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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Jews from Central and Eastern Europe arrived in New York City, where they did not only find a new home, but far away from their shtetl origin, the new members of the American society also began to politically radicalize. There has been a discussion in the literature related to the field, where, how, and why the Jewish population radicalized. This study analyses two waves of radicalization: one related to the American environment that is responsible for the described process at the end of the 19th century; one, related to the developments in Eastern Europe during the early decades of the 20th century. For both radicalization processes this book compares the reasons, elements, and aims of those who join radical movements to show that there is a transatlantic perspective that links both processes to each other.

Emma Goldman's life and work offer countless perspectives for study and analysis. As an anarchist activist she always attacked any form of inequality and was a lifelong agent for freedom. Goldman, who lived a transnational life, in her writings and actions offers a kaleidoscopic image of the injustices of her time, while they emphasize her hopes and dreams for a better future at the same time. The present book, which is a collection of essays about this transnational life of an important anarchist, consequently offers a glimpse into Goldman's personal and political kaleidoscope. It shows how she thought about revolutions in general, and the Russian Revolution in particular, while it also highlights that even an anarchist had to work according to capitalist rules to survive. In addition, Goldman's activities to criticize gender norms and her perception as a female radical are elements that are discussed as well. The collection thereby offers a critical insight into the many facets of Emma Goldman's life and impact in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

This book, as the first volume of a multiple volume endeavor to analyze several revolutions of the “long” nineteenth and “short” twentieth century to show how revolutionary processes evolved, takes a closer look at the Atlantic Revolutions, that is, the American, the French, and the Haitian Revolution. It will therefore use a comparative ten-step model to emphasize similarities with regard to the revolutionary developments in different parts of the world. The book consequently aims at providing a general, but deeper, understanding of revolutions as a global phenomenon of modernity while explaining how revolutionary processes evolve and develop, and how they could and can be corrupted.

It were journalists that made war accessible for private households since the 19th century. Detailed reports and images brought the front to the living room and people around the world could follow military action on a daily basis. The people who reported about wars therefore shaped the perceptions of the respective conflicts and could even turn into political agents. This volume presents several case studies demonstrating how war and journalism were tied together on multiple levels. The contributions reflect questions related to agency, description, perception and politics alike. The authors explore which role journalists actually played in times of war and conflict and how their work fits into the overall history of violence since the 19th century.

Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory can help to better understand and describe developments of the 21st century. The contributors address the possibilities to reread Wallerstein's theoretical thoughts and ideas that are related to different disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. The presented interdisciplinary approach of this anthology thereby intends to highlight the broader value of Wallerstein's ideas, even almost five decades after the famous sociologist and economic historian first expressed them.

Affen sind vermutlich die Tiere, mit denen wir uns am ehesten identifizieren, wenn es darum geht, das Menschliche im Tierischen zu erkennen. Dessen ungeachtet symbolisieren sie gleichsam eine Furcht menschlicher Degeneration. Das besondere Mensch-Tier-Verhältnis ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Kulturgeschichte. Frank Jacob führt aus, welche Rolle Affen für die Selbstwahrnehmung des Menschen spielten und wie sie, etwa als Objekt in Forschung und Populärmedien, gleichermaßen als humanoides Tier begriffen wurden und werden. Er beleuchtet dabei schlaglichtartig eine Beziehungsgeschichte, die bis heute andauert, wobei die Intensität dieser Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Primat im Laufe der Jahrhunderte immer wieder neu definiert wurde.

The First World War was a truely global event that changed the course of history in many participating as well as non-participating countries. In East Asia, the war stimulated the further rise of Japan as the leading power in the region during the war, yet also its radicalization and social protests after 1918. In China and Korea it stimulated nationalist eruptions, demanding freedom and equality for the (semi)colonized countries and the people living within their borders. All in all, the present book offers a consice introduction of the history of the First World War and its impact in East Asia.

The human experience of war is not only remembered by societies through memorials, but also through the depiction of wars and important battles of respective national histories on screen. Very often, the image presented is related to existent semiotics, and the respective sign systems determine the image of heroic actions and violence on the screen. The present volume provides a deeper insight into the forces at play when war films are presented on the big screen and intends to show why and how violent conflicts often have an afterlife as visual media as well.

