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Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) were exposed to Pb (0.1 and 1.0 mg/L Pb) and mixtures of 0.1 mg/L Pb+0.5 mg/L Se and 1.0 mg/L Pb+5.0 mg/L Se to investigate responses of serum biochemical parameters and Pb level of the blood over different exposure periods (7, 14 and 28 days). Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, lipase, cholinesterase were analyzed in the blood serum samples. Cholinesterase activity decreased while other enzymes activities increased in Pb exposed groups. It was reported that Pb level in the blood tissue of fish exposed to Pb and Se mixture for 7, 14, 28 days was observed to be lower than exposing Pb alone. It could be concluded that Se supplementation may reduce the toxic effect of Pb in O. niloticus. The results of this investigation suggested the blood of fish could be used as a good target tissue to reflect toxic effects of Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to compare the effect of weaning at different ages on growth measurement traits and serum biochemical parameters in Murrah buffalo calves from birth to 90 days of age. Out of 42 buffalo calves, 35 were randomly assigned in to 3 groups, viz. control (C): suckling (14); treatment T1 (T1): weaning of calves at birth (11); and treatment T2 (T2): weaning of calves at 45th day of birth (10). The mean body weight gain was significantly higher in control followed by T2 and T1. The mean initial body length of calves in control, T1 and T2 were 59.35±0.58, 56.64±0.99 and 57.20±0.91 cm, respectively. The final body length (cm) was significantly higher in control than T1 and T2. Similar trends were observed for height at wither and heart girths of calves in different groups though there were initial differences as well. The serum cortisol (nM/l) was significantly higher only at day-60th of sampling in T2 followed by T1 and control. The serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was significantly higher at 45th and 60th days of sampling in T1 and T2 than control group. The weaned groups of calves had comparatively lower growth values than suckling, however, the significant differences on serum biochemical parameters were observed only at few stages of weaned buffalo calves as compared to suckling group, which indicates minor inconsistent physiological deviations. The weaning in buffalo calves at early stages affects body growth parameters with minor inconsistent changes in blood biochemical profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total soy saponins (TS) on the free radical metabolism from the quadriceps femoris muscle, serum testosterone, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in rats exercised to exhaustion. Methods A one-time exhausted treadmill exercise session was used. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group—animals receiving no TS and no exercise (NTSNE), animals receiving TS but no exercise group (TSNE), animals receiving no TS but exercised to exhaustion group (NTSE), and animals receiving TS and exercised to exhaustion group (TSE). The TSNE and TSE groups were fed TS at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight once per day for 2 weeks. The NTSE group was given a placebo, and the NTSNE group was not given any treatment. The NTSE and TSE groups were exercised at speed of 30 m/min on treadmill until exhausted. The exercise time and exercise distance were recorded when the rats became exhausted and the rats were then decapitated and anatomized immediately. A 10% homogenate of the quadriceps femoris tissue was prepared. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), LDH, BUN, and serum testosterone were tested. Results TS significantly increased the exercise time to exhaustion by 20.62% ( p  < 0.05). The MDA levels were decreased significantly in the TSNE group than in NTSNE group ( p  < 0.05); the T-AOC levels increased significantly in the TSNE group than in the other 3 groups ( p  < 0.01, p  < 0.05, p  < 0.05). The LDH activity significantly increased in the NTSE group than in TSNE group ( p  < 0.05). The BUN levels significantly increased in the NTSE group than in the other 3 groups ( p  < 0.01, p  < 0.01, p  < 0.05), and significantly increased in the TSE group than in NTSNE and TSNE groups (both p  < 0.01). The serum testosterone levels increased significantly in the TSNE group than in the other 3 groups (all p  < 0.01). SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, and GSH were not statistically different among the groups. Conclusion TS can significantly improve the exercised rats' serum testosterone level and antioxidant activity in their quadriceps femoris to varying degrees, decrease MDA and serum LDH and BUN levels, increase the exercise time, and delay the occurrence of the fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tetra Sulphonatophenyl Porphyrin (TSPP) is well known photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy; nevertheless, its well-known adverse effects hamper its potential use. Recently, nano TiO 2 ’s potential role in biomedical has been defined for various disease theranostics, including cancer and other infections. Thus, in this contribution we have explored the possibility of utilizing TiO 2 nanowhiskers as novel strategy to lower TSPP adverse effects both in vitro , and in vivo . Methods Various concentrations of TSPP, TiO 2 -TSPP, and TiO 2 were injected to three different rat groups, while fourth group was kept as control. Toxic effects were evaluated on excretory and circulatory system by using histopathology, fluorescent microscopy, complete blood cells count (CBC) and serum enzymes. Results In complete blood cells count, all cells were significantly ( p < 0.01) affected by the various concentration and treatment groups. The various dose concentrations and treatment also significantly ( p < 0.01) affected the serum enzyme parameters including AST, ALT, LDH, Creatinine and BUN level. The low concentration of TSPP-TiO 2 was found to be the safest, on the bases of serum enzyme parameters, CBC, histopathology, and fluorescent microscopic analysis. The MTT assay was used to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity, and the results demonstrated maximum viability in illuminated TSPP-TiO 2 nanowhiskers group when compared with TSPP treated group. Conclusions It was evident that increase in concentration of TSPP increased the toxic effects; however, the TiO 2 nanowhiskers combination with TSPP decreased these adverse effects. Moreover, TSPP (0.1 mM) combined with TiO 2 nanowhiskers (0.6 mM) was safer than TSPP (0.1 mM) alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we studied the effect of Genistein against the hepatotoxicity induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). NDEA is present in almost all kinds of food stuff and has been reported to be a hepatocarcinogen. The male rats were exposed to NDEA (0.1 mg/mL) dissolved in drinking water separately and along with 25, 50, 100 mg/mL of Genistein for 21 days. The activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in blood serum. Lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, micronucleus frequency and DNA damage (Comet assay) were performed on rat hepatocytes. The results of the study