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Copyright of Revista de Historia Americana y Argentina is the property of Universidad Nacional de Cuyo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study deals with the San Juan farmstead near the town of La Unión in southern Chile. It was owned by R. A. Philippi, who was among the first generation of German colonists to settle in the southern territories of Chile. The management of the farmstead's affairs was entrusted to custodians, and Julius Böhlendorf, the husband of Philippi's daughter Ella, held this position from the 1870s. The Böhlendorfs lived on the estate for almost thirty years and managed its everyday operations. This study focuses on the period between the 1860s and the 1880s and the text is based on a thorough study and interpretation of archive records, particularly the diaries and letters of members of the Philippi and Böhlendorf families (stored in the Dirección Museológica de la Universidad Austral de Chile archive in Valdivia). The main aim of the work is to present and give a sense of the functioning of the farmstead and to show its structure and the kinds of work done there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an interpretation of how natural geological and meteorological events influenced the cosmovision of the Mapuche people from south-central Chile. These events resulted from the geodynamic conditions and related processes occurring along the South American active continental margin and the climatic conditions in the region. Their influence on the Mapuche cosmovision is clearly reflected in the most important myths and legends of the Mapuche acquired knowledge. One particularly illustrative myth refers to the combat between two huge snakes, Trentrén and Kaikai. Kaikai, representing the ocean, continuously tries to encroach upon the earth, and Trenten, representing the earth, opposes Kaikai by uplifting the ground to save the inhabitants. This is interpreted as an allegory for what happens during earthquakes when the back-and-forth movement of tsunami waves makes it appear as if the earth sinks and uplifts. Several hills named Trentrén are topographic heights that people can climb to be safe from the effects of the tsunamis. Other myths and legends refer to other characteristic geological phenomena in this particularly active tectonic environment. This article illustrates how the mythical interpretation of geological events configured the understanding of the surrounding world and produced the exquisite body of myths and legends in the Mapuche culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avian Conservation & Ecology is the property of Resilience Alliance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cadmium is present in agricultural soil composition and is assimilated by plants. The mussel industry generates large volumes of calcareous valves as a byproduct of processing in factories. This solid waste is ground, stored and disposed of in the form of agricultural supplies near production areas in almost all regions of the world. Cd content was recorded in these calcareous substrate by-products of industrial processes. In this study, mussel shells were investigated in three areas in the sea of Chile; two areas with high aquaculture activity and one in a non-production area. Mass Spectrometry was used for [Cd] readings. There are no significant differences (p = 0.92) in [Cd] between the studied areas. Additionally, the [Cd] observed in valves was also similar relative to different depths. The low [Cd] observed in valves (~ 0.014 ± 0.0049 mg Cd kg − 1 dry) suggests the potential use of this industrial byproduct in agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here I review the current knowledge of the breeding status of the Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus in Chile and provide new data on the population at Isla Noir in the Región de Magallanes. Breeding numbers on Isla Noir are approximately six times greater than previously reported for the entire country, including all offshore islands except for the Diego Ramirez Archipelago, for which information is sparse. Here, I also describe the nests and eggs of this species found in Isla Noir, as well as feeding behavior, including consumption of carrion but also active hunting in penguin colonies. Only the Southern Giant Petrel, and not the Northern Giant Petrel M. halli, has been seen within Chilean fiords and nearshore waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Magellanic Flightless Steamer Duck (Tachyeres pteneres) is the only marine anatid founded along the coastline of Chile and Argentina, from Valdivia to Tierra del Fuego. There is little published information about the quantitative diet of this species. Previously, a single study of its breeding diet was reported for Guapiquilán Island, Chiloé, southern Chile. We studied T. pteneres' winter diet during 2011 and 2012 in Bahía Caulín, Chiloé, southern Chile. We found that statistically Cancridae crabs (100 and 100%, respectively) and Majidae (96.0-71.4%, respectively) were the most common items in the diet of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temuco is a mid-size city representative of severe wood smoke pollution in southern Chile; i.e., ambient 24-h PM 2.5 concentrations have exceeded 150 μg/m 3 in the winter season and the top concentration reached 372 μg/m 3 in 2010. Annual mean concentrations have decreased but are still above 30 μg/m 3 . For the very first time, a molecular marker source apportionment of ambient organic carbon (OC) and PM 2.5 was conducted in Temuco. Primary resolved sources for PM 2.5 were wood smoke (37.5%), coal combustion (4.4%), diesel vehicles (3.3%), dust (2.2%) and vegetative detritus (0.7%). Secondary inorganic PM 2.5 (sulfates, nitrates and ammonium) contributed 4.8% and unresolved organic aerosols (generated from volatile emissions from incomplete wood combustion), including secondary organic aerosols, contributed 47.1%. Adding the contributions of unresolved organic aerosols to those from primary wood smoke implies that wood burning is responsible for 84.6% of the ambient PM 2.5 in Temuco. This predominance of wood smoke is ultimately due to widespread poverty and a lack of efficient household heating methods. The government has been implementing emission abatement policies but achieving compliance with ambient air quality standards for PM 2.5 in southern Chile remains a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounting for spatial issues (spatially explicit simulation, geographical amenities and advantages of land use and cover changes, etc.) to build prospective scenarios is a crucial issue for better assessment of possible impacts on the environment. Such spatialized scenarios and their implications allow societies to reduce the uncertainty of the future by exploring various strategies for land use changes. Despite the wide diversity in existing scenario-building techniques, two different approaches can be distinguished (exploratory vs. normative) for their methodological implications. The originality in this study comes from the use of a relevant exploratory (dynamic) approach to map normative scenarios which, in most cases, are represented throughout the combination of narratives and synchronic land use and cover