This book shows that education does not only prepare war, but defines its character for future generations. Pointing out the intricate interconnetion with the various practices of education this volume offers in-depth studies of war and education in several chronological and geographical contexts. Tying in with the latest state of the art the authors offer examples for education for war, education in war and education for reconciliation in the aftermath of wars from a global perspective.

Revolutionen beschleunigen Geschichte, verdichten die Zeit, schaffen ein Diskontinuum und versprechen bei alledem eine Zukunft, die politisch und sozial gerechter ist. In Band 6 der ›Kritischen Reflexionen‹ widmet sich Frank Jacob diesem globalen Phänomen der Moderne und beleuchtet einige grundlegende Fragen im Hinblick auf Ziele, Abläufe und Interessensgruppen innerhalb revolutionärer Transformationsprozesse.

From a global perspective, the historical relationship between war and communism throughout the 20th century is discussed in this book.Communist theory was supposed to lead to a classless society that would thereby overcome nationalism, imperialism, violence, and eventually war itself. Regardless of the theoretical assumption that a communist utopia would end wars forever, communism very often related to war, not only in a theoretical sense, but also in the actual historical process. How communist theorists interpreted war, argued for or against it and tried to sanction the use of violence in the name of a communist utopia are questions for this anthology about an “unnatural interrelationship”. At the same time, the contributions of this volume take a closer look at violent responses against communism during the 20th century.

Nationalism was declared dead too early. At the end of the Cold War, the postnational age was announced and liberalism claimed to have been victorious. Simultaneously, a postnational order was proclaimed. Transnational alliances like the European Union were thought to become much more important in international relations. Instead, we witnessed the rise of various forms of strong nationalisms all over the globe during the early twenty-first century and right-wing parties gaining more and more votes in elections often characterized by heavily nationalist agendas. This volume shows how nationalist dreams and fears determine politics in an age that was supposed to witness a rather peaceful coexistence amongst nations by those who consider transnational ideas more valuable than national demands. The case studies in the book offer explanations of how and why nationalism made its way back to the common consciousness and which elements stimulated the re-establishment of the aggressive nation-state. Continuities of empire, actual or imagined, as well as the role of “foreign-” and “otherness” for nationalist narratives, are key in order to explain how, among other factors, globalization stimulated the rise of twenty-first century nationalisms.

Frank Herbert's »Dune« (1965) is considered to be one of the most successful Science Fiction novels of the 20th century. It introduces its readers to a future universe, in which the production of the most valuable resource of the universe – ›spice‹ – is only possible on one vast desert planet called Arrakis. »Dune« offers many different motifs, including a hero that eventually turns into a superhuman being. However, the novel is also rich of orientalist semiotics and relates to a sign system existent when Herbert wrote his book. Frank Jacob discusses these semiotics in detail and shows how much of »Lawrence of Arabia« is present in the story's plot.

Ernst Papanek was an Austrian pedagogue who worked with Jewish refugee children in France in 1939/40, before he was forced to leave to the United States. There, he nevertheless continued his work to point out the impact of war, genocide and displacement on children, who were often forgotten in major discussions about the war and the losses it had created. This volume provides a short biographical outline of Papanek and a theoretical discussion about the impact of war and genocide on children who are forced out of their lives and who were not only physically displaced as a consequence. The second part of the book assembles some of Papanek's important texts about the children he had worked with and for, to make his thoughts and important considerations accessible for a broader academic and non-academic public alike.

The Atlantic Ocean not only connected North and South America with Europe through trade but also provided the means for an exchange of knowledge and ideas, including political radicalism. Socialists and anarchists would use this “radical ocean” to escape state prosecution in their home countries and establish radical milieus abroad. However, this was often a rather unorganized development and therefore the connections that existed were quite diverse. The movement of individuals led to the establishment of organizational ties and the import and exchange of political publications between Europe and the Americas. The main aim of this book is to show how the transatlantic networks of political radicalism evolved with regard to socialist and anarchist milieus and in particular to look at the actors within the relevant processes—topics that have so far been neglected in the major histories of transnational political radicalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Individual case studies are examined within a wider context to show how networks were actually created, how they functioned and their impact on the broader history of the radical Atlantic.

