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The present volume continues the aim of Structure Reports to present critical ac­ counts of all crystallographic structure determinations. Details of the arrangement in the volumes, symbols used etc. are given in previous volumes (e. g. 41B or 42A, pages vi-viii). University of Guelph, G. FERGUSON Guelph, Ontario, Canada 18 January 1986 [VI] STRUCTURE REPORTS SECTION III ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Edited by S. N. Scrimgeour with the assistance of J. C. Barnes G. Ferguson J. lball C. H. Morgan T. J. R. Weakley B. C. Williams C. C. Wilson D. W. Young [1] 2 ARRANGEMENT To find a particular organic or organometallic compound the subject index or formula index at the end of Part 2 of this volume should be used. The general arrangement is: aliphatic or open-chain compounds; open chains with N, S; benzene derivatives; cyclic hydrocarbons; condensed ring systems; heterocyclic compounds; carbohydrates; amino acids; natural products; molecular complexes; organometallic compounds - B, Si, P, As, Sb, groups lA, IIA, Ill, IV, VI; transition metal complexes - ~-complexes, other ligands; inorganic anions which have orp,anic counter ions. Only complete structure analyses are described, and those which have been reported in preliminary communications and for which details will appear at a later date, have not been described here. 3 ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES BROMOFLUOROACETIC ACID C H BrF0 2 2 2 R. D. ROGERS, B. KALYANARAMAN, M. S. DALTON, W. SMITH, L. D. KISPERT and J. L. ATWOOD, 1981. J. Cryst. Mol. Struct., ll, 105-111.

This innovative and thought-provoking book integrates both new, authored material and reprints of existing literature that, together, provide a compelling narrative that reveals the fatally flawed science associated with genetic reductionist accounts of human behavior and development.Through an interdisciplinary lens, it illuminates the dynamic nature of human development, empowering readers to question established notions, and embrace the complexity of our potential. Across the book, the work of top-tier scientists, from developmental, comparative, educational, and biological science illuminates theory and research converging on the conclusion that the multiple egregiously flawed work of genetic reductionists should be expunged from research pertinent to human development. The book challenges the prevailing reductionist narratives and their application to social policies, programs, and uses in media. Theoretically based and empirically rigorous, this multidisciplinary approach to human development will shine a light on the inequities in individuals or groups that suggest that specific genes do not enable them to succeed in life.The Heredity Hoax invites graduate programs and advanced undergraduate courses on human development, human potential, epigenetics, and more to delve into the intricate interplay between genes, environment, and personal growth. This will also serve as an unimpeachable source of evidence for researchers, educators, and social policymakers.

The Future of Youth Violence Prevention: A Mixtape for Practice, Policy, and Research focuses on innovative approaches to youth violence prevention that utilize consistent principles found within existing best practices but are dynamic and adaptable across settings—and the sociohistorical and cultural realities of those settings. This book features scholars anchored in applied practices who can ground these forward-thinking strategies in the substantive base of research and theory that has produced successful interventions across multiple disciplines. The scholarship and cutting-edge thinking assembled in this volume could produce new-era youth violence prevention coordinators prepared to serve in any setting—including community outreach programs, therapeutic group homes, day reporting centers, juvenile probation offices, schools, or clinics. These coordinators will be able to cocreate intervention techniques using core prevention elements drawing from a range of ideas and a multitude of disciplines while embracing the assets and resources already in place.

Fascia is the biodynamic tissue that connects every muscle, bone, organ, and nerve in the body; it is an emerging field in healthcare and allied health modalities. Following its predecessor, the second edition is essential reading for medical and allied health practitioners who want to bring scientific insights of the importance of fascia to human health into their clinical practices. It contains contributions from a team of top researchers and expert practitioners, including physicians, clinicians, therapists, dissectors, and surgeons. Illustrated in full color throughout, this book presents a vital update to the first edition to include the most up-to-date science and practical applications, written by the experts themselves. It provides insight and explanations for problems, including chronic low back pain, frozen shoulder, post-partum issues, chronic inflammation, and other symptoms that may not respond to more conventional treatments. It gives healthcare practitioners information they need to make better decisions to improve the health of patients, often without pharmaceuticals or surgeries.

Juvenile Delinquency is designed to fully engage you in the study of concepts, research and current events shaping criminal justice today. As part of Pearson's Justice Series, this title is built to be affordable, yet academically rigorous, and to propel you to true understanding. The authors expose the authentic experiences of juvenile offenders, with purposeful visuals, real cases and interviews offering vivid first-hand insight. The content is easy to follow and organized around key learning objectives. Engaging infographics, charts and pull-out statistics flow with the narrative. The 4th Edition incorporates new cases and new ways of thinking about juvenile delinquency. It weaves in new and updated discussions of social influences, intervention strategies and critiques on theory.

The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Seventh Edition, provides a psychological and evidence-informed perspective of criminal behavior that sets it apart from many criminological and mental health explanations of criminal behavior. Drawing upon the General Personality and Cognitive Social Learning theory, James Bonta and Donald Andrews provide an overview of the theoretical context and major knowledge base of the psychology of criminal conduct, discuss the eight major risk/need factors of criminal conduct, examine the prediction and classification of criminal behavior along with prevention and rehabilitation, and summarize the major issues in understanding criminal conduct. This book also offers the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model of assessment and treatment that has guided developments in the subject throughout the world. Bonta carefully maintains the book's original contributions while presenting core concepts succinctly, clearly, and elegantly. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates and graduate students as well as for scholars, researchers, and practitioners, The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Seventh Edition, further extends and refines the authors'body of work.The book is extended and enhanced by a website that includes: A curated selection of videos, webinars and podcast episodes, bringing together diverse voices from leaders across the field of corrections and criminal psychology Technical notes providing additional context and detail to concepts explored in the book Interactive quizzes to test understanding and support study Lecture slides, exercises and test banks designed to save instructors time

In recent years, the world has been shaken by numerous events that have caused and continue to cause massive human suffering, from the COVID-19 pandemic to intrastate and interstate armed conflicts. Moreover, climate change continues to plow ahead, contributing to growing tensions, population movements, and resource scarcity. Meanwhile, the methods by which groups and group life are threatened, and the means by which violence is incited and perpetrated, continue to evolve. Such divergent crises, even when they overlap or intersect, confound definition and label. This book seeks not to answer the question'What is genocide?'but rather'What is genocide studies?'When Raphael Lemkin coined the term'genocide'in 1944, he could not have foreseen what the world would look like today. Now is the time to think about current manifestations of genocide and those likely to emerge in the future.