maps. The objective of the article is to apply this dynamic exploratory simulation approach to spatialize normative scenarios within the framework of forest management in southern Chile. In the results, two contrasting images of the future are compared, with the preservation of native forests on one hand and the spread of exotic timber plantations on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breeding parameters of the Black-faced Ibis ( Theristicus melanopis) in pastures of southern Chile between 5 July and 30 November 2014 were evaluated. Thirty active nests were monitored in an area of 31 km2, using a mirror mounted on a 13-m retractable aluminum pole. Each nest was visited once a week. The Black-faced Ibis presented an asynchronous posture period, with a maximum of three egg clutches. The first eggs were laid on 6 August 2014, and the mean incubation period was 28.66 (± 4.41) days. Mean clutch size during the first posture was 2.23 (± 0.73) with a range of one to three eggs per nest. None of the structural parameters of the nesting site evaluated were related to clutch size. The nests were oriented with a mean angle of 218° SW. Hatching of the chicks began on 25 September 2014, and the mean period of parental care lasted 36.67 (± 14.49) days. The apparent hatching success was 0.54, the fledging success was 0.40, and the total breeding cycle success was 0.23 independent young per nest. Predation explained the 56.7% nest loss. Chimango Caracara ( Milvago chimango) was the main predator of eggs and chicks. The Mayfield estimator indicated a daily survival probability of 4.4% for the incubation cycle, 26.2% for the fledglings and 11.3% for the total breeding cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Habitat degradation is among the main drivers of biotic and functional homogenization. • Valdivian rainforests are experiencing high fragmentation and degradation rates. • Species traits determine their functional responses to changes in habitat structure. • Vegetation on old-growth forests favors trophic and nesting differentiation. • Secondary forests present more contrasting functional diversity with brood parasitism. Deforestation and forest degradation are among the main biodiversity loss drivers worldwide. The expansion of productive activities, such as forest plantations, often results in the loss and degradation of native forests, affecting native species in many ways. While many studies have assessed the effects of habitat degradation on taxonomic diversity, the effects on functional diversity have been little explored. Functional diversity provides a robust framework for understanding how anthropogenic disturbance changes biodiversity. We assessed how bird functional diversity changes along a habitat degradation gradient in the Valdivian rainforests (southern Chile). We used four functional diversity indices and compared four habitat types (old-growth, secondary, and logged native forests and exotic plantations) to assess how functional diversity changes depending on habitat structure and bird life history, and behavioral traits. We found that most functional diversity differences occur between old growth and secondary native forests, being the latter the less functionally diverse habitat. Further, secondary forests lack natural tree cavities, and birds nesting there are more prone to be affected by brood parasitism. Changes in habitat structure seem to be determinant for bird functional diversity along a habitat degradation gradient. Therefore, habitat degradation can lead to functional homogenization beyond changes in species richness or abundance, with less evident ecological consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera forms dense aggregations in rocky subtidal areas along the Chilean coast. Seasonal abundance of seaweed and invertebrate populations associated with kelp forests and control sites without forests were monitored for two years in Southern Chile. Monitoring took place in areas under co-management fisheries administration provision entitled 'Management and exploitation areas for benthic resources (MEABR)' where several species that are under commercial exploitation have to be monitored. This study provides evidence indicating the importance of giant kelp in the maintenance of exploited organisms and biodiversity in general. The results showed that kelp influences the abundance of other macroalgae and benthic invertebrates, including species exploited by the local fisheries. Kelp size and density varied seasonally, generating cyclical variation in habitat, species composition and community structure. A consequence of the exploitation and depletion of Macrocystis forests will be a decrease in the abundance of other economically important species and therefore the sustainable development of coastal communities may be compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent decades, land abandonment has become one of the most important trends in land use and cover change. This study identifies drivers of land abandonment in Southern Chile through a spatially explicit statistical model, based on an economic theoretical framework. A logistic regression was used to model the probability of land abandonment, observed as the land cover change from agricultural land to arboreous shrubland or native forest between 1985 and 2007. We relied on census information and land cover data from 2472 farms, which represented 86.6% of the farm population in the study area. Land cover data came from two Landsat scenes taken in 1985 (TM) and 2007 (ETM+). The results from the spatial analysis show that agricultural land covered 30061ha in 1985. By 2007, only 16518ha had persisted in agriculture, while the rest had been covered by natural vegetation. Soil quality was a significant benefit-related geophysical driver of land abandonment. Important cost related socioeconomic drivers were the distances to secondary roads, aquaculture production centers, and national parks, and the existence of farm subsidies. Significant farm structural variables were the amount of bovine heads and farm''s livestock carrying capacity. Variables such as age, education, and place of residence of the farmer were not statistically significant. These results may serve as an important planning tool for land managers, by helping identify areas and farming systems with high probability of land abandonment, and furthermore explore the outcomes of some potential scenarios on the future probability of the process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a research study on South Chilean seaweeds, their zonation, morpho-functional patterns and bio-optical and photosynthetic traits. Studied were tidal zone species of seaweed assemblages in the rocky shores of Valdivia, southern Chile including 6 green species, 19 red and 7 brown algae from 4 littoral zones including the supralittoral fringe, midlittoral zone and infralittoral fringe, after which measurements of underwater spectral profiles of solar irradiation in midsummer were recorded, photosynthetic activities measured and photoinhibition of photosynthesis determined through the 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results indicated the attenuation of Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation within the first 2.5 meters of the water column.

