow-3D, a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation solver, was used.

Personal protective equipment'('PPE') alludes to careful apparel, helmets, Goggles, either different garments either outfits developed to safeguard the wearer's form as of accident. There has never been a Protective clothing Guide like this. It contains 72 answers, much more than you can imagine; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references, with insights that have never before been offered in print. Get the information you need--fast! This all-embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight. This Guide introduces what you want to know about Protective clothing. A quick look inside of some of the subjects covered: High voltage - Arc flash hazard, Industrial noise - See also, Theatrical fog - Liquid nitrogen, Work for the Dole - Basic Work for the Dole, Food safety - Australia, Sunburn - Sunscreen, Glove - Sport and recreational, Motorcycle safety clothing, Headgear, Clothing - Functions, Balaclava (clothing) - Health and safety uses, Clothing - Further reading, Wildfire - Wildland firefighting safety, Institute of Occupational Medicine - Human sciences and personal protective equipment, Nanofibers - Potential applications, Garment - Functions, Cultural behavior - Artifacts, Concrete and Abstract, Tyco International - Products, Sheer fabric, Dermatillomania - Behavorial treatments in developmentally disabled, High-intensity discharge lamp - End of life, Acrylic fiber, Beekeeping - Protective clothing, Chainsaw safety features - Chainsaw kickback, Chainsaw carving - Today, BP - Health effects, Sydney Harbour Bridge - BridgeClimb, Printmaking - Protective printmaking equipment, Ripstop - Applications, Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development - SAFEPROTEX, Hot air balloon - On the occupants, Beekeeping - Effects of stings and of protective measures, Overall, Jacket, Footwear, Textile - Uses, Gaiters - On foot, Chainsaw - Safety, Skin cancer - Prevention, and much more…

This book is meant for laboratory workers who for one reason or another have a need to cool something down to temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen - notably to 4. 2°K and below. It does not deal with experimental techniques at low temperatures, but I have tried to bring the reader face to face with the brutishrealities of the necessary hardware. As weIl as giving information about sources of supply of equipment, I have gone into so me detail about how some of it can be made in laboratory workshops for the sake of those who are short of money but blessed with competent technical support. So far as highly specialized items such as liquefiers, refrigerators, refrigerant containers, cryostat dewars, etc., are concerned, I have included aIl sources of supply which I have got to he ar of; in the case of more generaIly available equipment only representative sources of known reliability have been quoted. Any omissions or errors must be put down either to my own ignorance, stupidity, or lack of will toget about the world, or perhaps to the difficulty I have had in extracting information from manufacturers. However, most have gone to great trouble to help, and I hope I have done them justice. Brought up to work indifferently in inches and centimetres and perched between the opposing puIls of the USA and Europe, I have used a mixture of units which may shock the purist.

The role of high pressure experiments in the discovery of supercon­ ducting materials with a T. above liquid nitrogen temperature has demon­ strated the importance of such experiments. The same role holds true in the tailoring of materials for optoelectronic devices. In addition, much progress has been made recently in the search for metallic hydro­ gen, and the application of high pressure in polymer research has brought forth interesting results. These facts together with the suc­ cess of previous small size meetings (such as the'First International Conference on the Physics of Solids at High Pressure', held in 1965 in Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A. ;'High Pressure and Low Temperature Physics', held in 1977 in Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. ; and'Physics of Solids Under High Pressure', held in 1981 in bad Honnef, Germany), motivated us to organize a workshop with emphasis on the newest results and trends in these fields of high pressure research. Furthermore, it was intended to mix experienced and young scien­ tists to realize an idea best expressed in a letter by Prof. Weinstein:'I think it is an excellent idea. I have often felt that the number of excellent young researchers in the high pressure field need an opportu­ nity to put forward their work with due recognition.'Thanks to the support of the key speakers, we were able to achieve this goal and had more than 50\ young participants.