The objective of the book'Introduction to Ecology'is to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles of ecology. Through clear and concise explanations, this book aims to introduce readers to the intricate relationships between organisms and their environment. It explores various ecological concepts such as population dynamics, community interactions, and ecosystem functioning. The book also emphasizes the importance of ecological research in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainability. By the end of this book, readers will have a solid foundation in ecological principles, enabling them to appreciate the intricate web of life and make informed decisions for a more harmonious coexistence with nature.

This open access book describes in detail what life on this planet would be like if its average surface temperature were to rise 3 degrees Celsius above the preindustrial level. On this basis, the book argues that it is imperative to keep this temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius. It then lays out a detailed plan of what politically feasible, cost-effective measures should now be taken to achieve this goal. In this context, the book provides detailed discussions of climate finance, climate education and nature-based solutions. The book has been translated into English from the original German version published in 2022, and contains an original foreword and preface.

This is an open access book. As a leading role in the global megatrend of scientific innovation, China has been creating a more and more open environment for scientific innovation, increasing the depth and breadth of academic cooperation, and building a community of innovation that benefits all. Such endeavors are making new contributions to the globalization and creating a community of shared future. To adapt to this changing world and China's fast development in the new era, 2024 9th International Conference on Modern Management, Education and Social Sciences（MMET 2024） to be held in September 20-22, 2024. This conference takes'bringing together global wisdom in scientific innovation to promote high-quality development'as the theme and focuses on cutting-edge research fields including Modern Management and Education Technology. MMET 2023 encourages the exchange of information at the forefront of research in different fields, connects the most advanced academic resources in China and the world, transforms research results into industrial solutions, and brings together talent, technology and capital to drive development. The conference sincerely invites experts, scholars, business people and other relevant personnel from universities, scientific research institutions at home and abroad to attend and exchange!

There are two prevailing myths about Japanese society: first, that it has a successful elderly welfare system and second, that it has a successful criminal justice system. Both of these myths reinforce a social imaginary where cultural values of family and community harmony make extensive state intervention unnecessary. Yet not only are both of these myths and their arguments deeply flawed, but they also obscure the more troubling reality that institutions of welfare and punishment in Japan are co-extensive, both keeping Japan's growing population of “excess” older people contained and controlled rather than providing ways for them to integrate and flourish. Elderly ex-offenders are some of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in Japan today, with high levels of poverty and homelessness, disability, mental health problems, and social isolation. Those with a history of incarceration and, by extension, their family, face stigma and discrimination that further erodes their ability to reintegrate and puts them at greater risk of reoffending. Unlike in any other country in the world, older people in Japan have a higher rate of reoffending than other age groups. In Unsettled Futures, author Jason Danely argues that we cannot dismiss these individuals merely as deviants; rather, their circumstances reveal deep contradictions in the overlapping terrain of welfare and punishment, and the precarity that forecloses on possibilities for older people to build a good life.

Cet ouvrage collectif pose à nouveaux frais la question des modes d'exercice du pouvoir politique. La différenciation croissante des sociétés contemporaines implique que les gouvernants prennent appui sur diverses formes d'intermédiation leur permettant, avec un succès jamais acquis par avance et sans cesse susceptibles d'être remis en cause, de s'assurer de l'obéissance au moins relative des gouvernés. C'est aux reconfigurations contemporaines de ces intermédiations du pouvoir politique qu'est consacré ce livre. Par la mise en relation de treize enquêtes relatives à des sociétés contrastées, il donne à voir la grande variabilité des modes d'exercice du pouvoir politique et tente, en creux, de dégager quelques régularités quant à l'allongement contemporain et à l'invisibilisation des chaines de domination politique.

Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context, Eleventh Edition, offers a broad perspective on criminological theory. It provides students of criminology, criminal justice, and sociology with a thorough exposure to a range of theories about crime, contrasting their logic and assumptions, but also highlighting efforts to integrate and blend these frameworks.In this new edition, the authors have incorporated new directions that have gained traction in the field, while remaining faithful to their criminological heritage. Among the themes in this work are the relativity of crime (its changing definition) with abundant examples, historical roots of criminology and the lessons they have provided, and the strength and challenges of applying the scientific method. This revision offers new chapters on critical theory and on life-course criminology. It is updated throughout to reflect current trends in criminological theory and data.With chapters both updated to reflect recent developments in the field and made easier to digest, this text is essential reading for students of criminology, criminal justice, sociology, and related fields.

An engaging account of social reformer Jack Robbins, the Boys'Brotherhood Republic, and their legacy. In 1914, social reformer Jack Robbins and a group of adolescent boys in Chicago founded the Boys'Brotherhood Republic, an unconventional and unusual institution. During a moral panic about delinquent boys, Robbins did not seek to rehabilitate and/or punish wayward youths. Instead, the boys governed themselves, democratically and with compassion for one another, and lived by their mantra “So long as there are boys in trouble, we too are in trouble.” For nearly thirty years, Robbins was their “supervisor,” and the will he drafted in the late 1950s suggests that he continued to care about forgotten boys, even as the political and legal contexts that shaped children's lives changed dramatically. Nobody's Boy and His Pals is a lively investigation that challenges our ideas about the history of American childhood and the law. Scouring the archives for traces of the elusive Jack Robbins, Hendrik Hartog examines the legal histories of Progressive reform, childhood, criminality, repression, and free speech. The curiosity of Robbins's story is compounded by the legal challenges to his will, which wound up establishing the extent to which last wishes must conform to dominant social values. Filled with persistent mysteries and surprising connections, Nobody's Boy and His Pals illuminates themes of childhood and adolescence, race and ethnicity, sexuality, wealth and poverty, and civil liberties, across the American Century.

