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BACKGROUND: Trauma is the leading cause of death among persons aged 1–44 years. Trauma recidivism occurs when an individual experiences more than one significant injury in a 5-year period. The relationship between a trauma recidivist's perception of recurrent injury has been unclear. OBJECTIVE: To describe the association between select sociodemographic and clinical variables, threat orientation, and the perceived likelihood of recurrent injury of individuals recently experiencing a significant injury. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with Level II trauma inpatients (n = 84) in Southern California from October 2021 to January 2022. Participants completed surveys prior to discharge. Clinical variables were extracted from the electronic health record. RESULTS: The trauma recidivism rate was 31%. Mental illness and length of hospital stay were associated with trauma recidivism. In individuals with two or more mental illness diagnoses, the odds of trauma recidivism were approximately 6.5 times higher than in those with no mental illness (odds ratio = 6.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.7–24.6). CONCLUSION: Trauma is a preventable health care concern with timely recognition of risk factors and intervention. This study confirms mental illness as a predominant factor in injury and should be addressed in clinical practice. This study builds upon previous research and emphasizes the necessity of targeting injury prevention and education in the mentally ill. Trauma providers seeking to practice with an upstream mentality have a responsibility in screening patients for mental illness to help prevent further injury and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saúde Coletiva is the property of MPM Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a potential strategy to overcome challenges of HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, for resource-limited settings, technology and diagnostic devices are lagging. Hence, we estimated the status and correlates of HIVST among MSM in resource-limited settings in China to inform the development of HIVST to reach United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) targets to end HIV by 2030.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among MSM in Nanning, Guangxi, China, between August 2019 and January 2020. The HIVST status was collected and data on social network features, sociodemographic information, risk behaviours, etc. were compared between prior- and non-HIVST MSM. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the correlates of HIVST.Results: The prevalence of HIVST among 446 MSM was 40.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35.8-44.9%). The main component of sociocentric network contains more prior-HIVST MSM (38.3%) than non-HIVST MSM (28.6%, P =0.031). More MSM with individual features such as substance use during anal sex (22.8% vs 15.4%, P =0.049) and multiple sexual partners (76.1% vs 59.4%, P <0.001) were detected among prior-HIVST MSM. In multivariable analysis, prior HIVST was associated with the strong strength of ego-alter ties in the egocentric network (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.72; 95% CI 1.09-2.71), HIV-infected partners (aOR, 7.17; 95% CI, 1.40-36.60), and vaginal intercourse (aOR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.85).Conclusions: HIVST coverage among MSM in resource-limited settings is suboptimal. Integrating social networks into testing services may be viable to promote HIVST in MSM within resource-limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on risk management (RM) in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in general and regarding supply chains (SCs) has increased recently, our understanding is still rather fragmented and underdeveloped. This refers particularly to new types of risks such as dynamic crises or emerging risks associated with digital transformation (DT). Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory paper is to investigate RM in SMEs in SCs. More precisely, the aim is to identify patterns that can be used to group SMEs according to their risk behavior (i.e., risk attitude and perception). Drawing from a data set of 181 European SMEs, this paper empirically conceptualizes a typology of SMEs. The typology consists of four distinct types of SMEs that emerged from a cluster analysis: collective risk eliminators, collective playing it safe seekers, collective risk-ignoring knights of fortune, and collective neglecting imperturbable ones. The findings indicate that different risk behavior leads to different degrees of collaboration within the SC. Furthermore, the close interconnection between RM as found in the different clusters and the respective firm's innovation performance can be shown. By acknowledging the heterogeneity found in SMEs, this paper breaks away from mainstream research that tends to consider SMEs as a homogeneous entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health disorders are highly correlated with risk behaviors. The objective of the present study is to examine the relationship between risk behaviors and mental health among school-going students with a focus on ethnic minorities. The National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017 (n = 8230) was used for analyses. It was a nationwide survey conducted in Malaysia. The dependent variables were measured by three risk behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and use of illicit drugs). Probit regressions were utilized to examine the effect of mental health on the probability of smoking, drinking and using illicit drugs. Demographic and lifestyle factors were used as the control variables. Truancy was identified as a mediating variable. Anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation affected cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and use of illicit drugs through mediation of truancy. After controlling for demographic and lifestyle factors, students with anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation were more likely to smoke, drink and use illicit drugs compared with their peers without any mental health disorders. Furthermore, the likelihood of consuming cigarettes, alcohol and illicit drugs was found to be higher among students who played truant than those who did not. Mental health plays an important role in determining participation in risk behaviors among ethnic minority students in Malaysia. Public health administrators and schools have to be aware that students who suffer from mental health