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The inter action between the magnetic field generated by the neutron and the magnetic moment of atoms containing unpaired electrons was experimentally demonstrated for the first time about twenty years ago. The basic theory describing such an in­ teraction had already been developed and the first nuclear reactors with large available thermal neutron fluxes had recently been con­ structed. The power of the magnetic neutron interaction for in­ vestigating the structure of magnetic materials was immediately recognized and put to use where possible. Neutron diffraction, however, was practicable only in countries with nuclear reactors. The earliest neutron determinations of magnetic ordering were hence primarily carried out at Oak Ridge and Brookhaven in the US, at Chalk River in Canada and at Harwell in England. Diffraction patterns from polycrystalline ferromagnets and antiferromagnets are interpretable if produced by simple spin arrays. More complex magnetic scattering patterns could often be unravelled, in terms of a three-dimensional array of atomic moments, if the specimen studied is a single crystal. The devel­ opment of sophisticated cryogenic equipment, with independently alignable magnetic fields, opened the way to greater complexity in the magnetic structures that could be successfully determined, as did also the introduction of polarized neutron beams. By the end of the'sixties, many countries were contributing significantly to neutron diffraction studies of a wide variety of magnetic materials.

This publication is a result of three meetings, each 5 days long, held at the Goddard Space Flight Center on January 24-28, 1983, June 8-14, 1983, and February 13-17, 1984. The meetings were held in the interim between the full operations of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) in 1980, and the renewed operations after its repair in orbit in April 1984. Their general objectives were as follows: o Synthesize flare studies after three years of SMM data analysis. Many analyses of individual flares and individual phenomena, often jointly across many data sources had been published, but a need existed for a broader synthesis and updating of our understanding of solar flares since the Skylab Flare Workshops held several years earlier. o Encourage a broader participation in the SMM data anlysis and combine this more fully with theory and other data sources--data obtained with other spacecraft such as the HINOTORI, P78-1, and ISEE-3 spacecrafts, and with the Very Large Array (VLA) and many other ground-based instruments. Many coordinated data sets, unprecedented in their breadth of coverage and multiplicity of sources, had been obtained within the structure of the Solar Maximum Year (SMY). o Stimulate joint studies, and publication in the general scientific literature. The intended primary benefit was for informal collaborations to be started or broadened at the Workshops with subsequent publications. o Provide a special publication resulting from this Workshop. o Provide a starting point of understanding for planning renewed full observations with the repaired SMM.

The science of nutrition has advanced beyond expectation since Antoine La­ voisier as early as the 18th century showed that oxygen was necessary to change nutrients in foods to compounds which would become a part of the human body. He was also the first to measure metabolism and to show that oxidation within the body produces heat and energy. In the two hundred years that have elapsed, the essentiality of nitrogen-containing nutrients and of proteins for growth and maintenance of tissue has been established; the ne­ cessity for carbohydrates and certain types of fat for health has been docu­ mented; vitamins necessary to prevent deficiency diseases have been identified and isolated; and the requirement of many mineral elements for health has been demonstrated. Further investigations have defined the role of these nutrients in metabolic processes and quantitated their requirements at various stages of development. Additional studies have involved their use in the possible prevention of, and therapy for, disease conditions.

The science of nutrition has advanced beyond expectation since Antoine La­ voisier as early as the 18th century showed that oxygen was necessary to change nutrients in foods to compounds which would become a part of the human body. He was also the first to measure metabolism and to show that oxidation within the body produces heat and energy. In the two hundred years that have elapsed, the essentiality of nitrogen-containing nutrients and of proteins for growth and maintenance of tissue has been established; the ne­ cessity for carbohydrates and certain types of fat for health has been docu­ mented; vitamins necessary to prevent deficiency diseases have been identified and isolated; and the requirement of many mineral elements for health has been demonstrated. Further investigations have defined the role of these nutrients in metabolic processes and quantitated their requirements at various stages of development. Additional studies have involved their use in the possible prevention of, and therapy for, disease conditions.