This book systematically defends an account of the institution of legal punishment that draws on both retributive and crime-prevention thinking.The work argues that legal punishment censures convicted offenders and thus morally communicates with them, any victims, and the broader community, while also serving to reduce future crime. The expressive or retributive element is assigned the lead role in this mixed account because it better captures the notion that members of society are to be held morally accountable for their failures to abide by defensible criminal prohibitions of various kinds. Despite this, it is conceded that the reduction of crime plays a vital role in justifying the institution of legal punishment and the book contains extended discussion of how and why this is so. Beyond its explication of the aims of legal punishment and their respective roles within a mixed theory, the study devotes separate chapters to sentencing, criminal procedure, and the imposition of fees and collateral legal consequences on individuals who have been convicted of crimes and fully served their sentences. In these ways, the work moves beyond discussion of the abstract aims of legal punishment to details of the institution's internal structure and operations. The many historical deficiencies and failures of the institution are duly noted and the challenges they pose for punishment theorizing are examined.The book closes with discussion of the limited success of punishment institutions in apprehending, convicting, and punishing those who violate the law, including many who do so in serious ways. Alternatives to reliance on legal punishment institutions are briefly examined. In the end, retention of such institutions is urged although it is suggested that we ought to have modest expectations about their ultimate success. The work will be of interest to those working in the areas of Legal Philosophy and Criminology.

Das Nachbauen mittelalterlicher Instrumente dank Bildquellen und musiktheoretischer Traktate oder das »Einpflanzen« von Alltagsgegenständen in Landschaften, um so das Begriffspaar Natur-Kultur neu zu verhandeln - diese Beispiele zeigen, wie Kunst als Mittel zur Erkenntnisgewinnung die Wissenschaft bereichert. Die Beiträger•innen experimentieren mit der Verbindung von Kunst und Wissenschaft und richten besonderes Augenmerk auf die noch junge Disziplin der Designforschung sowie deren gesellschaftliches Engagement. Dabei illustrieren sie nicht nur die Bandbreite der Forschung in und mit den Künsten, sondern stellen auch Verbindungen zur Grundlagen-, anwendungsorientierten und aktivistischen Forschung her.

In dieser (auto-)ethnografischen Studie geht es in erster Linie um die Frage, wie sich verschiedene Differenzen – etwa sprachliche, ethnische, kulturelle oder sozio-ökonomische Unterschiede – auf die polizeiliche Praxis auswirken und wie Polizist•innen im Rahmen der Polizei-Bürger-Interaktion üblicherweise mit den verschiedenen Fremdheitsmarkierern umgehen. In diesem Kontext ist vor allem von Interesse, welche Ansätze und Strategien die Polizeibeamt•innen verfolgen, um die auftretenden (Verständnis-)Probleme im Alltag zu lösen und was geschieht, wenn es ihnen nicht gelingt, die auftretenden Differenzen zu überwinden. Dabei ist gleichermaßen von Bedeutung, in welchen Situationen die Beteiligten konkret zu einer Kulturalisierung (oder Entkulturalisierung) der Interaktion beitragen und was sie sich hiervon in der Regel versprechen. Hierbei fokussiert die Untersuchung ebenso auf die hiermit verbundenen Grenzziehungspraktiken der beteiligten Akteur•innen – und zwar nicht nur im Hinblick auf Polizei-Bürger-Interaktion, sondern auch hinsichtlich des Binnenlebens der Polizei als Institution.

This book comprehensively examines five key areas of concern across the field of policing. These critical issues include: police use of force, police ethics and integrity, traffic safety, police-community collaboration, and optimizing organizational performance and service delivery. The chapters that follow provide a global, multi-faceted approach to analyze these core professional issues, examine them through sociological and theoretical lenses, and ultimately propose policy recommendations to ensure optimal professionalism and organizational effectiveness. The book focuses on issues, including:• Enhancing public trust and confidence• Effective crime control• Rule of law• Social justice• Best procedures and practices This book is ideal for upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level students, criminal justice and law enforcement practitioners and policy makers, and criminal justice and criminology researchers.

This book provides a comprehensive survey of coded optical imaging. Illustrated with 386 figures, it takes readers from the fundamental concepts and theories to the latest research and applications in this field. It can be used in graduate-level courses in optics and photonics. It can also benefit scientists and engineers in optical imaging, computer graphics, and other related disciplines. This book starts from a brief history of coded optical imaging and key operations in its data acquisition and image reconstruction. It then presents the latest progress in technological development and applications in the areas of biomedicine, materials science, industrial inspection, optical physics, imaging science, information theory, and more. Chapters describe the most representative techniques, exposing readers to key research themes, including: · Optical signal encoding · Image reconstruction techniques · Compressed sensing · Artificial intelligence · Metasurface · Structured light · Lensless imaging · Holography · Tomography · Light-field imaging · Utrafast imaging · Hyperspectral imaging · Polarization imaging · Super-resolution imaging