disorders are likely to indulge in risk behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether national trends in unstructured in-person socializing with peers (i.e., socializing without goals or supervision) among adolescents could help explain recent declines in adolescent risk behaviors (e.g., substance use, fighting, theft). The sample contained of 44,842 U.S. 12th-grade students (aged 17–18 years) from the Monitoring the Future survey (years 1999–2017). Analyses examined (1) prevalence trends, (2) latent factor structure of risk behaviors and unstructured in-person socializing, and (3) whether trends in the unstructured in-person socializing factor accounted for the relationship between time (i.e., survey year) and the risk behavior factor. Adolescent risk behaviors and unstructured in-person socializing declined by approximately 30% in the U.S., and both formed coherent latent factors. After adjusting for sociodemographics, declines in unstructured in-person socializing accounted for approximately 86% of declines in risk behaviors. The prevalence of risk behaviors and unstructured in-person socializing behaviors declined among U.S. 12th graders from 1999 to 2017. It is unknown whether such effects are directly causal and/or influenced by unmeasured variables. However, the results provide evidence that national declines in unstructured in-person socializing are a likely component of the explanation for national declines in adolescent risk behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exchange sex, the exchange of money or nonmonetary items for sex, is associated with sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. We sought to identify prevalence and characteristics associated with exchange sex among District of Columbia (DC) high school students. We used the 2017 DC Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a cross-sectional survey of students in grades 9–12 (n = 8,578). We performed multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between exchange sex and demographic, home environment, and substance use measures. In 2017, a total of 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.6–8.2) of students reported ever having engaged in exchange sex. Odds of exchange sex were higher among males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6–4.0) and students who had sexual contact with partners of both sexes (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2–4.9), compared with students having sexual contact with partners of opposite sex only. Exchange sex was also associated with having been kicked out, run away, or abandoned during the past 30 days (AOR: 10.7; 95% CI: 7.0–16.3]); going hungry during the past 30 days (AOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1–4.5); and ever using synthetic marijuana (AOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3–5.0) or cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, or ecstasy (AOR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.6–5.3]), compared with those who had not. Approximately one in 14 DC high school students engaged in exchange sex. Programs providing services to youth with unstable housing, food insecurity, or who use drugs should incorporate sexual health services to address exchange sex practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Solomon Islands is currently experiencing a change in disease burdens, from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Obesity is one of the leading non-communicable diseases causing death. Urgent action is needed to decrease the high economic and personal costs associated with obesity. This study proposes to determine behavioral and socioeconomic factors associated with obesity among different sex and age groups in an urban area of the Solomon Islands. In 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 20 to 80 in Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands. Anthropometric measurements and a survey of socioeconomic status (SES) and behavioral status were conducted among 176 participants using a questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the socioeconomic factors significantly associated with higher body mass index (BMI) by age group. The study found a high prevalence of overweight (34%) and obesity (48%) in both sexes. Multiple linear regression analysis found that having a high-income level and being married were positively associated with higher BMI among young adults. In the middle age groups, the highest income level was positively associated with higher BMI. Young and middleaged adults with a high SES might consume higher calorie food, contributing to weight gain, but this needs confirmation. Moreover, getting married might lead to more consistent meals and weight gain among the young age group. These findings suggest that health professionals have to consider the influence of income level and marital status on lifestyle choices when planning interventions that promote healthy lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to determine the association between food insecurity, sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and substance use in a nationally representative sample of U.S. young adults. Cross-sectional nationally representative data of U.S. young adults aged 24–32 years from Wave IV (2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were analyzed. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted with food insecurity as the independent variable and self-reported STIs, sexual risk behaviors, and substance use as the dependent variables, adjusting for covariates and stratifying by sex. Of the 14,786 young adults in the sample, 14% of young women and 9% of young men were food insecure. Food-insecure young women had greater odds of any STI, HIV, chlamydia, exchanging sex for money, and multiple concurrent sex partners in the past 12 months compared to young women reporting food security, adjusting for covariates. Food insecurity was associated with higher odds of any STI, chlamydia, and exchanging sex for money among young men who identify as gay or bisexual, but not in the general population of young men. Food insecurity was associated with greater odds of marijuana use, methamphetamine use, and nonmedical use of prescription opioids, sedatives, and stimulants in both young men and women. Food insecurity is associated with risk behaviors and self-reported STIs, including HIV, in young adulthood. Health care providers should screen for food insecurity in young adults and provide referrals when appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to identify the typology of