Wars create their own dynamics, especially with regard to images and language. The semiotic and semantic codes are redefined, according to the need to create an enemy image, or in reference to the results of a war that are post-event defined as just or reasonable. The semiotic systems of wars are central to the discussion of the contributions within this volume, which highlight the interrelationship of semiotic systems and their constructions during wars in different periods of history.

Analyses how migrants are portrayed in film from different viewpoints.

Nationalism was declared to be dead too early. A postnational age was announced, and liberalism claimed to have been victorious by the end of the Cold War. At the same time postnational order was proclaimed in which transnational alliances like the European Union were supposed to become more important in international relations. But we witnessed the rise a strong nationalism during the early 21st century instead, and right wing parties are able to gain more and more votes in elections that are often characterized by nationalist agendas. This volume shows how nationalist dreams and fears alike determine politics in an age that was supposed to witness a rather peaceful coexistence by those who consider transnational ideas more valuable than national demands. It will deal with different case studies to show why and how nationalism made its way back to the common consciousness and which elements stimulated the re-establishment of the aggressive nation state. The volume will therefore look at the continuities of empire, actual and imagined, the role of'foreign-'and'otherness'for nationalist narratives, and try to explain how globalization stimulated the rise of 21st century nationalisms as well.

Marriage was historically not only a romantic ideal, but a tool of exploitation of women in many regards. Women were often considered commodities and marriage was far away from the romantic stereotypes people relate to it today. While marriages served as diplomatic tools or means of political legitimization in the past, the discourses about marital relationships changed and women expressed their demands more openly. Discourses about marriage in history and literature naturally became more and more heated, especially during the'long'19th century, when marriages were contested by social reformers or political radicals, male and female alike. The present volume provides a discussion of the role of marriage and the discourses about in different chronological and geographical contexts and shows which arguments played an important role for the demand for more equality in martial relationships. It focuses on marriage discourses, may they have been legal or rather socio-political ones. In addition, the disputes about marriage in literary works of the 19th and 20th centuries are presented to complement the historical debates.

Deutschland hat ein Problem. Viel wurde in den letzten Jahren über Identität, Kultur, Migration und Anderssein debattiert, gestritten, oftmals geschrien. Die dahinterliegenden großen Krisen unserer Zeit wie Armut, wachsende Ungleichheit oder populistische Bedrohungen der Demokratie blieben dabei oftmals unbeachtet. Und dann kam auch noch Corona. Die Pandemie wirkt als Brandbeschleuniger der Krisen, die schon vor dem Jahr 2020 akut waren und es noch sind. Dieses Buch ist deshalb auch eine Warnung. Die Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaftler Jan Schaller und Sebastian Kunze beobachten und analysieren seit Jahren die sich verändernde politische Lage in Deutschland. Sie zeigen, dass die gegenwärtig diskutierten Fragen auf tiefer liegenden gesellschaftlichen Verwerfungen gründen und wie wir diese bearbeiten können. Das positive Gestalten unserer gemeinsamen Zukunft für eine solidarischere, gerechtere Gesellschaft bleibt dabei stets im Fokus.

Das 21. Jahrhundert ist erst zwei Dekaden alt, hat aber bereits ein immenses Krisenpotential bewiesen und die Menschheit sieht sich mit großen Fragen konfrontiert, die für die Gestaltung unserer Welt maßgebend sind. Die Fragen unserer Zeit werden deshalb hier in Form kurzer Impulse und Denkanstöße kritisch reflektiert. Welche Schwächen sind zu überwinden, welche Chancen liegen vor uns? Am Beispiel historischer Phänomene wie Nationalismus oder Revolution macht Frank Jacob das Krisenpotential sowie die Konflikte bewusst, die sich bereits jetzt für das 21. Jahrhundert abzeichnen. Das Ziel ist eine echte und reflektierte Debatte über die Probleme wie Migration und Flucht, Klimakrise, Neokapitalismus etc., die das Schicksal der Welt bestimmen werden. Dabei votiert der Autor für eine gerechtere und moralisch vertretbare Form des Zusammenlebens: eine globale Solidargemeinschaft, in der wichtige Entscheidungen jenseits kapitalistischer Zwecke und Normen getroffen werden.