How does a Black man in Austin get sent to prison on a 70-year sentence for stealing a tuna sandwich, likely costing Texas taxpayers roughly a million dollars? In America, your liberty—or even your life—may be forfeit not simply because of what you do, but where you do it. If the same man had run off with a lobster roll from a lunch counter in Maine it's unlikely that he'd be spending the rest of his life behind bars.The U.S. incarcerates more people than any other industrial democracy in the world. We have more ex-prisoners than the entire population of Ireland, and more people with a felony record than the populations of Denmark, Norway, New Zealand and Liberia combined. Why did the United States become the world's biggest jailer? And, just as importantly, what has it done to us? What are the costs—socially, economically, and politically—of having the world's largest population of ex-prisoners? And what can we do about it? In this landmark book, Kevin B. Smith explains that the United States became the world's biggest jailer because politicians wanted to do something about a very real problem with violent crime. That effort was accelerated by a variety of partisan and socio-demographic trends that started to significantly reshape the political environment in the 1980s and 1990s. The force of those trends varied from state to state, but ultimately led to not just historically unprecedented levels of incarceration, but equally unprecedented numbers of ex-prisoners. Serving time behind bars is now a normalized social experience—it affects a majority of Americans directly or indirectly. There is a clear price, the jailer's reckoning, to be paid for this. As Smith shows, it is a society with declining levels of civic cohesion, reduced economic prospects, and less political engagement. Mass incarceration turns out to be something of a hidden bomb, a social explosion that inflicts enormous civic collateral damage on the entire country, and we must all do something about it.

Juveniles in Contemporary Society: Understanding Juvenile Justice and Delinquency is an authoritative and well-crafted introduction to today's Juvenile Justice system. Using a thematic framework that supports analysis, the authors provide an integrated approach to topical coverage. Through clear writing, an interdisciplinary selection of sources, and thoughtful themes, authors Saundra D. Trujillo, L. Thomas Winfree, Jr., and Carlos E. Posadas illuminate the roles of history and theory in shaping today's juvenile justice system. Helpful pedagogy consistently supports understanding, retention, and review. Professors and students will benefit from: Diverse author team who bring a variety of backgrounds and perspectives to the text. Theoretical Reflections boxes that integrate overarching themes throughout the text. Comparative and international insights grounded in the content of each chapter, with International Perspectives boxes included throughout the book. Understandable historical review of both juvenile justice and juvenile delinquency. Compelling vignettes that open each chapter, raising questions about the themes to be explored, illustrating basic concepts, and fueling class discussion Helpful graphs and tables illustrate the key topics. Excellent Critical Thinking questions at the end of each chapter. Unique chapters that are key to the study of Juvenile Justice today: Chapter 5, Understanding Delinquency: Theories of Race, Ethnicity and Gender and Chapter 12, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Highlights from Recent Research explore the impacts of social constructions like gender, race, and ethnicity on youths'interactions with the justice system. Chapter 6, Delinquency Prevention addresses prevention and intervention from both philosophical and practical perspectives, discussing what works and what does not work and some of the reasons behind program success or failure. Chapter 11, Juvenile Probation and Aftercare provides thoughtful and in-depth discussion of this often-overlooked topic. Chapter 13, Youth Gangs and Violence highlights a national issue and shows how theory can inform research and how research can inform both policy and practice in the juvenile justice system.

The Oxford Handbook of Gangs and Society is the premier reference book on gangs for practitioners, policymakers, students, and scholars. This carefully curated volume contains 43 chapters written by the leading experts in the field, who advance a central theme of'looking back, moving forward'by providing state-of-the-art reviews of the literature they created, shaped, and (re)defined. This international, interdisciplinary collective of authors provides readers with a rare tour of the field in its entirety, expertly navigating thorny debates and the at-times contentious history of gang research, while simultaneously synthesizing flourishing areas of study that advance the field into the 21st century. The volume is divided into six cohesive sections that reflect the diverse field of gang studies and capture the large-scale cultural, economic, political, and social changes occurring within the world of gangs in the last century; anticipating immense changes on the horizon. From definitions to history to theory to epistemology to technology to policy and practice, this unprecedented volume captures the most timely and important topics in the field. From curious outsiders to longstanding insiders, this volume will appeal to anyone with an interest in gangs. The editors assembled a cast of the best scholars shaping how the field thinks about gangs. The content is fresh, timely, and informative, appealing to everyone from the armchair theorist to the federal policymaker. It is truly a one-stop shop for anyone seeking the most up-to-date information on gangs, written by experts who approach the topic from very different disciplinary orientations, methodological approaches, and theoretical perspectives. When readers finish this book, they will be more confident in what we know and do not know about gangs in our society.

Oklahoma is currently home to 117 known species of mammals, representing one marsupial (opossums; Didelphimorphia), seven insectivores (shrews and moles; Soricomorpha), twenty-three bats (Chiroptera), one armadillo (Cingulata), four rabbits (Lagomorpha), fifty-one rodents (Rodentia), twenty-two carnivores (Carnivora), and eight artiodactyls (deer, pronghorn, sheep, and bison; Artiodactyla). For the professional mammalogist and amateur naturalist alike, Mammals of Oklahoma provides a clear, comprehensive, illustrated guide to Oklahoma's diverse native fauna, as well as introduced species and extirpated and unverified mammals cited in the state's records. Incorporating the latest data, this second edition includes up-to-date descriptions and identification keys; line drawings and full-color photos and distribution maps; life history information; and ecological notes on such things as dens, nests, burrows, food habits, reproduction, pathogens and parasites, and predators. The book's etymology offers insight into each species'scientific name, and its natural history describes habitat and diseases, among other distinguishing characteristics. A glossary provides guidance on technical terms. This accessible and authoritative volume marks a significant update and expansion of the knowledge of mammals in Oklahoma. It will be the definitive desk reference and field guide to the state's rich mammalian diversity.