adolescents in terms of manifestations of risk behavior and to find out the differences between them from the perspective of parental conditions. The research tools are the E.M.B.U Questionnaire - My memories of upbringing, ECR - Experience in Close Relationship, the author's questionnaire aimed at identifying substance use and selected items of the Questionnaire on belonging to a Delinquent Group. The research sample consisted of 850 adolescents. Cluster analysis identified three types of adolescents in terms of manifestations of risk behavior. Differentiations between groups in the parental conditions were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risky sexual behavior is any behavior that increases the probability of negative consequences associated with sexual contact. Family environment, peer influence, community factors, and school attachment seem to be important factors affecting sexual risk behavior and decision in school/higher institution youths. This research has also been conducted to inspect the patterns of sexual risk behavior among undergraduate university students in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted by using self-administered structured questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic, sexual, and associated risk behaviors among Woldia University students. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression model was carried out using SPSS version. The results revealed that 28.34% of the total study participants reported to have had sexual intercourse at least once. More proportion of male students ever had sex compared with females. One fifth of these students had their first sexual experience after they joined university. About 6% of students with sexual experience reported having had intercourse with same-sex partners. Half of the males with sexual experience had intercourse with a commercial sex worker. Regarding the use of condom, majority of the students reported to have used a condom once in a blue moon. Not using condom at the first and last sexual engagement were significant predictors of having multiple sexual partners. This study revealed risky sexual behaviors among university students. Thus, continuous and intensified public health strategies on health education and reproductive health services are required to address the sexual and reproductive health needs of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We explored the internal structure of within-group variation in the syndemic construct among bisexual adolescents, an understudied and highly vulnerable population known to experience health disparities compared with monosexuals (those attracted to a single gender). We sought to identify patterns of co-occurrence among three domains of high priority behavioral risks—sexual risk factors, substance use, and victimization—and their implications for suicidality. Method: We used a national sample of 1,053 ethnically/racially diverse, high school age bisexual adolescents drawn from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to 15 indicators measuring the three aforementioned domains and modeled predictors and an outcome of class membership. Results: Within-group variation in the syndemic construct appears categorical, systematic, and comprised of Low Risk (38%), Alcohol Use (20%), Peer-victimization (14%), Sexually Active (11%), Syndemic (11%), and Risk-taking (7%) classes. Classes were well-separated per classification statistics. The proportions of bisexual identification, sex, and race varied significantly across classes. Syndemic and Peer-victimization classes were equivalent and elevated in their suicidality risk, out of all classes. Conclusions: Results revealed multiple and diverging forms of conjoint behavioral risk that conferred differential health implications; illuminated the shape and functional form of the syndemic construct among bisexual adolescents; and illustrated the utility of LCA for classifying typologies of risky and normative health behavior patterns. Psychologists are recommended to carefully consider the comorbidly operant nature of behavioral risks in this population. Future directions include addressing replication, multiple-group invariance, additional auxiliary variables, and alternative mixture techniques. What is the public health significance of this article?: This study suggests that patterns of conjoint behavioral risk among bisexual adolescents can be classified into six subtypes: Low Risk (38%), Alcohol Use (20%), Peer-victimization (14%), Sexually Active (11%), Syndemic (11%), and Risk-taking (7%). The Syndemic and Peer-victimization classes were most at risk for suicidality, and girls and behaviorally bisexual adolescents were overrepresented in the riskier classes. Findings highlight the need for refined assessment and targeted intervention for hidden subgroups of bisexual adolescents that are most vulnerable to compounded behavioral risks and associated mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, substance use, delinquent behaviors, and promiscuous sexual activity have declined substantially among U.S. adolescents. We aimed to determine the extent to which these trends represent declines in a general propensity to engage in risk behaviors (i.e., declines in a latent factor). We used Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (1999–2017) (n = 147,800) and examined trends in substance use (e.g., alcohol), delinquency (e.g., fighting), and sexual activity (e.g., number of partners). We conducted two types of analyses stratified by grade (9th/10th vs. 11th/12th) and sex: (1) estimation of year-specific prevalence of each behavior and modeled prevalence changes over time and (2) factor analysis and application of alignment methods to determine changes in the mean of the latent factor over time while correcting for measurement noninvariance. A single factor explained 53% (girls 11th/12th grade) to 62% (boys 9th/10th grade) of the variance in risk behaviors. Average relative annual declines in the prevalence of each behavior—except for weapon carrying—ranged from 1% to 6%. The structure of the latent factor was mostly unchanged over time, with notable exceptions related to differential changes in prevalence for cigarette and cannabis use. Between 1999 and 2017, the mean of the latent factor declined by between.54 and.73 standard deviations. Results suggest that much of the decline in the prevalence of substance use, delinquent, and sexual behaviors among American youth from 1999 to 2017 reflect an approximately two-thirds standard deviation decline in the mean of a latent risk behavior factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combinations of risk behaviors are common in popular media, which make it difficult to understand how exposure to risk content affects adolescent risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether media effects associated with exposure to multiple risk behaviors (i.e., combined alcohol and sex, sex only, alcohol only, and no risk) in television content have specific or more general effects on attitudes and norms associated with performing these behaviors. Adolescents aged 14–17 years from an opt-in Qualtrics panel (n = 338) were randomized into one of four conditions, which varied the presence of risk behaviors (i.e., combined alcohol and sex, sex only, alcohol only, and no risk) that were featured in a brief video clip from a popular television show. We tested the content effects on behavioral attitudes and norms for performing each of the behaviors. Analysis of variance analyses showed that exposure to combined alcohol and sex resulted in more positive attitudes toward engaging in combining alcohol and sex, drinking, and smoking. Exposure to the sex only, alcohol only, and no risk videos did not influence any attitudes or norms. A brief exposure to combined risk behaviors in media may increase positive attitudes related to the combination behavior (alcohol and sex), a component behavior (alcohol), and also more general risk-taking behaviors (smoking). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obwohl große geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Risiko- und Konsumverhalten, Prävalenzen von Suchterkrankungen und der Inanspruchnahme von Behandlungsangeboten bekannt sind, gibt es kaum männerspezifische Suchttherapie- oder Präventionsangebote. Dabei zeigen Männer bei fast allen Suchtformen mehr Auffälligkeiten als Frauen. Der Zusammenhang von Rollenerwartungen, Männlichkeitskonzepten und Sucht bietet gute Ansatzpunkte für erfolgreiche männerspezifische Behandlungs- und Präventionskonzepte. Although significant gender-based differences in risk and consumer behaviors, prevalence of addiction and the use of treatment options are well known, very few gender-specific therapy or primary prevention strategies have been developed until now. The male population shows a higher incidence for almost all forms of addiction. The correlation between role expectations, concepts of masculinity and substance consumption is a key point for successful male-specific therapy and prevention concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abscess is a common source of morbidity for people who inject drugs. We used data from the Study to Assess Hepatitis C Risk to measure prevalence of abscess and identify factors associated with the history of abscess. Of 541 participants, 388 (72%) were male and 149 (28%) were female. Almost half (n5258, 48%) reported ever having an abscess. Persons who inject drugs with an abscess history were significantly more likely to have more injection partners (p = .01), inject heroin daily (p > .05), and share cookers (p5.001) and less likely to report using new syringes with each injection (p5.02). Most reported self-treating their last abscess and increasing drug use when having an abscess. High-risk injection-related activity was associated not only with infections such as HIV and hepatitis C virus but also with abscess. Nurses should screen patients presenting with abscess for high-risk practices and provide prevention education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose Use of multiple tobacco products is increasing, particularly among young adults. Latent class analysis of substance-use patterns provides a framework for understanding the heterogeneity of use. We sought to identify different patterns of cigarette, e-cigarette, hookah, cigarillo, and smokeless tobacco use among young adult bar patrons. Methods We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of randomized time location samples of young adult California bar patrons in 2013 and 2014. Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of use among current (past 30-day) tobacco users. Classes were compared on demographic characteristics and tobacco use correlates. Results Overall 84.4% of the current tobacco users were cigarette smokers, 38.7% used electronic cigarettes, 35.9% used hookah, 30.1% smoked cigars/cigarillos, and 15.4% used smokeless tobacco in the past 30 days. We extracted six latent classes: "Cigarette only" (n = 1690), "Hookah mostly" (n = 479), "High overall use" (n = 528), "Smokeless mostly" (n = 95), "E-cigarette mostly" (n = 439), "Cigars mostly" (n = 435). These classes differed in their risk profiles on both current use compared to no use, and number of days they used each tobacco product. Differences between classes emerged on demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and tobacco correlates including perceived peer smoking, antitobacco industry attitudes, prioritizing social activities, and advertising receptivity. Conclusions Understanding different patterns of multiple tobacco product use may inform both prevention and cessation programming for young adults. It may be efficient to tailor messages to different latent classes and address the distinct demographic and attitudinal profiles of groups of multiple tobacco product users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable rates of HPV infection have been reported in healthy oral mucosa worldwide. The main objective of this study was to detect and genotype HPV infection in users and nonusers of drugs with clinically healthy mucosa from the Northeast Brazil. Samples from 105 patients were amplified using the primers MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+, and genotyping was performed by multiplex-PCR for HPV-6/11, 16 and 18. A total of 81.9% samples were positive. Among drug users, 84.5% presented the virus and 20.4% showed multiple infections. Among non-drug users, 78.7% were positive and 13.5% had multiple infections. Limited information is available on oral HPV in Brazilian population, especially for drug users, and our results showed higher HPV infection rates in both users and nonusers of drugs. More studies and researches focused on drug users including factors like sexual behavior, nutrition and cultural habits are necessary to enhance the comprehension of this relationship, and develop preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saúde & Tecnologia is the property of Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saude de Lisboa-ESTESL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To systematically review the evidence that childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with risk behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Risk behavior included one or more of the following: use of substances, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances; involvement in criminal behavior; and behavioral issues with conduct. Methods: A literature search was conducted using these terms: child, pediatric, traumatic brain injury, head injury, adolescent, psychosocial, antisocial, conduct, substance use. Studies describing original research were included if they reported outcomes over the age of 13 years in participants who sustained a TBI between birth and age 13 years. Results: Six journal articles were reviewed based on 4 separate studies. Three articles indicated a relationship between childhood TBI and increased problematic substance use in adolescence and young adulthood. Three articles supported an association between childhood TBI and later externalizing behavior; however, 2 articles did not support this link. Conclusion: More research is warranted to explore the association between childhood TBI and later risk behavior as the relationship is not currently understood. Future research should build on existing longitudinal research with continued use of medical records for identifying TBI and inclusion of a non-brain-related trauma group to control for general injury effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine how volunteerism influences health risk behaviors, specifically drinking and smoking. Using four-wave panel data from the Americans' Changing Lives Survey (N=1175), I predict alcohol and cigarette use by examining the effects of (1) volunteering, (2) type of volunteer organization, and (3) contextual aspects of volunteer organizations. Findings indicate volunteer activity does not reduce health risk behavior generally, but volunteering specifically for a religious organization decreases the incidence rate of alcohol and tobacco use. Supplemental analysis suggests that participation in a religious community explains decreased alcohol and tobacco use rather than the act of volunteering or the importance of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and associated risk behaviors in the prison state system of Guanajuato, Mexico between September 2011 and February 2012. Blood samples were drawn from adult inmates in all State prisons who agreed to participate in this cross-sectional study. Data on risk behaviors were collected by using self-administered questionnaires. The prevalence of HIV, syphilis, HBV, and HCV infection was 0.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-1.1], 0.7% (95% CI = 0.4-1.0), 0.4 (95% CI = 0.04-0.74), and 4.8 (95% CI = 3.6-5.9), respectively. Female inmates had a higher prevalence of HIV (1.5% vs. 0.6%, p = .05), whereas male inmates had a higher prevalence of HCV (1% vs. 5%, p = .008). Twenty percent ( n = 443, 95% CI = 15-26) of the participants were tattooed during incarceration, and most of them were tattooed with recycled materials. Around 60% (57%, 95% CI = 49-65) used drugs before incarceration, and 9.2% ( n = 205) used injected drugs. During incarceration, 30% (95% CI = 23-39) used drugs and 43 continued injecting (20% of users). Consistent condom use was low among men before incarcerations but decreased by half during incarceration. The highest consistent condom use before incarceration was among men who have sex with men (MSM) (17.7%, 95% CI = 14-22), but it decreased (9%, 95% CI = 3-14) during incarceration. The prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis in these inmates is higher than that of the local adult population. Most inmates had sex in prison, but few used condoms consistently. Access to condoms is apparently harder for MSM. Interventions to increase condom use, reduce use of shared or recycled materials for tattooing and injecting drugs, and treatment for drug abuse are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto is the property of Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Desporto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To better target our current prevention strategies, we assessed factors associated with HIV seroconversion in individuals attending a specialized center after a risk exposure. Materials and Methods: We studied individuals from an HIV Unit's contact risk cohort at a tertiary care hospital in Barcelona, Spain, between 2003 and 2013 and performed a retrospective matched case-control study. Cases were individuals who seroconverted to HIV after at least 3 months since first follow-up visit for a contracting risk. Controls were HIV-negative individuals from the same cohort. Demographics and behavior variables were studied and compared using a McNemar test assessing factors associated with seroconversion. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to develop a model for predicting probability of HIV seroconversion. We also evaluated sensitivity and specificity of our model and an area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was estimated. Results: Sixty-nine (2.2%) individuals seroconverted after a median (interquartile range) of 24 (9-34) months since last follow-up. Seroconverters were predominantly male (96%) and men who have sex with men (MSM) (94%). No differences were observed regarding risk of exposure. Being MSM [odds ratio (OR) 5.2 (1.4-20.2), p = .01], having a known HIV-positive partner [OR 2.7 (1.2-6.2), p = .02], previous postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) [OR 3.9 (1.0-15.6), p = .05], and having previous sexually transmitted infections (STIs) [OR 4.6 (1.9-10.9), p = .001] were the factors independently associated with HIV seroconversion. The sensitivity and specificity of our model were 64.06% and 73.53%, respectively, and the area under ROC curve was 0.777. Discussion: HIV seroconversions were observed frequently between individuals attending a specialized center because of a risk exposure. Being MSM, having had previous PEP, an HIV-positive sexual partner, and previous STI were predictive factors for HIV seroconversion. Closer and longer follow-up and/or pre-exposure prophylaxis should be considered to prevent HIV infections in this high-risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Health Promoting School Initiative (HPSI) was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1995 based on the concept of an interrelationship between education and health. In 2010, WHO supported the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MEHE) and established a network of 10 Health Promoting Schools (HPS). This study was undertaken to address