This study evaluated the effects of farming activities on the quality of deep well water in Southern Chile. In this area the use of fertilisers is becoming more widespread and the accumulation and poor management of cattle slurry and silage sub-products increases the risk of contamination. The study was carried out in the province of Osorno, where rainfall occurs all year round (maximum in winter); total annual rainfall exceeds 1300 mm. The soil is of volcanic origin and this province includes areas used for intensive farming and cattle raising activities, residential and recreational purposes and extensive farming practices. Water quality was analysed over a 15 month period in deep wells in either intensive farming areas and residential/recreational zones or extensive farming land. Although levels of nitrate were higher in deep wells located in intensive farming areas, levels of phosphor and pH were lower than those of wells located in extensive farming areas. Nevertheless, the range of nutrient concentration (nitrite, iron, manganese and phosphor) revealed significant statistical differences between both types of farming land; nitrite dominated in well samples located in intensive farming areas, while iron and manganese dominated in extensive farming areas. Seasonal differences were registered in temperature, nitrate, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Maximum levels of nitrate and bacteria were reached in spring and autumn, respectively. No significant relationships were established between nutrient and bacterial levels with meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and number of days when rainfall occurred. Variations in nutrients and bacteria, both temporal and between locations (spatial), are associated to soil use and proximity to septic well wastewaters. Iron and manganese concentrations exceeded permitted drinking-water standards in a considerable percentage of samples, which may be due to soil composition. Bacterial pollution occurred... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocystis pyrifera gametophytes growing under controlled conditions produce juveniles with different numbers of fronds, i.e. few (≤ 2) or multiple fronds (≥ 3). We describe these morphotypes and test whether the number of fronds may impact juvenile growth by performing laboratory and field experiments. Kelp reproductive material was collected in southern Chile and 133 female gametophytes were individually monitored for 90 days until they become fertilized and formed sporophytes. Samples of each individual frond were taken for genetic analysis to determine genetic homogeneity. A factorial experiment combining temperature (12 and 18 °C) and N-NO 3 (N-NO 3 limited and N + NO 3 non-limited concentrations) was conducted using juvenile sporophytes. Growth was assessed by measuring individual surface area and wet weight, and the physiological status by quantifying photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase activity and photosynthetic parameters. Field experiments with both morphotypes were carried out to measure growth, on the seabed within a natural kelp bed, and a farm using sporophytes. Following the development of female gametophytes with different numbers of oogonia, we found that those with a higher number of oogonia produced a sporophytic unit united by a single holdfast (i.e. multiple fronds morphotype). These sporophytic units were genetically diverse suggesting that oogonia were fertilized by antherozoids from different male gametophytes. The laboratory experiment indicated that these sporophytic units can withstand better nitrogen limiting conditions at 12 °C as shown by a significantly higher growth rate. This trend was also found for chlorophyll a nd partially supported by the photosynthetic parameters (higher light compensation point). Nitrate reductase activity revealed that under N limitation its activity increased only in the multiple frond morphotype, independent of temperature. M. pyrifera multiple frond morphotype out-planted to on-growing sites showed a significant higher biomass. These results indicate that morphotype is as important as genetic management when pursuing kelp growth. • Sexual reproduction determine development of juvenile sporophytes with higher growth potential. • Female gametophytes with multiple oogonia produce sporophytic units with multiple fronds. • Sporophytic units showing multiple fronds, present intraindividual genetic variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]