Since the 1990s, a growing number of criminal courts around the world have been using expert assessments based on behavioral genetics and neuroscience to evaluate the responsibility and dangerousness of offenders. Despite this rapid circulation, however, we still know very little about the scientific knowledge underlying these expert evaluations. Hereditary traces the historical development of biosocial criminology in the United States from the 1960s to the present, showing how the fate of this movement is intimately linked to that of the field of criminology as a whole. In claiming to identify the biological and environmental causes of so-called'antisocial'behaviors, biosocial criminologists are redefining the boundary between the normal and the pathological. Julien Larregue examines what is at stake in the development of biosocial criminology. Beyond the origins of delinquency, Larregue addresses the reconfiguration of expertise in contemporary societies, and in particular the territorial struggles between the medical and legal professions. For if the causes of crime are both biological and social, its treatment may call for medical as well as legal solutions.

Understanding Victimology: An Active Learning Approach is the only textbook with extensive discussion of both online and offline victimization reinforced by group and individual learning activities. Our textbook offers instructors a variety of active learning exercises – in the book itself and in the authors'ancillaries – that engage students in the material and shed light on the experiences of marginalized social groups. Through these activities, students become engaged with the material at a higher level of learning. They learn how victimization happens and the challenges people who experience crime face in acquiring assistance from the criminal-legal system at a more intimate level instead of simply reading about it. Students also build their abilities to work with others in a collaborative learning environment, encouraging professional socialization for the future.The chapters in this second edition address gaps in information typically presented in victimology that ignore prevention or intervention, even though these topics are currently at the forefront of the national conversation going on about sexual violence in higher education. New to this edition are added coverage of immigrants and minorities and a new chapter on the media and victimization. Instructor resources are available online.Suitable for undergraduate courses in victimology, this book also serves the needs of sociology and women's studies courses and can be taught university-wide as part of diversity and inclusion initiatives.

Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach, Twelfth Edition, discusses delinquency as it relates to and emerges from youths'families, neighborhoods, schools, peer groups, social classes, and overall cultural and social environments. With a student-friendly approach, the authors explore the different causes of juvenile delinquency, examine its behaviors and consequences in social contexts, explain the role of the police and court system, and propose strategies for treatment and prevention. Learning outcomes offer students a roadmap for major concepts and key ideas while end-of-chapter outcomes assessments stimulate critical thinking and discussion. In each chapter, “Global Focus on Delinquency” boxes look at delinquency in different societies, cultures, and subcultures and “Controversial Issue” boxes address critical questions.New to the Twelfth Edition:Dedicated section in each chapter covers intersectionality of social factors such as race, sex, gender, and sexual orientation to examine how they influence adolescent marginality New streamlined chapter combining topics on youth subcultures and gangs reflects the latest developments in the field while streamlining the book into a 15-chapter format New and updated discussion of latest research on the possible connection between video gaming and violence, cyberbullying, and school shootings, which have become prevalent in American cultureExpanded coverage of the influence of media is included in all chapters to highlight how our lives are influenced by mass media and especially social media

The United States has by far the world's largest population of incarcerated people. More than a million Americans are imprisoned; hundreds of thousands more are held in jails. This vast system has doled out punishment—particularly to people from marginalized groups—on an unfathomable scale. At the same time, it has manifestly failed to secure public safety, instead perpetuating inequalities and recidivism. Why does the United States see punishment as the main response to social harm, and what are the alternatives?This book brings together essays by scholars, practitioners, activists, and writers, including incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people, to explore the harms of this punitive approach. The chapters address a range of issues, from policing to prosecution, and from how people are treated in prison to the consequences of a criminal conviction. Together, they consider a common theme: We cannot reduce our dependence on mass incarceration until we confront our impulse to punish in ways that are excessive, often wildly disproportionate to the harm caused. Essays trace how a maze of local, state, and federal agencies have contributed to mass incarceration and deterred attempts at reform. They shed light on how the excesses of America's criminal legal system are entwined with poverty, racism, and the legacy of slavery. A wide-ranging and powerful look at the failures of the status quo, Excessive Punishment also considers how to reimagine the justice system to support restoration instead of retribution.

This compilation of works highlights the historical, economic, and human dynamics behind youth offending in the nations of the West Indies. Youth Crime and Violence in the Caribbean offers insights into the slow rate of system change yet leaves readers with an optimistic picture of possibilities. Recent events in Haiti and neighboring Venezuela demonstrate how quickly dynamics in the Caribbean area can shift if crime is not addressed and people increasingly disengage from systems in a manner that allows despots to rise to power. When this happens, the impacts are not localized.

Kniha O demokracii a o všem, co s ní souvisí je souborem 29 kapitol napsaných 34 autory a autorkami, kteří působí na českých politologických, popř. oborově spřízněných pracovištích. Jejich příspěvky tvoří souhrn toho, jakými otázkami se soudobá česká politická věda zabývá. Přes značný tematický rozsah lze identifikovat několik sourodých celků. První část nese název Politické instituce, kde jsou texty věnované převážně institucionálním a ústavním aspektům moderní politiky, a to jak tuzemské, tak zahraniční. Druhá část se nazývá Strany a sociální hnutí a týká se stranického rozměru politiky. Třetí část se jmenuje Volby, volební systémy a jejich reformy. Poslední část knihy Varia pokrývá další bádání politické vědy v oblasti politické filozofie, sociologie, metodologie společenských věd nebo moderních dějin.

La criminología parece no poseer un saber propio, salvo que llamemos tal al conjunto de intersecciones entre las varias disciplinas que aportan su voz y enfoque sobre el problema delictivo; es decir, el saber criminológico sería sólo el conjunto de aportes socio-lógicos, psicológicos o psiquiátricos sobre la criminalidad y sus causas. Esta característica singular, precaria, es la que ha estado en el centro de las distintas polémicas que han atravesado la historia de la criminología, a propósito de sus límites epistemológicos. Es la razón por la cual diversas voces han manifestado sus du-das sobre la conveniencia de mantener un espacio cultural llamado “criminología”. Este libro, aunque acepta tales críticas y las considera fundadas, toma partido por la precaria disciplina y cree que, paradójicamente, las ciencias humanas se enriquecen si le concedemos derecho a la existencia a la teoría criminológica. Para explicar este planteo, el autor repasa la historia de dos teorías centrales de la criminología contemporánea: las perspectivas “del control” (desde Reiss a Gottfredson y Hirschi) y las del aprendizaje social (en la gran síntesis de R. Akers).