The increased provision of facilities for neonatal and paediatric care in the last 25 years has been accompanied only in part by appropriate developments in pathology. Specialist pathol­ ogists are many fewer than paediatric departments, and details of the advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of diseases in childhood and of ways of investigating them are not uniformly available. In many institutions an individual with a special interest rather than a special training will be responsible for paediatric pathology and it is to this group of histopathologists that this text is addressed. For this reason it is not written as a comprehensive text and is not intended for use as a reference volume. Areas which may produce particular difficulties for the individual with little specialist knowledge of the very young (e. g. the lung) are dealt with in more detail and, in general, entities in which the histopathology does not differ greatly from that of the adult disease are considered briefly. A brief account of developmental processes is included where prenatal considerations are helpful in understanding a particular entity. A number of specialist topics which are known to trouble those who work in non-specialist departments are described fully (diseases of muscle) or with guides to investigation (metabolic disease). The value of investigation and careful description of abnormalities of development is also emphasized. The authors are from different backgrounds, paediatric pathologists (J. W. Keeling, J. Cox), pathologists in general departments with extensive experience in paediatric pathology (c. L.

1. 1. Invasive versus Non-Invasive Clinical Measurements in Medicine Clinical measurement has become an essential complement to traditional physical diagnosis. An ideal clinical measurement should be quantitative, have a high level of reliability and accuracy, be safe, acceptable to the patient, easy to perform and non-invasive. The latter demands that the technique should not break the skin or the lining epithelium and should be devoid of effects on the tissues of the body by the dissipation of energy or the introduction of infection [1]. It is therefore logical that for a given measurement, a non-invasive test will be preferred if it provides the same information with the same accuracy and precision. In the following sections, we will discuss the role of various non-invasive or relatively non-invasive methods to assess airway inflammation in asthma and concentrate on the only direct method of induced sputum examination. 1. 2. Why Is Assessment of Airway Inflammation Important in Asthma? Inflammation is a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruc­ tion of tissues which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue [2]. The role of inflammation in asthma was rec­ ognized long ago. In his textbook The Principles and Practice of Medicine, in 1892, Sir William Osler described'bronchial asthma... in many cases is a spe­ cial form of inflammation of the smaller bronchioles...

The advent of any new and effective therapy is soon followed by large numbers of publications in which the indications and benefits are explored critically. It is not unexpected, therefore, that within five years of the first Bermuda Symposium on advances in parenteral nutrition that a second Symposium was considered appropriate to review progress and explore new areas of investigation, as well as enlarging the scope of the meeting to include enteral nutrition. The rate of progress can be judged by the number of subjects which were not discussed at the first Symposium. For example, home parenteral nutrition, computer assisted assessment and prescribing, Studies of body protein synthesis and breakdown and the role of branched-chain amino acids are all new subjects for this Symposium which were not covered at all in the first meeting. Much progress has also been made to our understanding of the biochemi­ cal complications of parenteral nutrition and the problems related to long term access to the circulation. Nutritional care has become safer and more effective. There is an increasing awareness of the difficulties in making a true nutritional assessment in selecting patients for total parenteral nutrition and more attention has also been focussed on different approaches to enteral support in the management of undernourished patients. There is also continuing debate on the cost effectiveness of this expensive method of treatment and critics look in vain for evidence of efficacy based on controlled trials in specific groups of patients.

Due to sensitive molecular biological techniques, our understanding of chromosomal aberrations is steadily increasing. Provided here is a review of basic and applied aspects of the field. Chromosome structure, induction of DNA lesions by different clastogenic agents and their repair, induction of aberrations by agents which affect specific sequences in the DNA, and factors affecting induction and yield of chromosomal aberrations are covered. Further, topics such as automation of aberration scoring, problems associated with using chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in population monitoring and the importance of chromosomal aberration assays in mutagenicity testing of chemicals are included.

Atomic and Molecular Beams covers the state of the art in this field both theoretically and experimentally. With many contributions from leading researchers, including several Nobel laureates, this book will serve as a long lasting source of reference on all aspects of fundamental research into or using atomic and molecular beams. The topics covered in this volume include amongst others laser cooling and manipulation of atoms and molecules, alignment, relaxation and condensation in supersonic jets, photodissociation, spectroscopy and state imaging in beams, dynamics of elementary molecular collisions, production and properties of clusters and nanoparticles and beam interactions with surfaces.