The germ plasm of numerous plant species, especially those of forest trees, some agricultural crops, and medicinal plants, is endangered and threatened with extinction. This depletion of germplasm pools and the shrinkage of naturally occurring genetic resources have caused international concern. Conventionally, the germplasm of plants is conserved through seeds, tubers, roots, corms, rhizomes, bulbs, cuttings, etc. However, the germ plasm of a number of trees and plantation crops (such as coconut, cocao, coffee, oil palm, rubber, mango, horse chestnut, etc.) cannot be preserved since their seed are short-lived (recalcitrant). Likewise, germplasm of vegetatively propagated crops (such as potato and cassava) cannot be stored on a long­ term basis and has to be grown and multiplied periodically in nurseries and fields. The plants are thus exposed to unpredictable weather conditions and diseases, with the result that instances are known where entire genetic stocks are lost. Therefore, unconventional methods are being developed for the storage and international exchange of germplasm. For this purpose in vitro cultures have been employed, but they can only enable short-to medium­ term preservation; moreover, cell cultures upon repeated subculture undergo genetic erosion. In view of the recent developments in the in vitro induction of genetic variability through somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, recombinant DNA technology, etc., new methods need to be employed for the storage of desirable cultures. In this regard freeze preservation of cells in liquid nitrogen (-196 0q, like that of semen, enables long-term storage, theoretically, for an indefinite period of time.

Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics is a first in reviewing the performance and physical mechanisms of advanced devices and circuits at cryogenic temperatures that can be used for many applications. The first two chapters cover bulk silicon and SOI MOSFETs. The electronic transport in the inversion layer, the influence of impurity freeze-out, the special electrical properties of SOI structures, the device reliability and the interest of a low temperature operation for the ultimate integration of silicon down to nanometer dimensions are described. The next two chapters deal with Silicon-Germanium and III-V Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors, as well as III-V High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT). The basic physics of the SiGe HBT and its unique cryogenic capabilities, the optimization of such bipolar devices, and the performance of SiGe HBT BiCMOS technology at liquid nitrogen temperature are examined. The physical effects in III-V semiconductors at low temperature, the HEMT and HBT static, high frequency and noise properties, and the comparison of various cooled III-V devices are also addressed. The next chapter treats quantum effect devices made of silicon materials. The major quantum effects at low temperature, quantum wires, quantum dots as well as single electron devices and applications are investigated. The last chapter overviews the performances of cryogenic circuits and their applications. The low temperature properties and performance of inverters, multipliers, adders, operational amplifiers, memories, microprocessors, imaging devices, circuits and systems, sensors and read-out circuits are analyzed. Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics is useful for researchers, engineers, Ph.D. and M.S. students working in the field of advanced electron devices and circuits, new semiconductor materials, and low temperature electronics and physics.

Oceans were long thought to exist in all corners of the Solar System, from carbonated seas percolating beneath the clouds of Venus to features on the Moon's surface given names such as'the Bay of Rainbows” and the'Ocean of Storms.'With the advent of modern telescopes and spacecraft exploration these ancient concepts of planetary seas have, for the most part, evaporated. But they have been replaced by the reality of something even more exotic. For example, although it is still uncertain whether Mars ever had actual oceans, it now seems that a web of waterways did indeed at one time spread across its surface. The'water'in many places in our Solar System is a poisoned brew mixed with ammonia or methane. Even that found on Jupiter's watery satellite Europa is believed similar to battery acid. Beyond the Galilean satellites may lie even more'alien oceans.'Saturn's planet-sized moon Titan seems to be subject to methane or ethane rainfall. This creates methane pools that, in turn, become vast lakes and, perhaps, seasonal oceans. Titan has other seas in a sense, as large shifting areas of sand covering vast plains have been discovered. Mars also has these sand seas, and Venus may as well, along with oceans of frozen lava. Do super-chilled concoctions of ammonia, liquid nitrogen, and water percolate beneath the surfaces of Enceladus and Triton? For now we can only guess at the possibilities.'Alien Seas'serves up part history, part current research, and part theory as it offers a rich buffet of'seas'on other worlds. It is organized by location and by the material of which various oceans consist, with guest authors penning specific chapters. Each chapter features new original art depicting alien seas, as well as the latest ground-based and spacecraft images. Original diagrams presents details of planetary oceans and related processes.

