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The current paper explores the impact of misalignment between transceivers (referred to as pointing error (PE)) on the performance of transdermal optical wireless (TOW) technology, as indicated by average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), outage probability (OP), outage rate (OR), and average ergodic capacity (AEC). This study was inspired by the effectiveness of differential phase shift keying (DPSK) in enhancing the reliability of the link in free-space optical communications (FSO). Furthermore, this enhancement was studied and analyzed in consideration of the impact of pointing errors. In particular, this paper presents a mathematical analysis that considers certain characteristics of the channel, limitations within the body, the pointing errors (PEs) between the transceivers, and other specific aspects of the optical unit. The results demonstrate the significant impact of PEs on the reliability of the TOW link and highlight the improvement provided by the DPSK technique. i.e., 3 dB better performance compared to the on-off keying (OOK) modulation technique. Finally, this research demonstrates the practical application of wireless optical technology in the medical field within the wavelength range of 800–1300 nm, with optimal performance observed around 1100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new hybrid system for high-bandwidth and high-transmission-capacity communication is introduced. • The system integrates a multi-mode fiber (MMF) cable with free space optics (FSO) using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. • The proposed system uses a single wavelength to simultaneously transmit 40 Gb/s data on four distinct OAM beams. This paper introduces a new hybrid system for high-bandwidth and high-transmission-capacity communication. The system integrates a multi-mode fiber (MMF) cable with free space optics (FSO) using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. The proposed system uses a single wavelength to simultaneously transmit 40 Gb/s data on four distinct OAM beams (( LG 0 , 0 , LG 0 , 17 , LG 0 , 40 , and LG 0 , 75 )) with a symmetric circular shape. The performance of the system was evaluated with a fixed MMF length of 100 m and varying FSO ranges, according to extreme climate changes such as rain and fog, and atmospheric turbulences. The results indicate that the suggested system is capable of transmit up to 1250 m (100 m MMF length + 1150 m FSO range) under clear weather (CW) and weak turbulence (WT), with a minimum transmission distance of 440 m (100 m MMF length + 340 m FSO range) under heavy fog (HF). The performance of the system was also demonstrated based on actual meteorological data for two different cities, Alexandria, Egypt and Chandigarh, India, with different visibility ranges and geographical locations. Since Alexandria has a longer visibility range than Chandigarh, our proposed model could spread over a larger area than it could be in Chandigarh. The obtained ranges were within an acceptable bit error rate (BER) of less than 10−9. The system's maximum range was 1200 m for Alexandria and 1100 m for Chandigarh. The proposed model can be suggested for use in next generation (NG) passive optical networks (PON) for supporting symmetric 40 Gb/s data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]