The yakuza, Japan's traditional gangsters, are famous, especially outside Japan, where the country's criminal underworld ranks next to sushi or Godzilla when it comes to their respective fame and popularity. However, in popular media the images of the Japanese gangster vary, ranging from chivalrous Robin Hood-like characters, to violent mobsters without honor and dignity. The present volume addresses these differences, i.e. the way yakuza are presented in Japanese and Western popular media. Films and autobiographical novels, inspired by historical events or personal experiences, but also by existent and sometimes even expected stereotypes, therefore often already represent a specific image of the Japanese mafia that is more like an artificial construct than actual reality. The contributions in this book consequently intend to discuss the images of the Japanese yakuza in popular media to offer a first insight into a very important yet so far understudied topic related to the history of and existent narratives within Japan's popular culture.

Verfaultes Korn im Brot, gepanschter Wein, Pferdefleisch in der Lasagne, Hühner im Käfig oder Metallspäne in der Milch – die Liste der Lebensmittelskandale ist lang. Die Beiträger_innen dieses Bandes nehmen Lebensmittelskandale des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts aus einer wissenshistorischen Perspektive in den Blick: Sie hinterfragen solche Medienereignisse um die Herstellung, den Handel oder den Konsum von Nahrungsmitteln in ihrem Verhältnis zu bestehenden Wissensordnungen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf unterschiedlichen Formen des Wissens, die teils miteinander konkurrierten, teils aber auch in den Debatten konvergierten – die Beiträge interessieren sich für wissenschaftliches Wissen ebenso wie für Alltags- und Erfahrungswissen, welches im Zuge von Lebensmittelskandalen immer wieder von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Wahrnehmung derselben war.

Produkte sollen verkauft und müssen deshalb beworben werden, gerade wenn es sich um sogenannte Waren des Massenkonsums handelt, die aufgrund geringer Margen nur durch hohe Verkaufszahlen einen Gewinn ermöglichen. Die Welt des weltweiten Tabakhandels hat daher wenig überraschend überaus viele Werbestrategien und ebenso verschiedene Werbemaßnahmen ersonnen, welche im vorliegenden Band eingehender betrachtet werden sollen. In den Beiträgen, die sich in verschiedenen Kontexten der historischen Entwicklung der Tabakwerbung widmen, wird nicht nur gezeigt, mit welchen teilweise obskuren semiotischen Systemen die Werbemacher der Tabakindustrie gearbeitet haben, sondern auch wie sich diese im Zuge der sich ins Negative entwickelnden gesellschaftlichen Bewertung des ›Rauchgenusses‹ anpassen mussten, um immer wieder möglichst viele Kunden für den Tabakkonsum zu begeistern.

Das 21. Jahrhundert beginnt mit zahlreichen Krisen: politische Unterdrückung, nationale Spaltungen, Klimakrise und Corona-Pandemie. Damit wächst auch das revolutionäre Potenzial, die Welt zu verändern. Frank Jacob diskutiert, welche Rolle Revolutionen in diesem Jahrhundert spielen können, wie sie ablaufen und was es zu beachten gilt, um eine moralische Korrumpierung revolutionärer Prozesse zu verhindern. Neben einem analytischen Zehn-Stufen-Modell stellt er grundlegende Aspekte vor, die über Erfolg und Misserfolg von Revolutionen entscheiden, und reflektiert diese mit besonderem Blick auf die Gegenwart.

Rosa Luxemburg war eine der bedeutendsten Intellektuellen des'langen'19. Jahrhunderts und ihr Wirken in der Politik sowie innerhalb der europäischen Arbeiterbewegung äußerst facettenreich. Sozialismus verstand sie – vor allem zum Unmut der Bolschewiki – als Einheit von politischen und sozialen Freiheiten. Bis heute ist sie deshalb eine Identifikationsfigur, ihre Schriften besitzen eine ungebrochene Aktualität. Luxemburgs vielgestaltiges Leben reichte von der Entstehung des Deutschen Kaiserreiches bis kurz nach dessen Ende (1871–1919) und wird im Jubiläumsjahr 2021 mit einer zweibändigen Ausgabe gewürdigt. Band 1 vermittelt einen Überblick über Biografisches und liefert eine Bestandsaufnahme ihres politischen Wirkens.