In space, liquids behave differently than on earth due to lack of gravity. For gas-free propellant delivery a Propellant Management Device (PMD) or Liquid Acquisition Device (LAD) is often applied in space technology. Its proper functioning is ensured by employing porous structures due to the wicking effect (capillarity). A better understanding of wicking process with cryogenic liquids is essential for the design of future PMDs, which employ cryogenic propellants. The first part of this work focuses on the mathematical modelling and experimental investigation of wicking processes with liquid nitrogen. The influence of liquid evaporation on wicking processes can be described by newly derived mathematical equations, which have a similar form to the Lucas-Washburn equation. The second part of this work deals with CFD simulations of wicking processes on both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Simulations on the microscopic scale aim to achieve structure parameters of the investigated porous media such as permeability, static pore radius and porosity. The surface geometries of the porous media are obtained through CAD program or computer tomography (CT). Simulations on the macroscopic scale treat porous structures as a macroscopic continuum, which is then described with previously obtained structure parameters.

Recent research on superconductors with high critical temperature has led to results that were not available when the original German edition was prepared but could be included in the present English edition. This concerns materials based on bismuth and thallium, as well as measurements of low microwave loss. The author would like to thank Mr. A. H. Armstrong for translating the book from German to English in a very dedicated and competent manner. Thanks are also due once again to Springer-Verlag for their generous support and cordial cooperation. Bad Salzdetfurth September 1989 Johann H. Rinken Preface to the German Edition The development of materials which lose their electrical resistance when cooled, even before reaching the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, has considerably in­ creased the interest in superconductor technology, and with it superconductor electronics. This development had not been foreseen when work on the present book started, just over a year ago. Nevertheless, recent results of research on materials with high critical temperature are included to the extent that they seem to be confirmed and to be of interest to superconductor electronics. The present book deals with the physical and technological foundations of superconductor electronics so far as they must be known in order to under­ stand the principal modes of operation of superconductor electronics components.

One of the most exciting developments in modern physics has been the discovery of the new class of oxide materials with high superconducting transition temperature. Systems with Tc well above liquid nitrogen temperature are already a reality and higher Tc's are anticipated. Indeed, the idea of a room-temperature superconductor, which just a short time ago was considered science fiction, appears to be a distinctly possible outcome of materials research. To address the need to train students and scientists for research in this exciting field, Jeffrey W. Lynn and colleagues at the University of Maryland, College Park, as well as other superconductivity experts from around the U.S., taught a graduate-level course in the fall of 1987, from which the chapters in this book were drawn. Subjects included are: Survey of superconductivity (J. Lynn).- The theory of type-II superconductivity (D. Belitz).- The Josephson effect (P. Ferrell).- Crystallography (A. Santoro).- Electronic structure (C.P.Wang).- Magnetic properties and interactions (J. Lynn).- Synthesis and diamagnetic properties (R. Shelton).- Electron pairing (P. Allen).- Superconducting devices (F. Bedard).- Superconducting properties (J. Crow, N.-P. Ong).

A lithium-drifted germanium detector is a semiconductor de­ vice which operates at liquid nitrogen temperature, and is used for detection of nuclear radiation, mostly gamma ray. The detection occurs when the y-ray undergoes an interaction in the intrinsic or I region of the semiconductor. The interaction results in the pro­ duction of charge carriers which are swept out by an electric field. This is accomplished by reverse biasing the detector with approxi­ mately 100 v/mm of intrinsic material. The total amount of charge swept out is proportional to the energy dissipated in the intrinsic region. This may include the total energy of the photon, but gen­ erally somewhat less. The Ge(Li) device is a semiconductor p-n device with a very large intrinsic region between the positive carrier region and the negative carrier region (P-I-N). The fabrication of this device consists of three major steps: the diffusion of the lithium into the p-type germanium to give an n-type surface region, the drifting process to obtain the intrinsic region as deeply as possible, and the surface preparation. There are numerous procedures for the various steps as well as criteria for material selection and the preparation of the materials.