The primary aim of Studying Crime in Fiction: An Introduction is to introduce the emerging cross-disciplinary area of study that combines the fields of crime fiction studies and criminology. The study of crime fiction as a genre has a long history within literary studies, and is becoming increasingly prominent in twenty-first-century scholarship. Less attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which elements of criminology, or the systematic study of crime and criminal behaviour from a wide range of perspectives, have influenced the production and reception of crime narratives. Similarly, not enough attention has been paid to the ways in which crime fiction as a genre can inform and enliven the study of criminology. Written largely for undergraduate and graduate students, but also for scholars of crime fiction and criminology interested in thinking across disciplinary boundaries, Studying Crime in Fiction: An Introduction provides full coverage of the backgrounds of the related fields of crime fiction studies and criminology, and explores the many ways they are reciprocally illuminating.The four main chapters in Section 1 (Orient You) familiarize readers with the history and contours of the broad fields within which Studying Crime in Fiction: An Introduction operates. It introduces the history of crime and criminology, as well the history of crime fiction and the academic field dedicated to its study. In its final chapter it looks at the ways these areas of study can be conceptually interrelated. Section 2 of the book (Equip You) is dedicated to examining aspects of criminological theory in relation to various forms of crime fiction. It highlights a range of the most relevant theories, paradigms, and problematics of criminology that appear in, shed light on, or can be effectively illuminated through reference to crime fiction. Its five chapters deal with the definition of crime; explanations for crime and criminal behaviour; investigations into crime; the experience of crime; and, finally, punishments for crime. All of these areas are examined alongside examples of crime fiction drawn from across the genre's history. Section 3 (Enable You) presents six case studies. Each of these reads a work of crime fiction alongside one or more criminological approaches. Each case study is supplemented with a set of questions addressing issues central to the study of crime in fiction.

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding presents award-winning coverage of the sociology of criminology. It assesses the impact of race, ethnicity, gender and social class on crime and the treatment of criminals. Moving beyond simple “get tough” approaches, Author Steven Barkan asserts that understanding the social causes of criminal behavior is the first step to addressing it. He urges readers to take a critical eye to our reliance on the criminal justice system as a means of reducing crime. The thoroughly revised 8th Edition includes the latest statistics and research on crime and criminal justice available as the text went to production. Dozens of new references have been added and older ones deleted.

This is an open access book. Socio-culturally, people in the Southeast Asian region have a heterogeneous composition. This diversity can be seen from the large number of ethnic compositions that inhabit the region. For example, in Indonesia, there are already various ethnic groups, not yet to mention in other regions such as Malaysia, Philippine, and others. The diversity of these ethnic groups is directly proportional to the variety of languages that exist in Southeast Asia. Similarly with the languages, the culture in these ethnic groups is definitely diverse. Interestingly, this diversity is constantly changing, keeping up with the global changes. These changes are important to study, in order to get an overview of the socio-cultural changes and continuity that currently exist in the Southeast Asian region.The various changes and continuity that occur historically, geographically, and socio-culturally mentioned above, will also have various impacts on the educational aspect. Therefore, it is also pivotal to examine the various change and continuity that occur in the field of education of Southeast Asia. This is because the field of education will determine where Southeast Asia will be taken in the future.

Frontiers in Developmental and Life-Course Criminology advances the field of developmental and life-course criminology (DLC) by highlighting some recent methodological innovations, and exploring the ways in which DLC criminologists are helping to bridge the gap between science and service by their engagement with policymakers and government and non-government agencies.The book is united by three related themes: the use of new data sources including government administrative data systems, the development of intervention and prevention strategies grounded in DLC research, and resilience, prosocial behaviour, and strengths-based approaches.This book opens up new possibilities for the future of DLC research, orienting the DLC field as one that prioritises the achievement of better outcomes for individuals and society.

The world is in short supply of energy. Along with environmental factors, it has become crucial for science to provide solutions. Energy Materials is a significant area of research in material science.The various aspects of energy include electrical power, comprising batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectric energy conversion, photovoltaics, etc. Hydrogen is available in abundance, but catalysts are needed for the catalysis, so catalysts or porous solids have universal appeal in usage and applications. Then there are nuclear energy materials.Overall, energy materials have now captured the most attention worldwide in research and investment. This book covers various sections that are currently exploring energy solutions through materials.

As this book shows, between 1910 and 1942, social feminists in New Jersey waged an unsuccessful campaign for legislation that would permit eugenic sterilization of ‘feebleminded'and other ‘undesirable'citizens. Church archives and religious periodicals described the conflict between Catholic and Protestant citizens regarding this issue. Reform-minded women persisted in their quest for such progressive state legislation despite repeated failures. Their number of potential voters was very small compared to the organized bloc of Catholic citizens who viewed such legislation as immoral and based on bad science, and threatened to unseat any legislator who supported such a notion. This insightful text highlights that public officials would only enact such laws when they were convinced that many citizens supported a particular eugenic goal and then would vote for legislators who satisfied this moral challenge. Public opinion was unprepared for such radical legislation in New Jersey, and legislators learned that to even consider a eugenic sterilization notion would be political suicide.

Focusing on why things go right, The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View, helps students understand and appreciate psychology as a science and as an integrated whole. Informed by student data, the program extends these themes and enhances their pedagogical value by guiding students toward topics they find the most challenging and offering new learning resources to master them. When paired with Connect, students will also benefit from Thematic Relevancy Modules (brief, thought-provoking modules tied to the APA's IPI Student Learning Outcomes), Interactivities and Application-Based-Activities, Psych-at-Work videos (interviews with real people), and more to help further prepare them to be successful in this course.