Im Jahr 2021 jährt sich Rosa Luxemburgs Geburtstag zum 150. Mal. Auch wenn sie im Zuge der Revolution von 1918/19 einen gewaltsamen Tod fand und in der Folge viel getan wurde, ihr Andenken zu schmälern, bleiben ihre Werke bis heute eine Inspiration für all diejenigen, die versuchen, eine neue, bessere und gerechtere Welt zu schaffen. Der Band versammelt Arbeiten von deutschsprachigen und internationalen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern, die sich aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und mit verschiedenen Fragestellungen dem Nachwirken Luxemburgs widmen. Sie unterstreichen in ihrer Gänze den bedeutenden Stellenwert, den Luxemburgs Gedanken bis heute besitzen.

Rosa Luxemburg lived a revolutionary life which determined her theoretical reflections about revolution and the role of the masses within it. The present study provides an analysis of Luxemburg's thoughts about and experiences with revolutionary processes and shows how she further developed Marxist ideas about the path and methods to achieve a democratic socialism as the result of a successful revolution. Next to the theoretical debate with Eduard Bernstein and her experiences during the Russian Revolution of 1905, the book also takes a closer look at Luxemburg's theoretical reflections about revolution in the years before and during the First World War, the Russian Revolution of 1917 as well as the German Revolution of 1918/19. The book therefore offers a concise analysis of Luxemburg's life as well as her combination of revolution theory and revolutionary practice.

König Fußball überall: Es vergeht kaum ein Tag, ohne dass ein Fußballspiel in der Liga, im Pokal oder in einem internationalen Wettbewerb stattfindet. Doch die historische Beschäftigung mit dem Phänomen Fußball ist keine Spielerei, sondern zentraler Analysegegenstand der modernen, länderübergreifenden Alltags-, Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und Rechtsgeschichte. Durch eine komparative Analyse der Darstellung von Fußball in verschiedenen Medien, die Rolle des Fußballs als (Hoch-)Schulsport, die historische Wahrnehmung der FIFA sowie einzelner Vereine oder bedeutender Trainer und Spieler wird die enge Verquickung zwischen Fußball einerseits sowie Gesellschaft und Politik andererseits deutlich.

Die Russische Revolution von 1917, die in Wirklichkeit aus mehreren Erhebungen bestand, bildet die Zäsur zwischen'langem'19. und'kurzem'20. Jahrhundert und leitete das sogenannte'Zeitalter der Extreme'(Eric Hobsbawm) ein. Viele, die an den Erfolg der Revolution geglaubt hatten, wurden von den tatsächlichen Entwicklungen bitter enttäuscht. Wieder einmal war eine Revolution nicht dazu in der Lage gewesen, das zu erreichen, was von vielen erwartet, ja herbeigesehnt wurde. Die revolutionäre Erhebung des Februar 1917 endete mit ihrer Korrumpierung im Oktober desselben Jahres. Frank Jacob widmet sich auf Basis eines analytischen Vergleichsmodells der Frage nach dem Prozess dieser Korrumpierung und zeigt, ob diese einer zwangsläufigen Entwicklung der Ereignisse oder vielmehr dem Machtwillen einiger weniger geschuldet war.

What impact did Bolshevist rule have on Emma Goldmans's perception of the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and why did she change her mind, going from defending the Russian Revolution to becoming a crusader against Bolshevism? The Russian Revolution changed the world and determined the history of the 20th century as the French Revolution had determined the history of the 19th century. Left-wing intellectuals around the world greeted the February Revolution with enthusiasm as their hope for a new world and social order and the end of capitalism seemed close. However, the joy did not last long as the ideals of February 1917 were replaced by the realities of October 1917 and Lenin crushed the revolution during the following Civil War. Emma Goldman, a famous Russian-born American anarchist was one of the intellectuals, whose admiration for the revolution turned into frustration about its corruption. Emma Goldman and the Russian Revolution discusses her evolving perception of the revolution between 1917 and the early 1920s. The analysis of such an intellectual transformation process, provides a case study of intellectual and revolutionary history alike, adding a closer reading to the research about the famous American anarchist, Emma Goldman, her transnational life and her role as a revolutionary intellectual.