J. E. Fischer, M.D. Professor Greep, ladies and gentlemen. It is a great pleasure for me and the participants to be present at this International Meeting of Parenteral Nutri­ tion. This meeting would not have been possible five years ago. At that time we were still arguing about central vs. peripheral routes, efficacy of the tech­ nique, and still getting accustomed to our ability to support patients nutri­ tionally. Within the last five years these discussions, which seem almost futile in retrospect, have been put aside. Both techniques, we know how, work quite well and have their own indications. Having become comfortable with the technique, it is now time to enter the second phase of parenteral nutrition, and that is the differentiation of the technique for the benefit of different patients. Over the next two days we will be discussing several problems which at the present time are central to the entire subject of parenteral nutrition. Is a fat calorie the same as a carbo­ hydrate calorie? What is the effect on protein metabolism of the fat calorie as opposed to the carbohydrate calorie? Are they equivalent? Are'there situations in which one is superior to the other? Perhaps we will find out tomorrow in the panel.

The first-ever bibliography of Scottish Latin authors in printThe work of the Latin writers of Scotland has suffered a neglect which its variety, copiousness, and intrinsic interest do not deserve. Their importance, and the importance of Latin as a literary language, is beginning to be recognized by scholars. Researchers from the universities of Glasgow and St. Andrews have now prepared the first-ever bibliography of Scottish Latin in print - unique both in its focus on the many works written in Latin and in the way in which Scottish writers are specifically targeted. Covering the years c. 1480-1700, this new reference tool carefully catalogues the work of some 500 writers, in both prose and verse. Thousands of works are named in a clear and original format, with their titles not so truncated as to be obscure (as sometimes happens in English ‘short-title'catalogues). The editors take advantage of recent research, and many poetic works hitherto unknown or ignored are referenced. This ground-breaking reference work will be essential not only for those who study the progress of humanism and the history and literature of early modern Scotland, but also for those engaged in various kinds of research into the events and ideas of continental Europe, with which Scotland was closely linked in many ways.

Libro especializado que se ajusta al desarrollo de la cualificación profesional y adquisición de certificados de profesionalidad. Manual imprescindible para la formación y la capacitación, que se basa en los principios de la cualificación y dinamización del conocimiento, como premisas para la mejora de la empleabilidad y eficacia para el desempeño del trabajo.

Electrospinning is a simple and highly versatile method for generating ultrathin fibres with diameters ranging from a few micrometres to tens of nanometres. Although most commonly associated with textile manufacturing, recent research has proved that the electrospinning technology can be used to create organ components and repair damaged tissues. Electrospinning for tissue regeneration provides a comprehensive overview of this innovative approach to tissue repair and regeneration and examines how it is being employed within the biomaterials sector.The book opens with an introduction to the fundamentals of electrospinning. Chapters go on to discuss polymer chemistry, the electrospinning process, conditions, control and regulatory issues. Part two focuses specifically on electrospinning for tissue regeneration and investigates its uses in bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, nerve, heart valve, bladder, tracheal, dental and skin tissue regeneration before concluding with a chapter on wound dressings. Part three explores electrospinning for in vitro applications. Chapters discuss cell culture systems for kidney, pancreatic and stem cell research.With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Electrospinning for tissue regeneration is a valuable reference tool for those in academia and industry concerned with research and development in the field of tissue repair and regeneration. - Provides a comprehensive overview of this innovative approach to tissue repair and regeneration covering issues from polymer chemistry to the regulatory process - Examines employment within the biomaterials sector, reviewing extensive applications in areas such as uses in bone, muscle tendon, heart valve and tissue regeneration - Explores electrospinning for in vitro applications and discusses cell culture systems for kidney, pancreatic and stem cell research

Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life because they are involved in controlling all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, feeding, body temperature regulation voiding and reproduction. This wide-ranging text emphasizes the extraordinary advances that have been made over the last 20 years in understanding how the central nervous system controls autonomic functions.

This book consists of conclusions drawn from the expertise shared at the Conference on Standards for Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Mathematics Education. It offers substantive detail regarding young students'understandings of mathematical ideas.