Ten years ago the hillbilly king of rock-and-roll, Colton Purcell, was cryogenically frozen after his premature death. Or was he? Chicago-based magazine reporter Harry Bauer intends to find out as he becomes involved in a convoluted murder plot stretching from good-old Memphis to glitzy Las Vegas, where the tenth anniversary celebration of Colton's death is in full swing. When Harry's mentor and friend, a Vegas reporter specializing in conspiracy theories, turns up murdered, Harry is intent on finding out why. But in a city where illusion often transcends reality, the truth proves more elusive than a gambler's lucky streak. Not only is there a huge Colton imitator contest going on, but the King's only daughter is set to marry the epicene Prince of Latino Pop (despite her mother's objections), and a mysterious young man has introduced himself to Harry, claiming to be Colton's illegitimate son. The trail leads Harry to the dark side of sin city, crossing paths with a bunch of mob guys, a very efficient (and very large) contract killer, and some unexpected people from Colton Purcell's past. There's also the murder of Colton's famous manager, the abduction of a mysterious figure from a Memphis nursing home, and a host of other problems that make Harry begin to wonder, is it really Colton Purcell hanging upside down in that cryogenic tube full of liquid nitrogen? If Harry can live long enough, he may just find out.

Chapter 1 - Coolants Chapter 2 - Refrigerant Chapter 3 - Cutting Fluid Chapter 4 - Antifreeze Chapter 5 - Dry Ice Chapter 6 - Transformer Oil Chapter 7 - Purified Water Chapter 8 - Castor Oil Chapter 9 - Kerosene Chapter 10 - Liquid Hydrogen Chapter 11 - Mineral Oil & Liquid Air Chapter 12 - Liquid Helium & Liquid Nitrogen Chapter 13 - Heavy Water Chapter 14 - Carbon Dioxide

Chapter 1 - Liquid Chapter 2 - Fluid Dynamics and Viscosity Chapter 3 - Liquid-liquid Extraction and Ionic Liquid Chapter 4 - Vapor-liquid Equilibrium and Liquid Nitrogen Vehicle

The study of insects at low temperature is a comparatively new field. Only recently has insect cryobiology begun to mature, as research moves from a descriptive approach to a search for underlying mechanisms at diverse levels of organization ranging from the gene and cell to ecological and evolutionary relationships. Knowledge of insect responses to low temperature is crucial for understanding the biology of insects living in seasonally varying habitats as well as in polar regions. It is not possible to precisely define low temperature. In the tropics exposure to 10-15°C may induce chill coma or death, whereas some insects in temperate and polar regions remain active and indeed even able to fly at O°C or below. In contrast, for persons interested in cryopreservation, low temperature may mean storage in liquid nitrogen at - 196°C. In the last decade, interest in adaptations of invertebrates to low temperature has risen steadily. In part, this book had its origins in a symposium on this subject that was held at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Louisville, Kentucky, USA in December, 1988. However, the emergence and growth of this area has also been strongly influenced by an informal group of investigators who met in a series of symposia held in Oslo, Norway in 1982, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 1985 and in Cambridge, England in 1988. Another is scheduled for Binghamton, New York, USA (1990).

Detailed coverage of all aspects of microwave superconductivity: fundamentals, fabrication, measurement, components, circuits, cryogenic packaging and market potential. Both a graduate-level textbook and a reference for microwave engineers. Applications (with either active or passive circuit elements) include those at both liquid-helium and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. Topics covered include wireless communications, space-based cryoelectronics, SQUIDs and SQUID amplifiers, NMR and MRI coils, accelerator cavities, and Josephson flux-flow devices.

Electron cryomicroscopy is a form of transmission electron microscopy (EM) in which the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures (generally liquid nitrogen temperatures). Cryo-EM is developing popularity in structural biology. This volume from the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series is Part B and covers essential topics.