reveal that the treatment of NDEA along with Genistein showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in the levels of blood serum enzymes i.e., SGOT, SGPT, ALP and LDH ( P <0.05). The HE staining of histological sections of the liver also revealed a protective effect of Genistein. A significant dose-dependent reduction in the lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content was observed in rats exposed to NDEA (0.1 mg/mL) along with Genistein ( P <0.05). The results obtained for the comet assay in rat hepatocytes showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in the mean tail length ( P <0.05). Thus the present study supports the hepatoprotective role of Genistein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To examine the oral toxicity of repeated dosing of Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) ethanol leaves extract on the liver and kidney functions in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Young female rats aged between 8 and 12 week-old were randomly assigned into four groups with five animals each group (n=5). The first group served as control, while the second, third and fourth groups were orally treated with a single dose daily with 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract for 14 d consecutively. Cage-side observation was conducted for first 4 h after each dosing. The body weight changes, food consumptions and water intake were also recorded. Serum biochemical parameters, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea were determined at Day 15. All results were expressed as mean±SD and analysed using Dunnett''s test. Results: It was obtained that 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract did not cause any adverse effects or lethality to the female Sprague Dawley rats. No significant changes in serum biochemical parameters, relative organs weights, body weights, food intake and water consumptions were observed between the treatment groups and control. Conclusions: In conclusion, 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract was safe to be consumed in female rats without affecting the liver and kidney functions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study was designed to delineate the immuno- and hepatotoxicological roles of HRs-antagonists in vivo which is elementary in existing literature. The cohort comprised of two experimental studies. Experimental study 1 was designed for immunological investigations and consisted of seven groups and immunized with intravenous injection of SRBC at day 3 containing six rabbits each. Experimental study 2 was designed to assess the functional status of liver and comprised of seven groups containing five rabbits each. In both experimental studies group-I received sterile distilled water intramuscularly, and group II–VI received subcutaneous histamine, pheniramine (H1R-antagonist), ranitidine (H2R-antagonist), iodophenpropit (H3R-antagonist) and JNJ7777120 (H4R-antagonist), respectively while group-VII received DMSO intramuscularly. ELISA was used to assess the immunological investigations. The SRBC-specific immunoglobulins (Igs), IgM and IgG were significantly increased (p <0.05). Hepatotoxicity due to same histamine and HRs-antagonists were demonstrated by biochemical and histopathological methods. Rabbits in group II–VI had significantly (p <0.05) elevated levels of serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and bilirubin. Histopathological examination showed maintained hepatic lobular architecture in histamine and DMSO-treated groups a kin to control. Notable findings in other groups included increased binuclearity in H1R, trinuclearity in H2R, oxyphilic clusters of hepatocytes in H3R and moderate centrilobular necrosis in H3R and H4R-antagonist-treated groups without obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and Kupffer cell prominence. It is concluded that HRs-antagonist play immune suppressive role through H1R, H2R and H4R while immune enhancing role through H3R. In addition, HRs-antagonists appear moderately hepatotoxic in terms of altered serum enzyme levels and non-inflammatory hepatocellular damage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study which investigated the effect of different planes of nutrition on haematobiochemical constituents and serum enzyme profile in sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Results showed no significant differences in the blood cholesterol and haemoglobin levels in sheep fed with different planes of nutrition. In addition, the serum pepsinogen and alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected in sheep because of different planes. The overall mean faecal egg counts for the different groups of sheep are cited.

There is a dire need to assess the quality of fishes transported for human consumption as lately, their health is challenged because of anthropogenic activities. Heavy metals with a long environmental persistence are toxic to fishes and the humans. The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of heavy metals on Clarias gariepinus inhabiting popular Ganges rivulet at Narora (28.18° E, 78.39° N). The limnological values deviated from the international Standards (USEPA, WHO). Higher total dissolved solids (859 mg/L), total suspended solids (406 mg/L), low dissolved oxygen (5.60 mg/L), and pH (5.21) indicated the presence of contaminants. Heavy metals estimated followed the order Cd > Ni > Cu > Cr. Serum enzymes (hepatic and renal markers) viz., aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher than the normal, whereas, creatine kinase (CK) was considerably low in both male and female fish. Stress induced was marked by elevation in cortisol and glucose. This had its impact on hematological parameters as well, as a decline in Total leucocyte count (TLC) & mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increase in Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) was observed. Erythrocytes also showed altered morphology. Marked histopathological alterations were observed in all immune organs (head-kidney, liver, spleen, thymus). Oxidative stress induced by heavy metals leads to the production of metal scavenging protein metallothionein (MT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Maximum fold change in metallothionein (MT) gene expression was observed in the liver, followed by spleen, thymus, blood, and head-kidney. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) gene expression was highest in the liver, followed by thymus, spleen, blood, and head-kidney. The gene expression studies further validated the increased level of heavy metals as potent contaminants of water and the non-condusive abiotic factors. Image 1 • Heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr) in the rivulet elicited immune response in Clarias gariepinus. • Limnological parameters of rivulet showed deviation from the standards set by WHO and USEPA. • Biochemical and hematological parameters pertaining to immune organs showed altered values. • Elevated MT and GPX genes expression proved to be a valid molecular biomarker of heavy metal toxicity. • The results will play an important role in setting guidelines for release of effluents into rivulet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]