This history was undertaken to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Geology Department at ANU, and to honour its founding professor David A. Brown. It includes contributions from some 100 former students outlining their career successes.This history was compiled by Dr Mike Rickard, a staff member of the Department of Geology from 1963 to 1997, who also served as Head of Department for seven years. He graduated BSc and PhD from Imperial College London in 1957 and has specialised in mapping the structure of mountain chains in Ireland, Canada, Norway, and southern South America. He also mapped volcanic rocks for the Geological Survey of Fiji. He taught Structural Geology and Tectonics and has supervised field work in south eastern and central Australia. After retirement he has taught U3A courses in Earth Science.

This book comprehensively summarizes the adverse effects of tobacco smoking on human health. The current second edition has integrated a large set of new data that have been published in numerous scientifc studies and meta-analyses over the past few years. Unfortunately, the harmful sequelae of tobacco smoking are played down by the ind- try and politicians in many industrialized countries. However, about 800,000 people/year in the EU die from the immediate consequences of smoking. The particularly insidious feature of tobacco consumption is that smoking-attributable harmful effects on health do not generally become apparent until three or four decades after smoking initiation. Although some positive changes in the legislative handling of tobacco have appeared in the past fve years, we still need to form a pact, sealed by politicians, the medical prof- sionals, teachers and the media, to target the problem across nations. In this respect, a minority of countries, including the US and the UK, have given positive examples. There are four areas that need to be improved in future: (1) strict bans on tobacco adv- tisement on a global level, (2) better measures to protect against side-stream (passive) smoke exposure, (3) establishment of prevention programs, especially for children and (4) tre- ment of tobacco addiction.

Description based on print version record.

Type I diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease, incurable up to date. This book reviews and discusses the progress on environmental triggers and endogenous alarmins linking innate immunity to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The potential anti-inflammatory treatments for T1D evaluated in several models of the disease are also examined. In addition, while many individual therapies provide partial protection against the development of autoimmune diabetes, recently developed multicomponent vaccine strategies hold promise for restoration of euglycemia and more durable maintenance of immunological homeostasis. This book discusses mechanisms underlying the onset and development of type I diabetes and assesses individual and multicomponent immunosuppression strategies. The T1D associated genes that have been replicated in different populations are also analyzed, and whether they could lead to the genetic diagnosis. Other chapters in this book examine the role of physical activity, insulin therapy and dietary management in the the treatment of type I diabetes. Aspects of type I diabetes management in children is also reviewed, including current treatment options available, insulin regiments and insulin delivery methods, and structures and mechanism of action of the new insulin analogues.

Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology is a core text for criminology and criminal justice research methods courses. It strives to offer a general foundation of knowledge that transcends particular topics or subject areas, allowing students to apply research methods and concepts to a multitude of scenarios. Even though the textbook has been written primarily for criminal justice and criminology majors, there is an underlying recognition that research methods and findings are common among all of the social sciences. This text has been designed to be user-friendly, even when dealing with some fairly complex statistical and theoretical concepts. The most critical points are clearly stated and illustrated with examples chosen to be interesting in their own right.

How and what should young children be taught? What emphasis should be given to emotional learning? How do we involve families? Addressing these and other critical questions, this authoritative volume brings together developmentalists and early educators to discuss what an integrated, developmentally appropriate curriculum might look like across the preschool and early elementary years. State-of-the-science work is presented on brain development and the emergence of cognitive, socioemotional, language, and literacy skills in 3- to 8-year-olds. Drawing on experience in real-world classrooms, contributors describe novel, practical approaches to promoting school readiness, tailoring instruction to children's learning needs, and improving the teaching of language arts, math, and science.

The book comprises of twenty-six chapters covering the radiological and imaging aspects of Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal systems in detail. In spite of advancements in various imaging techniques, conventional radiology still remains the mainstay as the initial imaging modality for many abdominal disorders and its interpretation continues to be a great challenge. The importance of plain radiography and barium studies has been described in depth. Techniques of US, CT and the potential role of MRI in evaluation of these disorders have also been explicitly elaborated upon. There are separate sections dedicated to imaging of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. Clinicopathological aspects with radiological correlation have been discussed in the section on liver with special reference to focal and diffuse, benign and malignant lesions. Biliopathy and pancreatic disorders have been covered at length, with two separate chapters dealing with interventions. Portal hypertension has been discussed in great detail with authors explaining the role of various radiological modalities including US, colour Doppler, angiography and newer imaging techniques. The status of conventional techniques and advances in imaging have been described in an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of all regions of the GI tract involved by infective, benign, and malignant lesions with special reference to the evaluation of the patients with GI bleed. Encouraged by the response to the previous editions and to keep up with the pace of advances in imaging we decided to update the second edition, delete some and add few new chapters to make the third edition a very comprehensive, updated reference book for postgraduates, practicing radiologists, gastroenterologists and GI surgeons.

Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die Beiträge der gleichnamigen Paderborner Tagung vom Dezember 2007 und enthält die ‑ teils deutlich erweiterten ‑ schriftlichen Fassungen der Referate sowie Zusammenfassungen der Podiumsdiskussionen. Die Tagung verstand sich als Fortsetzung des 2006 mit der Mainzer Tagung „Digitale Medien und Musikedition“ begonnen Dialogs über digitale Editionsformen und war auf das aktuelle,Zwischenstadium‘ fokussiert, in dem einerseits noch Leuchtturmprojekte das Bild prägen, sich andererseits aber bereits internationale und interdisziplinäre Standards herauskristallisieren.So finden sich in dem Band fächerübergreifende Beiträge aus der Informatik, der Literaturwissenschaft und der Musikwissenschaft, die einerseits allgemeine Perspektiven für das,digitale Zeitalter‘ entwickeln, zum anderen aber auch konkrete Projekte vorstellen oder die Tauglichkeit von XML-Datenstandards für die Codierung von Musik oder Texten (speziell hinsichtlich der Verwendung von TEI bei der Briefauszeichnung) diskutieren.

The latest in a series providing chemical physicists with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline, this stand-alone volume focuses on using high resolution molecular spectroscopy to arrive at global and accurate Vibration Hamiltonians.

The use of quantum chemistry for the quantitative prediction of molecular properties has long been frustrated by the technical difficulty of carrying out the needed computations. In the last decade there have been substantial advances in the formalism and computer hardware needed to carry out accurate calculations of molecular properties efficiently. These advances have been sufficient to make quantum chemical calculations a reliable tool for the quantitative interpretation of chemical phenomena and a guide to laboratory experiments. However, the success of these recent developments in computational quantum chemistry is not well known outside the community of practitioners. In order to make the larger community of chemical physicists aware of the current state of the subject, this self-contained volume of Advances in Chemical Physics surveys a number of the recent accomplishments in computational quantum chemistry. This stand-alone work presents the cutting edge of research in computational quantum mechanics. Supplemented with more than 150 illustrations, it provides evaluations of a broad range of methods, including: • Quantum Monte Carlo methods in chemistry • Monte Carlo methods for real-time path integration • The Redfield equation in condensed-phase quantum dynamics • Path-integral centroid methods in quantum statistical mechanics and dynamics • Multiconfigurational perturbation theory-applications in electronic spectroscopy • Electronic structure calculations for molecules containing transition metals • And more Contributors to New Methods in Computational Quantum Mechanics KERSTIN ANDERSSON, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Sweden DAVID M. CEPERLEY, National Center for Supercomputing Applications and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois MICHAEL A. COLLINS, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia REINHOLD EGGER, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ANTHONY K. FELTS, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York RICHARD A. FRIESNER, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York MARKUS P. FÜLSCHER, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Sweden K. M. HO, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa C. H. MAK, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California PER-�KE Malmqvist, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Sweden MANUELA MERCHán, Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valéncia, Spain LUBOS MITAS, National Center for Supercomputing Applications and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois STEFANO OSS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Unità di Trento, Italy KRISTINE PIERLOOT, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Belgium W. THOMAS POLLARD, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York BJÖRN O. ROOS, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Sweden LUIS SERRANO-ANDRÉS, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Sweden PER E. M. SIEGBAHN, Department of Physics, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden WALTER THIEL, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland GREGORY A. VOTH, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania C. Z. Wang, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

Today, massive and conclusive scientific evidence documents the serious health risks that secondhand smoke poses to children, and the list of these health conditions has lengthened. The 2006 Surgeon General's report on The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke concludes that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, lower respiratory infections, middle ear disease, more severe asthma, respiratory symptoms, and slowed lung growth. Because their respiratory, immune, and nervous systems are still developing, children are especially vulnerable to the health effects of secondhand smoke. In addition, young children typically are exposed to secondhand smoke involuntarily and have limited options for avoiding exposure. They depend on their parents and on adults around them for protection..