Alex Talbot and Aki Kamozawa, husband-and-wife chefs and the forces behind the popular blog Ideas in Food, have made a living out of being inquisitive in the kitchen. Their book shares the knowledge they have gleaned from numerous cooking adventures, from why tapioca flour makes a silkier chocolate pudding than the traditional cornstarch or flour to how to cold smoke just about any ingredient you can think of to impart a new savory dimension to everyday dishes. Perfect for anyone who loves food, Ideas in Food is the ideal handbook for unleashing creativity, intensifying flavors, and pushing one's cooking to new heights. This guide, which includes 100 recipes, explores questions both simple and complex to find the best way to make food as delicious as possible. For home cooks, Aki and Alex look at everyday ingredients and techniques in new ways—from toasting dried pasta to lend a deeper, richer taste to a simple weeknight dinner to making quick “micro stocks” or even using water to intensify the flavor of soups instead of turning to long-simmered stocks. In the book's second part, Aki and Alex explore topics, such as working with liquid nitrogen and carbon dioxide—techniques that are geared towards professional cooks but interesting and instructive for passionate foodies as well. With primers and detailed usage guides for the pantry staples of molecular gastronomy, such as transglutaminase and hydrocolloids (from xanthan gum to gellan), Ideas in Food informs readers how these ingredients can transform food in miraculous ways when used properly. Throughout, Aki and Alex show how to apply their findings in unique and appealing recipes such as Potato Chip Pasta, Root Beer-Braised Short Ribs, and Gingerbread Soufflé. With Ideas in Food, anyone curious about food will find revelatory information, surprising techniques, and helpful tools for cooking more cleverly and creatively at home.

Artificial Insemination and Treatment of Infertility in Dairy Animals by Honnappagol and Tandle is an instructive work comprised of 16 knowledgeable faculty members from diverse academic departments. These individuals are actively engaged in both undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, possessing substantial expertise. The editors have ensured that all aspects of artificial insemination and infertility are covered in the books 20 chapters, making it a valuable resource for students and veterinarians. By utilizing this book, dairy animal owners and the dairy industry as a whole can potentially reduce economic losses associated with infertility. The book comprehensively covers various aspects of infertility, including endocrinology of the estrous cycle, the role of nutrition, feed formulation, breeding strategies, estrus detection aids, recent advancements in reproduction-controlled breeding, fertility improvement through the use of ultrasound and laparoscopy, and therapeutic management of infertility and reproductive diseases. In addition to these topics, the book also provides practical knowledge and skills related to the handling, storage, and evaluation of frozen semen, the safe handling of cryocans and liquid nitrogen, factors affecting the success rate of artificial insemination programs, and drugs and hormones used in treating reproductive disorders.