the extent to which the HPS model was able to enhance the health of adolescents and prepare them to respond to evolving health challenges. Method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out during the academic year 2011-2012 and involved a comparison between the 10 HPS networks and 10 other public and private schools, with a total of 2,105 students (Grades 6-9). The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (CDC, 2011) and anthropometric measurements were used for data collection. Results: Findings revealed that the current school health program (SHP) failed to address issues of concern to adolescents, with prevalence of risk behaviors related to dietary and exercise practices. Neither the HPS nor control schools had a strong impact on students' health behaviors. Conclusion: Revision of the health education curriculum is strongly needed to integrate issues concerning healthy nutrition and physical activity. Expected learning outcomes need be designed to match students' age, grade level, and developmental milestones. The HPS network needs reassessment for project outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mexico's policies on antenatal HIV testing are contradictory, and little is known about social and behavioral characteristics that increase pregnant Mexican women's risks of acquiring HIV. We analyzed the association between risk behaviors reported by pregnant women for themselves and their male partners, and women's rapid HIV antibody test results from a large national sample. Three quarters of pregnant women with a reactive test did not report risk behaviors for themselves and one third did not report risk behaviors for themselves or their male partners. In the retrospective case-control analysis, other than reporting multiple sexual partners, reactive pregnant women reported risk behaviors did not differ from nonreactive women's behaviors. However, reactive pregnant women were significantly more likely to have reported risk behaviors for male partners. Our findings support universal offer of antenatal HIV testing and suggest that HIV prevention for women should focus on reducing risk of HIV acquisition within stable relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Preparticipation examinations (PPEs), or sports physicals, present opportunities for health care providers to identify and discuss common adolescent health-risk behaviors. We sought to examine the prevalence of health-risk behaviors among high school athletes and the proportion of providers who address these behaviors during PPEs. Method For this descriptive study we used data from two statewide surveys: a survey of adolescents ( n = 46,492) and a survey of nurse practitioners and physicians ( n = 561). Results The most prevalent risk behaviors reported by student athletes were low levels of physical activity (70%), bullying perpetration (41%), and alcohol use (41%). Most providers (≥75%) addressed many common risk behaviors during PPEs but fewer addressed bullying, violence, and prescription drug use. Topics discussed differed by provider type and patient population. Discussion Many providers addressed critical threats to adolescent health during PPEs, but findings suggest potential disconnects between topics addressed during PPEs and behaviors of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV is often assumed to only affect younger people, and many older people do not realize that they might risk acquiring the virus. Given that sexual transmission is by far the most common way to contract HIV around the world, health care professionals do not usually pay enough attention to the possibility of HIV/AIDS in older adults, based on the common conviction that they no longer have any sexual desires and that they are sexually inactive. Nevertheless, the sexual behavior of older people is likely to change over time, as aging baby boomers progress into their 60s and 70s, meeting the criteria for 'successful aging', and not conforming to the stereotype of 'sexless elderly'. Hence the urgent need to awareness is that HIV remains as a major health threat even in advanced age. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are especially crucial in older adults because of their general frailty and high comorbidity levels. This article reviews recent literature concerning HIV/AIDS in older adults, as regard the related epidemiological, clinical and public health issues, with a view to suggesting how the rising rate of HIV transmission in this age group might be mitigated, and shows the main points that HCP should tackle to identify older people at risk of HIV infection. In summary, there is a pressing need to develop effective prevention schemes and to adapt clinical and programmatic approaches to improve the survival of older people with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Teenage passengers affect teenage driving performance, possibly by social influence. To examine the effect of social norms on driving behavior, male teenagers were randomly assigned to drive in a simulator with a peer-aged confederate to whom participants were primed to attribute either risk-accepting or risk-averse social norms. It was hypothesized that teenage drivers would engage in more risky driving behavior in the presence of peer passengers than no passengers, and with a risk-accepting compared with a risk-averse passenger. Method: 66 male participants aged 16 tol8 years holding a provisional driver license were randomized to drive with a risk-accepting or risk-averse passenger in a simulator. Failure to Stop at a red light and percent Time in Red (light) were measured as primary risk-relevant outcomes of interest at 18 intersections, while driving once alone and once with their assigned passenger. Results: The effect of passenger presence on risky driving was moderated by passenger type for Failed to Stop in a generalized linear mixed model (OR = 1.84, 95% Cl [1.19, 2.86], p < .001), and percent Time in Red in a mixed model (B = 7.71, 95% Cl [1.54, 13.87], p < .05). Conclusions: Exposure of teenage males to a risk-accepting confederate peer increased teenage males' risky simulated driving behavior compared with exposure to a risk-averse confederate peer. These results indicate that variability in teenage risky driving could be partially explained by social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Physical Culture / Tělesná Kultura is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate health providers’ use of the Rapid Assessment for Adolescent Preventive Services (RAAPS) screening tool to identify adolescent high-risk behaviors, its