This volume provides a comprehensive critical analysis of the research in mathematics education for young children. The researchers who conducted the critical analysis focused on the relationship between (1) mathematics learning in the early years and domain specific approaches to cognitive development, (2) the children's social learning and their developing understanding of math, and (3) the children's learning in a natural context and their understanding of mathematics concepts. The work of these scholars can help guide those researchers who are interested in pursuing studies in early childhood mathematics in a specific area of study. This volume will facilitate the research conducted by both novice and expert researchers. The volume has accomplished its major goals, which consists of critically analyzing important research in a specific area that would be most useful in advancing the field and provide recommendations for both researchers and educators.

The private equity industry has experienced rapid growth on a global scale in recent years. Institutional investors nowadays see private equity as a core element of their portfolios and have increased their allocation to this asset class accordingly. With the private equity industry becoming more mature and institutional investors - coming more experienced with the asset class, the debate on the industry's transp- ency has intensified. In order to manage their exposure to private equity effectively, institutional investors demand increased levels of transparency and disclosure from private equity fund managers. Are these calls justified? What information do private equity fund investors actually need? Are private equity fund managers providing suf- cient reporting? Kay Müller's distinguished dissertation sheds light on these questions. For the first time, he provides empirical analysis combining the perspective of private equity fund investors and managers. On the basis of a comprehensive set of interviews with le- ing European private equity fund investors, he presents an in-depth insight into the monitoring activities of institutional investors and explores their information requi- ments. These results are then contrasted with the actual reporting by fund managers based on a disclosure study of a unique sample of private equity fund reports. The analysis reveals several important information gaps and provides guidance on areas for improvements. The focus of this book is the relationship between investors and fund managers, which is at the heart of the private equity industry.

Die vorliegende Monographie stellt die Auswirkungen des Rauchens auf die menschliche Gesundheit eindringlich dar. Basierend auf den neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen schließt dieses Buch eine Lücke in der deutschsprachigen Literatur. Dabei werden einerseits die durch Tabak verursachten Erkrankungen detailliert beschrieben. Andererseits zeigen die Autoren neben Präventionsmaßnahmen insbesondere für Kinder und Jugendliche verschiedene Therapiemöglichkeiten mit ihren Vor- und Nachteilen auf, um dem Raucher den Nikotinentzug zu erleichtern. Das übersichtlich und systematisch gegliederte Buch behandelt folgende Themen: Geschichte des Tabaks; Epidemiologie der Tabakabhängigkeit; Tabakinhalts- und Zusatzstoffe; Pharmakologie und Pharmakokinetik; Tabak und Kanzerogenese; Erankungen durch Tabak; Rauchen und Schwangerschaft; Passivrauchen; Nichtmedikamentöse Entwöhnung; Medikamentöse Therapie; Primärpräventionsmaßnahmen; Tabakindustrie und Werbung; Gesellschaft und Politik.

More profound understanding of the nature of light and light-matter interactions in biology has enabled many applications in the biology and medical fields. So a new discipline is born, namely biophotonics. The aim of this book is to review the current state-of-the-art of the field by means of authoritative chapters written by the world leaders of the respective fields. Biosensors, biochips, optical tomography, optical microsurgery, photodynamics therapy, bioactivation of gene, photobiology of skin, and nanobiophotonics are each introduced and recent advances presented. This book will be useful not only to physicians, biologists, physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in these rapidly developing fields.

Twenty years after the idea of this Carotenoids book series was first discussed, we are finally reaching the end of the project. Carotenoids Volumes 4 and 5 now move us into the great field of biology, and cover the functions of carotenoids and the actions of carotenoids in nutrition and health. In the classic 1971 Isler book Carotenoids, carotenoid functions were covered in just one chapter. Now, thanks to technical developments and multidisciplinary approaches that make it possible to study functional processes in great detail, this subject is the most rapidly expanding area of carotenoid research, and occupies two full volumes. These can be used as stand-alone books, but they are really planned to be used together and to complete the coverage of the carotenoid field begun in earlier volumes, as the final part of a coordinated series. The general philosophy and strategy of the series, to have expert authors review, analyse and present information and give guidance on practical strategies and procedures is maintained in Volumes 4 and 5, though the subject matter does not lend itself to the kind of detailed Worked Examples that were featured in earlier volumes. It has also been the aim that these publications should be useful for both experienced carotenoid researchers and newcomers to the field.