Die Schlacht um Gallipoli war Großbritanniens bitterste Niederlage des Ersten Weltkrieges. Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit der Perspektivierung des Feldzugs. Zum einen sollen die Operationen innerhalb des Ersten Weltkrieges verortet werden, zum anderen beschrieben werden, welche Rolle die „Unvollendetheit'Gallipolis gegenwärtig im nationalen Gedächtnis der Nachfolgestaaten des Britischen Empire.

War creates veterans and societies are reminded by their existence that violent conflicts had been waged in the past. Even when the wars have been long forgotten by many, veterans are the ones whose fate has been tied to war and destruction. Societies often struggle with their veterans, especially when they have to address the former soldiers'traumatic experiences and acknowledge the wounds that hurt beyond the body. While veterans are a steady reminder of violent conflicts of the past, they are often ignored by their societies, once peace is achieved. Nevertheless, veterans play an important role in post-war contexts as well and this role, their influence and impact in the supposedly non-violent world need to be addressed. This volume discusses the role of veterans in the aftermath of war and shows how they had been treated by their societies and how the latter ones tried to reintegrate them into their own narratives of the past.

Sport is everything, but never solely sport. The commodification of human pleasure in or about many sports led to an increased political interest and dimension with regard to the major leagues and their stars. Corruption and scandals increased, while the human being in sports was and still is very often exploited or mistreated. These problems often relate to the political dimension as well. Consequently, it seems very promising and necessary alike to take a closer look at the interrelation of sports and politics. The present volume addresses this interrelation from different angles, when talking about issues like racism, gender inequality, or classism.

Friedrich Engels was one of the most important German thinkers of the 19th century and his writings are still important today. Addressing the pressing issues of his time, the broadly interested scholar Engels would write about many different topics, and thereby not only pave the way for a science-based socialism, but also for further studies in sociology, history, and philosophy. To highlight the value and impact of Engels'work as well as emphasize its relevance for major issues that will determine the 21st century, the present anthology assembles scholars from different countries and research fields to discuss how to read and gain insights from reading his works in our time. It also attempts to stimulate further research about Engels, who 200 years after his birth deserves to be fully brought out of the shadow of his friend and colleague Karl Marx.

Jewish radical thoughts and actions can be described in a variety of terms and dimensions. This volume wants to survey Jewish radicalism and present different approaches on this global historical phenomenon. It is focused on the 19th and 20th century and tries to grasped the manyfold Ideas of Jewish radicalism and, thereby, it approaches the term Jewish radicalism from different perspectives and wants to extend the understanding of this phenomenon.

Japan has always been fascinating for foreign observers. This volume will show, how its military has been perceived abroad and what image about the Japanese Army existed between 1853 and 1945 in the minds of those who read and heard stories from the Far East. When forcefully opened by a US mission in 1853, Japan was transformed by its ruling elites into a strong nation state, whose military and political forces wanted to avoid a colonization by foreign powers. Therefore, Japan's military capacities were of special interest and the army and navy were westernized very fast. Japanese soldiers became known as “Asia's Prussians”, and were often described as “gallant enemies”. This image, however, should rapidly change after the First World War. During the battles in China since 1937, and the Pacific since 1941, the Japanese soldiers were often referred to as “devils.“ This volume will take a closer look at the images of Japan's military abroad to show how these images were created, how they changed and what stimulated the differences with regard to the foreign perception of Japan and its military between 1853 and 1945.

Access to new plants and consumer goods such as sugar, tobacco, and chocolate from the beginning of the sixteenth century onwards would massively change the way people lived, especially in how and what they consumed. While global markets were consequently formed and provided access to these new commodities that increasingly became important in the ‘Old World', especially with regard to the establishment early modern consumer societies. This book brings together specialists from a range of historical fields to analyse the establishment of these commodity chains from the Americas to Europe as well as their cultural implications.