This book compiles the fieldwork experiences of 55 researchers, addressing the challenges, ethical considerations, and methodologies employed to study 30 diverse populations and phenomena within Criminology and Security Studies. This volume contributes to filling a gap in academic literature by highlighting the often unspoken realities and intricacies of fieldwork. The book is systematically structured into five thematic sections: The Powerful, The Invisible, The Vulnerable, The Violent, and The Cyber. These categories encompass various aspects and dimensions of fieldwork, including managing emotional distress, negotiating access through gatekeepers, ensuring the protection of informants, and exercising discretion in navigating sensitive issues. As a scholarly resource, this book is invaluable for academics, practitioners, and students involved in criminology, security studies, anthropology, sociology, and political science. By offering in-depth reflections and insights, this volume enhances the reader's understanding of the nuances of fieldwork, and informs the development of robust and ethical research practices.Chapters 2, 9 and 11 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Volume 52 is an annual survey of cutting-edge issues by preeminent criminology scholars. Since 1979, Crime and Justice has presented a review of the latest international research, providing expertise to enhance the work of sociologists, psychologists, criminal lawyers, justice scholars, and political scientists. The series explores a full range of issues concerning crime, its causes, and its cures. In both the review and the thematic volumes, Crime and Justice offers an interdisciplinary approach to address core issues in criminology.

This book is a timely reference text that highlights the role of vaccination in the fast-growing aquaculture industry. It discusses topics such as vaccine formulation, vaccine delivery, and enhancing the immune response of fish using nanoparticles. Information related to vaccine safety, ethical approval, and regulations is also discussed, together with dissemination of vaccines to fish farms across the globe. This cutting-edge book presents novel strategies to meet the growing demand for vaccines in finfish aquaculture. This book is useful to students, academics, clinicians, and professionals in the field of fisheries sciences, aquaculture, and veterinary sciences.

This book bridges the gap between theory and practice, incorporating real-world case studies to show how organisations and leaders can adapt after the global unrest and uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and more recent challenges. Drawing from expert opinions across the world to highlight the current challenges and opportunities within this sector, it explores how these ideas can be effectively applied within the workplace.The book covers a wealth of topical and relevant themes that include defining wellbeing in a modern world, toxic leadership, mental health first aid, the application of positive psychology, and what the ‘new normal'might look like. Together, these contributions offer a rich look into how Occupational Health and Wellbeing practices have developed, struggled and thrived. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many organisations to adapt fast and became the most significant accelerator in recent times for embracing, enhancing and improving employee health and wellbeing. Understanding this, the book demonstrates how Occupational Health and Wellbeing continues to rise on the corporate agenda as a key contributor to employee satisfaction, engagement and retention, increased financial stability and overall organisational success. The book is essential reading for senior executives, leaders and professionals involved in occupational health, human resources, health, safety and wellbeing, people support, people development, employee assistance, counselling as well as students within organisational and occupational psychology.

As the average life expectancy continues to rise, the long-held assumption that age is a protective factor against criminal offending and victimisation is being challenged. Recognising that people who commit offences later in life are an overlooked group in criminology, Not Your Usual Suspect is the first collection to assemble research on different forms of violence and abuse perpetrated by individuals predominantly over 60. Examining intersections of gender, crime and age, this collection highlights how the increase in older people entering the criminal justice system has emphasised the unpreparedness of policies and practices for dealing with this cohort. Moving beyond existing research and policy which has focused primarily on those who are sentenced in later life for crimes they committed as younger adults – so called historic crimes – the chapters pay crucial attention to those who commit offences as long-term, repeat or first-time offenders in later life. Offering an important contribution for researchers across the criminological, gerontological, feminist and elder abuse fields, Not Your Usual Suspect expands existing research to consider the behaviour and drivers of older offenders, addressing the increasingly important issue of how the needs of this group can be addressed by policy and practice.

This second edition book advances knowledge about criminal careers throughout life. It presents new results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD), which is a unique longitudinal study of the development of offending from age 10 to age 61. Previous results obtained in the CSDD are reviewed, and then new findings from official criminal records up to age 61 are presented: on offending at different ages, continuity in offending, ages of onset, and criminal career duration. The number of offenders and offenses between ages 50 and 61 is noteworthy. The book then presents results on self-reported offending in different age ranges up to 48: on prevalence, frequency, continuity, and comparisons with official records that suggest that official records only capture the tip of the iceberg of offending. It then analyzes different trajectories of official offending up to age 61 and shows to what extent they could be predicted by childhood risk factors. New results from the CSDD in the last 10 years are then presented, followed by a discussion of the relevance of all the findings for criminological theories and public policies such as early intervention. This book should be of great interest not only to academics but also to policy makers and practitioners who are concerned with crime..................

Political shocks have come to be considered highly salient for explaining major changes to international politics and to the foreign policies of states. Such shocks can occur at all levels of analysis: domestically, dyadically, regionally, or globally. They range from political phenomena such as coups and wars to ecological catastrophes. These shocks are sufficiently disruptive to cause foreign policy makers to reconsider their foreign policy orientations and to contemplate major changes to their policies. In fact, some have argued that it is mostly through political shocks that fundamental policy change occurs in most states. No wonder then that political shocks are now increasingly part of the toolbox of considerations used by foreign policy and international relations scholars as they focus on understanding patterns of conflict and cooperation between states. Given the salience of political shocks to understand foreign policy change, this book brings together a group of both senior and more junior scholars whose previous work has shown substantial promise for moving forward theory and empirical analysis. Their combined efforts in this book highlight the value of multiple theoretical and empirical approaches to a clearer understanding of the nature of political shocks and their consequences for foreign policy and international politics.