Licensing Parents addresses the relationship between poverty, unemployment, and other socio-economic issues to competent parenting in a unique and creative manner. Examines why the current generation of children and youth is the first in our nation's history to be less well-off--psychologically, socially, and morally--than their parents were at the same age.

The volumes in this continuing series provide a compilation of current techniques and ideas in inorganic synthetic chemistry. Includes inorganic polymer syntheses and preparation of important inorganic solids, syntheses used in the development of pharmacologically active inorganic compounds, small-molecule coordination complexes, and related compounds. Also contains valuable information on transition organometallic compounds including species with metal-metal cluster molecules. All syntheses presented here have been tested.

The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects – properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance – of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

Adventures in Chemical Physics continues to report recent advances with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers from a variety of prestigious academic and professional institutions such as McGill University, the University of Pennsylvania, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Tel Aviv University, and the University of Chicago.

This text describes, analyses and synthesises a wide range of contemporary issues from research and practice in the field of individual and collective workplace learning and development. Enables students and managers of learning and development (L&D) to understand the theory and practice of L&D in organizations. Explores the concept of learning from a variety of perspectives through the use of examples of research and practice from all over the world. Takes a broad view of learning as encompassing both explicit and implicit and individual and collective learning processes. Argues that the practice of L&D should be based upon a rigorous theoretical and empirical base. Each chapter uses synopses of research studies and case studies from businesses to illustrate the most important theories, concepts and models. Lists of key concepts, knowledge outcomes, ‘perspectives from practice', ‘perspectives from research', discussion points (for individual or class use), and concept checklists to benefit both students and teachers. Is illustrated throughout with diagrams, tables and ‘L&D facts and figures'.

Females consistently score lower than males on standardized tests of mathematics - yet no such differences exist in the classroom. These differences are not trivial, nor are they insignificant. Test scores help determine entrance to college and graduate school and therefore, by extension, a person's job and future success. If females receive lower test scores then they also receive fewer opportunities. Why does this discrepancy exist? This book presents a series of papers that address these issues by integrating the latest research findings and theories. Authors such as Diane Halpern, Jacquelynne Eccles, Beth Casey, Ronald Nuttal, James Byrnes, and Frank Pajares tackle these questions from a variety of perspectives. Many different branches of psychology are represented, including cognitive, social, personality/self-oriented, and psychobiological. The editors then present an integrative chapter that discusses the ideas presented and other areas that the field should explore.

In 1984 Desmond O'Connor and David Phillips published their comprehensive book „Time-correlated Single Photon Counting“. At that time time-correlated s- gle photon counting, or TCSPC, was used primarily to record fluorescence decay functions of dye solutions in cuvettes. From the beginning, TCSPC was an am- ingly sensitive and accurate technique with excellent time-resolution. However, acquisition times were relatively slow due to the low repetition rate of the light sources and the limited speed of the electronics of the 70s and early 80s. Moreover, TCSPC was intrinsically one-dimensional, i.e. limited to the recording of the wa- form of a periodic light signal. Even with these limitations, it was a wonderful te- nique. More than 20 years have elapsed, and electronics and laser techniques have made impressive progress. The number of transistors on a single chip has approximately doubled every 18 months, resulting in a more than 1,000-fold increase in compl- ity and speed. The repetition rate and power of pulsed light sources have increased by about the same factor.

Energy Dissipation in Molecular Systems analyzes experimental data on the redistribution and dissipation of energy injected into molecular systems by radiation or charged particles. These processes, competing with such practically important relaxation channels as chemical reaction or stimulated emission (laser action), are the primary focus in this monograph. Among other topics, the book treats vibrational redistribution and electronic relaxation in isolated molecules and the effects of inter-molecular interactions (collisions, complex formation, solvent effects) on the relaxation paths. Primary photo-chemical processes (such as isomerization, proton or hydrogen-atom transfer, electron transfer and ionization) are also treated as particular cases of vibrational or electronic relaxation. Only a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and spectroscopy is assumed and calculations are kept to a strict minimum, making the book more accessible to students.