ease of use and efficiency, and its impact on provider/patient discussions of sensitive risk behaviors. Method: This mixed methods descriptive study used an online survey to assess providers’ use of the RAAPS and their perspectives on its implementation and effect on adolescent-provider communication. The survey was completed by providers from a variety of settings across the United States (N = 201). Results: Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that the RAAPS facilitated identification of risk behaviors and risk discussions and provided efficient and consistent assessments; 86% of providers believed that the RAAPS positively influenced their practice. Discussion: Adoption of the RAAPS in practice settings could lead to more effective adolescent preventive services by giving providers a tool to systematically assess and identify adolescents at risk. Implementation of RAAPS offers health providers an efficient, consistent, and “adolescent friendly” way to identify risky behaviors and open the discussion needed to tailor interventions to meet their needs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article presents a case study of male health and psychology in Germany during the 19th through the beginning of the 21st centuries. The author comments on the concept of masculinity and describes its relation to men's attitudes regarding their health. He also analyzes high-risk behaviors among men, including smoking, and their impact on life expectancy.

INTRODUCTION Smoking and alcohol use (beyond social norms) by health sciences students are behaviors contradictory to the social function they will perform as health promoters in their eventual professions. OBJECTIVE Identify prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in health sciences students in Mexico and Cuba, in order to support educational interventions to promote healthy lifestyles and development of professional competencies to help reduce the harmful impact of these legal drugs in both countries. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data were collected from health sciences students on a voluntary basis in both countries using the same anonymous self-administered questionnaire, followed by an in-depth interview. RESULTS Prevalence of tobacco use was 56.4% among Mexican students and 37% among Cuban. It was higher among men in both cases, but substantial levels were observed in women as well. The majority of both groups were regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Prevalence of alcohol use was 76.9% in Mexican students, among whom 44.4% were classified as at-risk users. Prevalence of alcohol use in Cuban students was 74.1%, with 3.7% classified as at risk. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in these health sciences students is cause for concern, with consequences not only for their individual health, but also for their professional effectiveness in helping reduce these drugs' impact in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The Roma constitute a large ethnic minority in Serbia, and are one of the poorest and most marginalized groups in Europe. Roma youth may be at high risk for hepatitis C, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections, but little is known about the prevalence of these infectious diseases, HIV-related knowledge, and risky sexual behaviors in this vulnerable population. Methods: We used a respondent-driven sampling to conduct biobehavioral surveys of Roma youth (aged 15–24 years) in Belgrade and Kragujevac, and to document HIV-related knowledge and risky sexual behaviors, health-seeking behaviors, and seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis. Results: Four hundred eleven Roma youth participated in this study. One participant had HIV, four had HCV, and none had syphilis. Risky sexual behaviors were highly prevalent, especially among male subjects: 36.2% (Belgrade) and 45.1% (Kragujevac) had sexual debut before the age of 15 years; 53.9% (Belgrade) and 61.1% (Kragujevac) had more than one sexual partner in the past year; 11.5% (Belgrade) and 4.6% (Kragujevac) reported engaging in commercial sex; and 4.0% (Belgrade) and 3.2% (Kragujevac) reported having anal sex with other men. Among female subjects aged <25 years, 33.5% (Belgrade) and 25.7% (Kragujevac) reported having an abortion. One-quarter of all participants answered all five HIV knowledge questions correctly. Conclusions: Fortunately, the current prevalence of HIV, HCV, and syphilis is low; however, the high prevalence of reported risky behaviors suggests that Roma youth in Serbia are at high risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Risk behaviour such as the abuse of alcohol and drugs has been associated with doping in sport. This article investigates doping use in relation to substance abuse, health risks, risks of being caught in a doping control, and other risk behaviours, in a qualitative interview study of 11 Swedish elite athletes sanctioned for using anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) during their sports careers. The interviews show that most respondents have not experienced any serious negative side effects due to AAS use, and report several positive effects. The respondents were using moderate doses to avoid health risks, and their use was characterised by conscious risk management to avoid being caught in doping control. Most respondents were not abusing other substances than AAS, and did not perceive themselves as risk-takers. The results point to the possibility that doping use in sport needs to be studied by methods and perspectives other than as abusive and/or health risk behaviour. Instead, the internal logic of sport and sport specified norms have to be visualised and analysed to understand doping phenomena. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Research shows that parenting factors and individual difference variables, such as sensation seeking (SS) and risk perceptions (RPs), are associated with increased motor vehicle crash risk for young drivers. The presence of peer passengers is also known to be associated with increased crash risk. However, as previous studies did not study these factors concurrently, less is known about the factors that are associated with driving with peer passengers and if peer passengers may mediate the effect of parenting and individual difference variables on adolescents'' engagement in risky driving behavior. Methods: We examined predictors of driving with multiple passengers (DWMPs) and explored it as a potential mediator of pathways from three factors: (1) SS, (2) RPs, and (3) Parental monitoring and rule-setting to risky driving behaviors in a convenience sample of 198 adolescent drivers using a cross-sectional Web-based survey. Results: Findings indicate that both stronger RPs and perceiving parents as strong monitors and rule setters were associated with less engagement in risky driving, whereas greater SS was associated with more engagement in risky driving; RPs, monitoring, and SS were also significantly associated with DWMPs in these same directions. DWMPs partially mediated the effect of these risk factors on risky driving behavior. Conclusions: Results inform theory and policy by examining factors associated with risk taking in the context of adolescent driving. Interventions can be developed to complement graduated driver licensing laws by targeting individual difference variables and decreasing opportunities for peer passenger carriage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of school demographic factors and youth''s perception of discrimination on delinquency in adolescence and into young adulthood for African American, Asian, Hispanic, and white racial/ethnic groups. Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), models testing the effect of school-related variables on delinquency trajectories were evaluated for the four racial/ethnic groups using Mplus 5.21 statistical software. Results: Results revealed that greater student ethnic diversity and perceived discrimination, but not teacher ethnic diversity, resulted in higher initial delinquency estimates at 13 years of age for all groups. However, except for African Americans, having a greater proportion of female teachers in the school decreased initial delinquency estimates. For African Americans and whites, a larger school size also increased the initial estimates. Additionally, lower social-economic status increased the initial estimates for whites, and being born in the United States increased the initial estimates for Asians and Hispanics. Finally, regardless of the initial delinquency estimate at age 13 and the effect of the school variables, all groups eventually converged to extremely low delinquency in young adulthood, at the age of 21 years. Conclusion: Educators and public policy makers seeking to prevent and reduce delinquency can modify individual risks by modifying characteristics of the school environment. Policies that promote respect for diversity and intolerance toward discrimination, as well as training to help teachers recognize the precursors and signs of aggression and/or violence, may also facilitate a positive school environment, resulting in lower delinquency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

INTRODUCTION Tobacco and alcohol are currently the most widely consumed legal psychoactive substances in the world. They represent a heavy burden for health and society in almost all populations. Increasing consumption of both substances is a trend observed in women. OBJECTIVE Describe the profile of women aged ?15 years residing in urban areas of Cuba with respect to tobacco and alcohol consumption. METHOD Basic information on tobacco and alcohol consumption by Cubans aged ?15 years in urban areas was obtained from the Second National Survey on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases (2001), a national descriptive cross-sectional study, the objective of which was to determine the frequency and epidemiological characteristics of the urban population's main chronic disease risk factors. Sampling design was complex stratifi ed multi-stage cluster. Of a sample of 23,743 individuals, 22,851 were surveyed, representative of 6.8 million Cubans. A questionnaire and structured interview were used. Variables were tobacco and alcohol use, as well as sociodemographic factors: sex, age, educational level, skin color, marital status, type of full-time employment and perceived economic situation. Prevalence, with 95% confi dence intervals, and male:female prevalence ratios were estimated. RESULTS Women who smoked were predominantly aged 40-59 years; had completed less than university education; of black skin color; divorced; laborers, service workers or managers, and with a perceived economic situation as very poor. Women who consumed alcohol were predominantly aged 15-59 years, had at least middle school education, of mestizo or black skin color, of marital status other than widowed; there was no typical profile for occupation or perceived economic situation. Women who were both smokers and alcohol consumers were predominantly 20-59 years, of black or mestizo skin color, of marital status other than widowed; with no typical profile for educational level, occupation or perceived economic situation. CONCLUSIONS The fi rst nationwide socioeconomic profile of Cuban women using tobacco, alcohol or both constitutes a baseline for comparison to results of a new national study now under way, permittingevaluation of trends over time and effectiveness of prevention and control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines early adolescent self-reported intentions about having sex during the next year. A total of 114 variables are investigated for possible associations with lower versus higher levels of intention about having sex. The sample consists of 306 early adolescents from several middle schools in a predominantly white, rural community in central Pennsylvania. Ages range from 10 to 15 years, mean = 12.6 years, with approximately equal numbers of boys and girls. Bivariate analyses measure the associations between the exploratory variables and levels of behavioral intention. The domains examined include attitudes, social norms, parenting practices, dating activities, self-efficacy, school and community activities, psychosocial experiences, substance use, prior sexual activity, communications, family structure, familial relationships, and life goals. The results present a profile of factors by their alignment toward lower, or higher, intentions to engage in sex. The profiles are further categorized by whether the factors represent attitudes, beliefs, and situations, or whether they represent behaviors, conditions, and practices. Finally, the profile also identifies those factors that appear to be unrelated to behavioral intentions. Taking these patterns into account can: (1) inform an understanding of how these factors operate in connection with early adolescent sexual onset, and (2) suggest how they may be incorporated by school social workers into either early detection or intervention strategies. A discussion examines these prospects in light of previous literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]