Pornography can tell us many things about a society, when it is seriously considered as a topic for scientific research. The present volume offers interdisciplinary perspectives on the subject and shows how pornography can be studied and what we can learn from such studies, e.g., about the construction of gender roles and their representation in pornographic media. Specialists from different fields provide insight into their approach towards the scientific study of pornography and thereby highlight that serious research on pornographic content from different time periods offers valuable findings about older and modern societies alike.

War Memorials were an important element of nation building, for the invention of traditions, and the establishment of historical traditions. Especially nationalist remembrance in the late 19th century and the memory of the First World War stimulated a memorial boom in the period which the present book is focusing on. The remembrance of war is nothing particularly new in history, since victories in decisive battles had been of interest since ancient times. However, the age of nationalism and the First World War triggered a new level of war remembrance that was expressed in countless memorials all over the world. The present volume presents the research of international specialists from different disciplines within the Humanities, whose research is dealing with the role of war memorials for the remembrance of conflicts like the First World War and their perceptions within the analyzed societies. It will be shown how memorials – in several different chronological and geographical contexts – were used to remember the dead, remind the survivors, and warn the descendants.

With the end of the Second World War, all its violence, war crimes, and sufferings as well as the atomic threat of the Cold War period, societies began to gradually remember wars in a different way. The glorious or honorable element of the age of nationalism was transformed into a rather dunning one, while peace movements demanded an end of war itself. To analyze these changes and to show how war was remembered after the end of the Second World War, the present volume assembles the work of international specialists who deal with this particular question from different national and international perspectives. The contributions analyze the role of soldiers, perpetrators, and victims of different conflicts, including the Second World War. They show which motivational settings led to the erection of war memorials reflecting the values and historical traditions of the second half of the 20th and the 21st centuries. Thus, this interdisciplinary volume explores how war is commemorated and how its actors and victims are perceived around the globe.

The series Genocide and Mass Violence in the Age of Extremes wants to provide an interdisciplinary forum for research on mass violence and genocide during the'short'20th century. It will highlight the role of state and non-state actors, the perspectives of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders, and put violent events of the Age of Extremes in a larger political, social, and most important, cultural context. Anthologies and monographs will provide academic and non-academic readers with a deep insight into and a better understanding for the reasons, the acts, and the consequences or mass violence and genocide from a global perspective. Titles of the series will be published in print and OPEN ACCESS. Advisory Board: Omer Bartov (Brown University) Wolfgang Benz (TU Berlin) Elissa　Bemporad　(Queens College, CUNY) Nida Kirmani (LUMS, Pakistan) Thomas Kühne (Clark University) Michael Pfeifer (John and Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY) Jürgen Zimmerer (University of Hamburg)

The Russo-Japanese War was in essence a colonial conflict between the expanding interests of Russia and Japan in East Asia. However, while appearing regional, the war itself in fact had a major global impact. The conflict and Japanese victory stimulated the Russian revolutionary movement in 1905 and hence the Russian Revolution of 1917. In addition, the Peace Treaty of Portsmouth created a tension between the United States and Japan that would establish the starting point for the road directly leading to Pearl Harbor in 1941. Eventually the war had a major impact on Germany, whose diplomats wanted to use the war to bind St Petersburg to Berlin, and whose military planners closely observed the events to prepare themselves for the next possible conflict.This book makes a strong argument for the consideration of initially minor events in the analysis of global history. By describing and analyzing the interrelationship between the events in East Asia and the major developments in Europe and the United States, it shows the significance of the Russo-Japanese War as a key factor in determining the most momentous historical events of the twentieth century: The First World War, the Second World War, and the Cold War.

The battles of the First World War created a fundamentally new impression of war. Total warfare, the use of propaganda, chemical weapons, and every possible other measure to ensure victory defined the event that should later be known as the »Great War«, because it caused so many deaths and much suffering. The catastrophe also had an impact on the humanities, which inevitably had to deal with the processing of an event that seemed to be too big to be clearly understood by the human mind. The present volume covers several interdisciplinary perspectives by dealing with the impact of the war on the humanities during and after the conflict that deeply influenced the mindset of the 20th century.