The main goal of this study was to assess carcass and meat quality of Northern Thai beef cattle aiming to improve the quality of beef production in this area. The study focused on two specific crossbreeds, Brahman × Thai native (BRA) and Charolais × Thai native crossbred (CHA), which are currently mainly used for fattening in this area. Three specific objectives were set to achieve this goal: 1. Identify the best genotype and the optimum slaughter weight in terms of growth performance, carcass quality, and meat quality for fattening in the area. 2. Evaluate various fat parameters like intramuscular (i.m.) fatty acid composition of the genotypes slaughtered at the different slaughter weights. 3. Evaluate muscle fiber characteristics and their relationship to meat quality parameters. The study was conducted on a commercial beef farm in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. The experiment included 34 BRA and 34 CHA bulls which were progenies of Brahman × Thai native or Charolais × Thai native cows sired by Brahman or Charolais, respectively. Percentage of Brahman and Charolais blood ranged between 75 to 87.5%, respectively. Mean age at start of fattening and at slaughter of both genotypes were 19 and 29 months, respectively. Mean live weight at start of fattening was 323 and 316 kg for BRA and CHA, respectively. The bulls were housed in a stanchion barn. Animals had free access to fresh water. They were fed ad libitum with roughage, mainly seasonal grass, rice straw, corn and by-products from the agro-industry. Furthermore, the animals received 1 kg concentrate per 100 kg live weight per day. The animals of both genotypes were randomly selected and slaughtered at a mean live weight of 500, 550, or 600 kg, respectively. The experimental design was 2 (genotype) × 3 (slaughter weight) factorial, resulting in 6 groups with 11 or 12 animals per group. Each animal was weighed at the beginning and the end of the fattening period. When the animals reached the target slaughter weight, they were slaughtered and dressed according to the commercial procedure. Within 1 h postmortem (p.m.), a sample of Longissimus dorsi (Ld) muscle was taken by a biopsy cannula between the 12th and 13th rib, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -65°C in a freezer until subsequent histochemical analysis. Carcasses were chilled for 24 h at 4°C. Growth performance such as average daily weight gain, feeding period, body muscle score and body measurements were evaluated. Slaughter traits including carcass weight, dressing percentage and internal and external organs percentages were determined. Measurements of pH-value of carcasses were performed 1 and 24 h p.m. at the 12th rib of the Ld muscle. After chilling for 24 h, a cut of Ld muscle was removed from the right carcass side for subsequent carcass and meat quality analysis. Carcass quality parameters such carcass measurements, carcass tissue composition, carcass classification, loin eye area and marbling score were evaluated. Furthermore, commercial primal cut percentages were determined from left carcass sides after an ageing period of 14 days at 4°C. Meat quality parameters were determined as follows: meat colour at 24 h p.m. was measured from the surface of the 12th rib of the Ld cut. Two steaks were prepared from the Ld cut. One steak was homogenized and stored at -20 °C until chemical composition analysis and one was used to determine 48 h drip loss by the bag method. The remaining Ld cut was aged at 4 °C for 14 days and 7- and 14-day ageing loss were determined. After the 14-day ageing period, 2 more steaks were prepared and stored at -20 °C. Both steaks were thawed at 4 °C for 24 h and thawing loss was calculated. One of the steaks was vacuum packed in a polyethylene bag and boiled in a water bath at 82 °C for 45 min to calculate boiling loss percentage. Thereafter, 6 round cores were removed from the boiled meat for shear force value determination using an Instron. The other steak was grilled in an elect

Superconductors have been known about since the turn ofthe century. Recently there has been a renewed interest with the discovery of the new, high-Tc materials since 1986[1]. These compounds become superconducting at much warmer temperatures than any pre­ viously known. In fact, many of tthem superconduct at temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, making the observation of the transition both accessible and inexpensive. It was obvious immediately that these materials could have a tremendous technological impact, or lead to further materials with even higher transitions. For this reason there has been an intense effort by scientists in both academia and industry to study these materials. The scientificand industrial communitieshope to learn what makes these materials work. For, learning how these materials work not only increases mankind's overall knowledge of his world, but could make some person or company quite successful if the information were used and developed correctly.

The present monograph is mainly focused on the behaviour of ductile ma­ terials at cryogenic temperatures, stability issues concerning application of corrugated shells at cryogenic conditions and reliability oriented parametric optimisation of compensation systems containing the corrugated bellows. As there are relatively few publications on combined material and structural be­ haviour at very low temperatures, the monograph aims at filling this gap. It is worth pointing out that within the class of publications dedicated to low temperature behaviour of materials and structures the majority is based on testing down to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Rare publications deal with the analysis of material and structural response at the temperature of liquid helium (4. 5 K) or superfluid helium (below the point T>., = 2. 17 K). This can be explained by the fact that an (by its nature complex) installation for testing at such low temperatures is very expensive. Only the large research centres and universities, working in the domain of superconductivity, cryogen­ ics or developing superconducting magnets for particle accelerators, can afford such installations. A significant part of the present monograph is dedicated to the analy­ sis of the phenomena associated with plastic yielding in stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures. Generally, three phenomena are distinguished: plas­ tic strain induced phase transformations, serrated yielding and evolution of ductile damage.