This volume of the LNCS series contains the proceedings of the 5th Internat- nal Working Conference on Active Networks (IWAN 2003) held in the ancient cultural city of Kyoto, Japan. This year we received 73 submissions. The increasing number indicates that Active Networks continues to be an attractive?eld of research. Through - reful reviewing and discussion, our program committee decided to fully accept 21 papers. Three papers were conditionally accepted, and were included after shepherding by members of the technical program committee. This volume thus includes these 24 papers which were presented at IWAN 2003. Additional papers were presented in a poster session at the conference. The best paper award went to Kenneth L. Calvert, James N. Gri?oen, - jati Imam, and Jiangbo Li (University of Kentucky) for “Challenges in Imp- menting an ESP Service,” which begins these proceedings and which began the papers in the High Performance & Network Processors session. Papers in these proceedings are organized into seven sessions: High-Level Active Network - plications, Low-Level Active Network Applications, Self-Organization of Active Services, Management in Active Networks, Experiences with Service Engin- ring for Active Networks, and Selected Topics in Active Networks, ranging from risk management to context-aware handover and peer-to-peer communications.

The miniaturization of bulky devices and machines is a process that confronts us on a daily basis. However, nanoscale machines with varied and novel characteristics may also result from the enlargement of extremely small building blocks, namely individual molecules. This bottom-up approach to nanotechnology is already being pursued in information technology, with many other branches about to follow. - Written by a team of experienced authors headed by Vincenzo Balzani, one of the pioneers in the development of molecular machines - Covers such diverse aspects as sensors, memory components, solar energy conversion, biomolecules as molecular machines, and much more - Presented in a lucid style and didactically structured, with both the expert and the newcomer in mind - Includes a glossary of terms and numerous references to the recent literature Be among the first to explore the fascinating possibilities of this future-oriented technology! A must-have for every chemist and materials scientist with an interest in nanotechnology.

8th International Conference on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials, St. Catherine College, Oxford, UK, July 2003

Chromatography has emerged as the most important and versatile analytical method. The book is not only an updated version of Heftmann's classical text, but it covers areas of future importance, such as microfluidics and computer resources. Under his experienced guidance, authorities in each field have contributed their practical experience to an integrated treatment of modern micro analysis. Part B of this two volume set brings the traditional field of application up to date. These include amino acids and proteins, nucleic acids and their constituents, lipid, and carbohydrates. Special chapters are devoted to the most important areas of application: drug and environmental analysis. Forensic and phytochemical applications are covered for the first time. Together with an overview of computer resources, the subject index allows novices as well as experts to obtain rapid and authoritative guidance to analytical problems, such as choice of methods and optimization of techniques and instrumentation.1. Each chapter written by an authority 2. Thorough treatment of the theoretical basis of separation methods 3. Practical guide for performing analyses

It is widely recognized that analytical technologies and techniques are playing a pioneering role in a range of today's foremost challenging scientific endeavours, including especially biological and biomedical research. Worthy of mention, for example, are the role that high performance separation techniques played in mapping the human genome and the pioneering work done within mass spectrometry. It is also apparent that state-of-the-art pharmaceutical and biomedical research is the major driving force of the development of new analytical techniques. Advancements in genomics research has provided the opportunity for a call for new drug targets for new technologies, which has speeded up drug discovery and helped to counteract the trend towards inflation of R&D costs.This book has been designed to be a reference covering a wide range of protein and genomic material analysis techniques. Emerging developments are presented with applications where relevant, and biological examples are included. It was developed to meet the ever growing need for a comprehensive and balanced text on an analytical technique which has generated a tremendous amount of interest in recent years.In addition, this book also serves as a modern textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in various disciplines including chemistry, biology and pharmacy.Authors of the individual chapters are recognized champions of their individual research disciplines and also represent contemporary major research centres in this field.·Contains state-of-the-art knowledge of the field and detailed descriptions of new technologies·Provides examples of relevant applications and case studies·Contributing authors are leading scientists in their own respective research fields

Provides the latest authoritative research on the developments, technology, and applications of rubbery materials. Presents structures, manufacturing techniques, and processing details for natural and synthetic rubbers, rubber-blends, rubber composites, and thermoplastic elastomers. 80% revised and rewritten material covers major advances since publication of the previous edition.