The present volume is the result of a pilot study and a workshop at Queensborough Community College that tried to integrate and discussed poetry as a new method of writing intensive pedagogy across the curriculum. Educators from several different disciplines – Art and Design, Biology, English, History, Philosophy, and Sociology – describe such methods and their teaching experiences in the classroom and highlight, how poetry has been and could be used for fruitful teaching and learning across the curriculum. The interdisciplinary pilot study and the discussions at the workshop, which are represented by the chapters in the present volume consequently emphasize the possibilities for the use of poetry at Community Colleges and U.S. undergraduate education in general. Contributors are: Kathleen Alves, Alison Cimino, Urszula Golebiewska, Joshua M. Hall, Angela Hooks, Frank Jacob, Shannon Kincaid, Susan Lago, Alice Rosenblitt-Lacey, Ravid Rovner, and Amy Traver.

A challenging examination of Japanese war crimes during World War II offers a fresh perspective on the Pacific War-and a better understanding of reasons for the wartime use of extreme mass violence.The 1937 Rape of Nanjing has become a symbol of Japanese violence during the Second World War, but it was not the only event during which the Japanese used extreme force. This thought-provoking book analyzes Japan's actions during the war, without blaming Japan, helping readers understand what led to those eruptions. In fact, the author specifically disputes the idea that the forms of extreme violence used in the Pacific War were particularly Japanese.The volume starts by examining the Rape of Nanjing, then goes on to address Japan's acts of individual and collective violence throughout the conflict. Unlike other works on the subject, it combines historical, sociological, and psychological perspectives on violence with a specific study of the Japanese army, seeking to define the reasons for the use of extreme violence in each particular case. Both a historical survey and an explanation of Japanese warfare, the book scrutinizes incidents of violence perpetrated by the Japanese vis-à-vis theories that explore the use of violence as part of human nature. In doing so, it provides far-reaching insights into the use of collective violence and torture in war overall, as well as motivations for committing atrocities. Finally, the author discusses current political implications stemming from Japan's continued refusal to acknowledge its war-time actions as war crimes.

This book presents a critical edition of the lecture “Cuba and the Cubans” by George Kennan the Elder, with a wide-ranging introduction examining its influence on American public opinion of the Spanish-American War. A well-known journalist and travel writer, George Kennan went to Cuba in 1898 to report on the war and conditions on the island for American readers. After the war, he delivered his lecture “Cuba and the Cubans” to audiences across the United States, depicting a backwards, inferior culture unprepared for independence. Frank Jacob's introduction offers rich context for his life, lecture, and influence, arguing that he contributed to the shift in public perception of Cuba from respected ally to wayward neighbor in need of American intervention. This critical edition illuminates the interaction between journalism, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy at a key moment in the U.S.-Cuban relationship that still reverberates today.

War is always related to many different aspects, e.g. religion, technology etc. However, one of the aspects of central importance for the history of warfare is geography. The present volume will analyze this interrelationship from several different perspectives.Geography is not only integral to the planning of tactics and strategies, but plays an important role in the outcome of war and its longterm aftermath. Furthermore, the interplay between war and geography is not purely a modern phenomenon but can be traced back through the ages of history. Geography always had the potential of providing an advantage or disadvantage. The aim of the volume is to grant historical perspectives on that special interrelationship in different time periods and regional settings. The purpose is to provide a deeper insight and an interdisciplinary discussion, which will open new perspectives on military history in general and the history of warfare in particular.

Die Seeschlacht von Tsushima brachte die Entscheidung im Russisch-Japanischen Krieg von 1904/05. Sie hatte einen prägenden Einfluss auf die Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Dieses Buch schildert nicht nur die Hintergründe und den Verlauf der Schlacht, sondern auch, wie die Ereignisse in Ostasien die Weltgeschichte mitbestimmten.

Outstanding, in-depth scholarship by renowned literary critics; great starting point for students seeking an introduction to the theme and the critical discussions surrounding it.