This volume of the Handbook is the first of a two-volume set of reviews devoted to the rare-earth-based high-temperature oxide superconductors (commonly known as hiTC superconductors). The history of hiTC superconductors is a few months short of being 14 years old when Bednorz and Müller published their results which showed that (La,BA)2CuO4 had a superconducting transition of ~30 K, which was about 7K higher than any other known superconducting material. Within a year the upper temperature limit was raised to nearly 100K with the discovery of an ~90K superconducting transition in YBa2Cu3O7-&dgr;. The announcement of a superconductor with a transition temperature higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen set-off a frenzy of research on trying to find other oxide hiTC superconductors. Within a few months the maximum superconducting transition reached 110 K (Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3010, and then 122K (TlBa2Ca3Cu4O11. It took several years to push TC up another 11 K to 133 K with the discovery of superconductivity in HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8, which is still the record holder today.

cytochemical techniques (ICC) which provide a useful adjunct to investigations by immunoblotting. A particular advantage of a cytochemical approach to the investiga­ tion of mitochondrial disorders is that it allows the mosaic distribution of certain of these defects to be detected, whereas the tissue homogeniza­ tion involved in conventional enzyme assays or immunoblotting precludes this. A further advantage of MEA or ICC is that only small amounts of tissue are needed, which is important since many of the affected patients are infants or small children. The main aim of this communica­ tion is to outline ways in which these techniques can be used in the diagnosis and further investigation of mitochondrial disorders. Reference will be made not only to those situations in which MEA and ICC offer advantages over standard enzyme asays and immunoblotting but also to contexts in which the reverse applies. 4. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle biopsies for cytochemical investigation were snap-frozen using isopentane cooled to - 150°C in liquid nitrogen. Samples were stored in heat-sealed polythene packets in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen containers. 4. 2. 1 Microphotometric enzyme assays Frozen sections 8 Jlm thick were cut using a Reichert-J ung Frigocut cryostat microtome equipped with motor-driven cutting action to maintain maximal reproducibility of section thickness. Sections were picked up on microscope slides and air-dried for 15 min at room temperature.

A religious fanatic wages war on an intergalactic bordello in this classic space opera by a five-time Hugo Award–winning author. The crown jewel of the Vainmill Syndicate's Entertainment and Leisure Division is Velvet Comet. This exclusive, extravagant, and exotic pleasure palace, orbiting Deluros VIII, is the go-to place for the rich and famous to play, relax, and indulge. But one of the guests has come for an entirely different purpose... The Reverend Thomas Gold—or Doctor Gold, as he prefers—is the leader of a fanatical religious sect. He is also a very vocal enemy of the Syndicate, eager to have them close the hedonistic Comet for good. But then Doctor Gold meets the Comet's two most popular employees, Titania and Oberon: two beautiful, blue-skinned, elfin Andrican aliens. They love their jobs, but Doctor Gold only sees their enslavement and declares their liberation to be his latest crusade. And so begins a war that will either end in the Comet's destruction... or his.The perfect choice for readers of Alan Dean Foster, Timothy Zahn, and Joe Haldeman. Praise for the Tales of the Velvet Comet series “A goodie.... Buy it, and join me in wondering what Mike will do with the next volumes in the series.” —Analog on Eros Ascending “Well plotted, good characterizations, and an exotic setting. As good a mystery novel as it is science fiction.” —Science Fiction Chronicle on Eros at Zenith