A thought-provoking examination of how insights from neuroscience challenge deeply held assumptions about morality and law. As emerging neuroscientific insights change our understanding of what it means to be human, the law must grapple with monumental questions, both metaphysical and practical. Recent advances pose significant philosophical challenges: how do neuroscientific revelations redefine our conception of morality, and how should the law adjust accordingly? Trialectic takes account of those advances, arguing that they will challenge normative theory most profoundly. If all sentient beings are the coincidence of mechanical forces, as science suggests, then it follows that the time has come to reevaluate laws grounded in theories dependent on the immaterial that distinguish the mental and emotional from the physical. Legal expert Peter A. Alces contends that such theories are misguided—so misguided that they undermine law and, ultimately, human thriving. Building on the foundation outlined in his previous work, The Moral Conflict of Law and Neuroscience, Alces further investigates the implications for legal doctrine and practice.

This ground-breaking textbook engages readers in conversation about responding to the effects of diversity within formal criminal justice systems in Westernized nation-states. Moving past a binary concept of diversity that involves only race and gender, this book elaborates upon a wide variety of other forms of diversity, including sexuality, disability, mental health, gendered identity, refugees, the young and the ageing, and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) peoples, with an awareness of how intersecting identities make some people more vulnerable than others. With reported statistics providing only a snapshot of the incongruent experiences of diverse minorities in contact with criminal justice systems, there is a clear need for nuanced training and accessible information regarding diversity in criminal justice. The book examines diversity in terms of both criminal justice agents and justice-involved individuals such as people in prison, those convicted of crimes, the victimized, and the community. This volume brings together a group of international scholars to articulate on each of the identified populations, examining the effect of culture and diversity on criminal justice outcomes and outlining how those diverse perspectives can improve criminal justice service delivery overall. Incorporating case studies, reflections, and activity questions, this book is a valuable resource for courses in criminology, criminal justice, corrections, and law enforcement, and is ideal for any program focusing on multiculturalism and diversity in criminal justice. Scholars, researchers, and professionals will also benefit from the analysis.

Unrivaled in its current coverage, Siegel's best-selling JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: THEORY, PRACTICE, AND LAW, 14E presents the historical development of the concept of childhood and delinquency as well as the latest research on when, where and why juvenile crime occurs. With a highly praised balanced approach and engaging writing style, this edition uses thought-provoking discussions of the latest trends to capture your interest as you examine the latest data on issues such as mental disorders and social and environmental causes of delinquency. Each chapter presents numerous complex and detailed scenarios, many based on real life cases, followed by critical-thinking questions. You examine current issues, such as how today's gangs recruit members in cyberspace, how the COVID pandemic has influenced teen drug use, trends in school shootings and crime and how delinquency is addressed around the world. MindTap digital resources are also available to apply what you've learned.

Volume 51 is a thematic volume on Prisons and Prisoners. Since 1979, the Crime and Justice series has presented a review of the latest international research, providing expertise to enhance the work of sociologists, psychologists, criminal lawyers, justice scholars, and political scientists. The series explores a full range of issues concerning crime, its causes, and its cures. In both the review and the occasional thematic volumes, Crime and Justice offers an interdisciplinary approach to address core issues in criminology. Volume 51 of Crime and Justice is the first to reprise a predecessor, Prisons (Volume 26, 1999), edited by series editor Michael Tonry and the late Joan Petersilia. In Prisons and Prisoners, editors Michael Tonry and Sandra Bucerius revisit the subject for several reasons. In 1999, most scholarly research concerned developments in Britain and the United States and was published in English. Much of that was sociological, focused on inmate subcultures, or psychological, focused on how prisoners coped with and adapted to prison life. Some, principally by economists and statisticians, sought to measure the crime-preventive effects of imprisonment generally and the deterrent effects of punishments of greater and lesser severity. In 2022, serious scholarly research on prisoners, prisons, and the effects of imprisonment has been published and is underway in many countries. That greater cosmopolitanism is reflected in the pages of this volume. Several essays concern developments in places other than Britain and the United States. Several are primarily comparative and cover developments in many countries. Those primarily concerned with American research draw on work done elsewhere. The subjects of prison research have also changed. Work on inmate subcultures and coping and adaptation has largely fallen by the wayside. Little is being done on imprisonment's crime-preventive effects, largely because they are at best modest and often perverse. An essay in Volume 50 of Crime and Justice, examining the 116 studies then published on the effects of imprisonment on subsequent offending, concluded that serving a prison term makes ex-prisoners on average more, not less, likely to reoffend. In 1999, little research had been done on the effects of imprisonment on prisoners'families, children, or communities, or even—except for recidivism— on ex-prisoners'later lives: family life, employment, housing, physical and mental health, or achievement of a conventional, law-abiding life. The first comprehensive survey of what was then known was published in the earlier Crime and Justice: Prisons volume. An enormous literature has since emerged, as essays in this volume demonstrate. Comparatively little work had been done by 1999 on the distinctive prison experiences of women and members of non-White minority groups. That too has changed, as several of the essays make clear. What is not clear is the future of imprisonment. Through more contemporary and global lenses, the essays featured in this volume not only reframe where we are in 2022 but offer informed insights into where we might be heading.

••Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Occupational and Environmental Medicine••This third edition of Human Factors in Aviation and Aerospace is a fully updated and expanded version of the highly successful second edition. Written for the widespread aviation community including students, engineers, scientists, pilots, managers, government personnel, etc., this edition continues to offer a comprehensive overview, including pilot performance, human factors in aircraft design, and vehicles and systems. With new editors, this edition adds chapters on aviator attention and perception, accident investigations, automated systems in civil transport airplanes, and aerospace. Multicontributed by leading professionals in the field, this book is the ultimate resource for anyone in the aviation and aerospace industries. - Uses real-world case examples of dangers and solutions - Includes a new chapter on spaceflight human factors and decision making - Examines future directions for automated systems, in two new, separate chapters