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Copyright of Cuadernos de Geografia: Revista Colombiana de Geografía is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación Bibliotecológica is the property of UNAM, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Bibliotecologicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main urban issue that sub-Saharan Africa is facing is rapid growth in its urban population without the urban governance structures in place that can meet their responsibilities and manage the change. This has created very large deficits in infrastructure and service provision which exposes much of the urban population to high levels of risk. Without competent, effective and accountable urban governments, it is not possible to tap the great potential that cities have for supporting good living conditions and good health. This paper examines both the scale of urban change and the development challenge facing sub-Saharan Africa's urban areas and the possible implications on risk. It describes how a substantial proportion of sub-Saharan Africa's national (and urban) population lives in small and intermediate size urban centres (and thus not in rural areas or large cities) and considers what we know about risk in these urban centres and the implications for development. The paper suggests that within the region's urban population, inadequacies in provision for basic infrastructure and services are usually larger, the smaller the urban centre. Most small urban centres in the region have local governments with very little capacity or funding to fulfil their responsibilities for risk reducing infrastructure and services. Of these, the inadequacies in provision for water and sanitation are the best documented. But in some instances, provision for water and sanitation is so poor in large cities that the proportion of their inhabitants lacking adequate provision is as high as those living in small urban centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The day after the independence, Algeria has faced the problems of underdevelopment and consequently the choice of model economic and social development. Through the exceptional resources hydrocarbons, the country has opted for a basic industry in which the petrochemistry and steel industries are the backbone. This work is in the field of research on the link between architecture, urban and industrial risks. Where we will discuss the report and the link between urban forms, architectural ones and urban industrial risks. The city of Skikda is our case of study with the implantation of petrochemical pole that has been done next to the city, at a time when the concept of industrial risks does not exist and where urbanization is carried out under conditions that do not take into account the impact of the petrochemical industry on humans and the environment. In fact, the impact of urban forms on insecurity is high. Shape influences security issues and industrial risks, not only by how it takes. However, it also determines the options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on critical infrastructure (CI) interdependencies focus primarily on their role in propagating system disruptions, neglecting their role during the restoration and recovery processes. The few studies incorporating interdependencies to model restoration, often consider hypothetical situations, cover a maximum of five CIs, or focus on short-term recovery. In an effort to bridge this gap, the presented study investigates the influence of CI interdependencies on the restoration of Saint Martin's CI network-of-networks after Hurricane Irma. Daily restoration data of 15 CIs was collected to build service restoration curves over a period of 28 months (medium-to long-term recovery). Obtained recovery curves revealed that while Irma took a proportionate toll on all Saint-Martin's CI, the latter's recovery took a surprisingly long time. Our investigation found underlying interdependencies that were ignored in the plans, which could have led to a slower system restoration process. Accordingly, a holistic "network-of-networks"-based approach coupled with statistical modeling was followed to rank CI according to their criticality degree and correspondingly simulate a criticality-based systemic restoration plan. Key findings reveal that, in order to optimize CI recovery, the conventional silo-based and decentralized CI-by-CI restoration approaches should be complemented by a well-coordinated restoration strategy that recognizes and considers interdependencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]