A young detective probes a puzzling murder on board an intergalactic pleasure palace in this science fiction mystery by a five-time Hugo Award–winning author. Welcome to the Velvet Comet, whose business is its patrons'pleasure. Owned by the vast Vainmill Syndicate, the space station caters to the rich and famous, boasting casinos, upscale restaurants, a two-mile-long shopping mall, and a team of highly trained sex workers. It's a well-oiled machine, functioning twenty-four hours a day—until one of its guests is murdered. The Syndicate dispatches its chief detective, Andrew Jackson Crane, to solve the case—and prevent a publicity nightmare. But the ambitious detective must navigate a twisted path to bring the killer to justice. The Comet's madam, the Black Pearl, is under orders to aid Crane's work—but with more than five hundred self-centered patrons remaining on board, she has other worries. The Dragon Lady, the Comet's head of security, is torn between her loyalties and her judgment. And the Comet's computer, which should be most helpful in the investigation, is actually more interested in psychoanalyzing Crane. But what's even more troubling to Crane is that the killer hasn't left the station. Perhaps they all have more work to do...“As good as its predecessor and in some ways even better. Well plotted, good characterizations, and an exotic setting. As good a mystery novel as it is science fiction.” —Science Fiction Chronicle The perfect choice for readers of Alan Dean Foster, Timothy Zahn, and Joe Haldeman.

Potato is the third most important food crop in the world after rice and wheat in terms of human consumption. The book “Potato: Improvement, Production and Utilization Technologies” is based on technologies developed at ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla. The book delves about the recent advances in potato improvement, production, protection, and utilization of technologies for doubling the farmers'income. The book covers potato scenario, germplasm strength, varietal development applying conventional and molecular breeding methods, AICRP (potato), tissue culture, biotechnology, genomics, genome editing, diagnostics of potato pathogens and insect-pest management, integrated crop management, soil and plant sample test, impact of climate change, precision agriculture, conventional and hi-tech seed potato production including micropropagation and aeroponics, post-harvest management and potato nutrition, farm mechanization and various other topics related to potato. We hope this book will be beneficial for potato stakeholders, researchers, and farming community.

This book is designed to be your comprehensive resource through the world of food processing, offering clear explanations and practical insights for both beginners and enthusiasts. In the first part of the book, we will explore the basics of mixing and homogenization. We will delve into the various types of mixers used for solids, liquids, and pastes, and examine the process of emulsification, which keeps salad dressings smooth and creamy. Next, the book delves into the world of dehydration technologies, where readers will learn about osmotic dehydration, a process that removes water from foods using osmotic pressure, as well as other methods such as freeze-drying and foam mat drying. These techniques not only help preserve the freshness of foods but also retain their flavor and nutrients. In the third part of the book delves into non-thermal processing techniques. These methods provide alternatives to conventional heating methods for preserving food while maintaining its quality and freshness. You will learn about innovative technologies such as ohmic heating and ultrasonic technology, which are used to ensure the safety and deliciousness of your favorite foods. Lastly, we will discuss the significance of hygiene and sanitation in food processing. You will learn about the essential practices for maintaining clean and safe food processing facilities, as well as the importance of waste disposal and adhering to food safety standards like HACCP. Throughout the book utilizes straightforward language and practical examples to help readers comprehend the concepts and apply them in real-life situations. Whether you are a student, a home cook, or simply curious about how your favorite foods are made, Food Processing Technologies is your go-to resource for unlocking the secrets of the food industry.

It is written in a lucid style with theoretical discussions being supplemented with illustrations, and tables for easy understanding of the subject. This book describes in details about the molecular mechanisms of plant life. The book is also supported with a comprehensive glossary and index in the end. This book will serve as a text cum reference book to students, teachers and researchers in plant biochemistry, plant breeding, agronomy, plant physiology and plant protection.

'The book covers a wide range of topics related to textile dyeing, encompassing various aspects such as the effect of radiation, dyeing techniques for different fibers, and advancements in dyeing processes. Each chapter delves into a specific area of textile dyeing, providing a detailed exploration of the subject matter. The book includes the latest research findings and advancements in textile dyeing, making it a valuable resource for professionals, researchers, and academicians in the textile and dyeing industry. The book serves as a comprehensive reference for academicians teaching textile-related courses and students pursuing degrees in textile engineering, chemistry, or related disciplines. Professionals and researchers in the field of textile science and technology will find the book invaluable for staying updated on the latest advancements and research findings in textile dyeing.'