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In the age of high-tech automation and wireless technology, it is possible to make various devices come together in a given environment, enhancing comfort, energy savings, security, and affordability. We can observe environmental indicators remotely and manage relevant equipment with embedded systems' tiny, low-energy consumption. These devices' power consumption and network bandwidth utilization are critical. Thus, a low-power device must transfer data using minimal redundant protocol. Since Wi-Fi is so widely available, linking all devices within the space through one standard gateway makes sense. This study gives an overview of Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), an ideal lightweight protocol for such applications because of its low power and bandwidth requirements. The proposed prototype uses MQTT on the ESP8266, a Wi-Fi-based expansion board. In the case of ESP8266, sensors and actuators are connected directly using Cayenne-based MQTT brokers to provide remote control and monitoring. It allows for efficient and effective communication within the network, ensuring stable data transmission and device management while minimizing power consumption and bandwidth usage. The project has shown how possible it is to use MQTT in the ESP8266 to support smart environments, leading to better IoT-integrated solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, health information systems (HIS) have undergone significant changes, particularly in embracing flexible frameworks for ongoing development. This evolution underscores the necessity for information technology (IT) infrastructures that rapidly align with clinical processes. The paper investigates the transition of hospital information systems to comprehensive strategies, examining the benefits and challenges involved. It also examines the increasing demands on health data management systems (HDMS) for patient care and biomedical research. The focus is on how the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and open-source enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, such as Odoo, impacts health information management. The study evaluates the effectiveness and implications of combining these technologies. It provides examples of these integrated systems in action, particularly in resource-limited settings, and evaluates their potential to improve care. The document provides a comprehensive review of the current status and evolution of HIS and HDMS, highlighting the importance of integrating IoT and other cutting-edge technologies in healthcare. This is a crucial aspect for developing countries, where these advancements can significantly improve healthcare outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has created opportunities in multiple sectors, but has also created the threat of growing attacks. Malicious actors are taking advantages of the lightweight nature of IoT devices and targeting them to perform attacks. This paper presents a novel approach to detect malicious traffic at an early stage to block attacks at the entry point of network so devices could be protected from getting infected. An optimized Machine Learning(ML) based algorithm is proposed specifically designed for light weighted IoT devices. The IoT- 23 dataset is used in this study to create a model and test the performance. The proposed model detects diverse categories of IoT malwares, creating security threats and challenges to IoT systems. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is utilized to simulate behavior of IoT devices. Attack and normal traffic is passed to the IoT network to record latency and throughput in both scenarios. Performance of five different classifiers is compared with the proposed algorithm and had outstanding results with an accuracy 99.98%. The detection model takes around 52.89 seconds and processes 3965.27 samples per second. Utilization of CPU during the entire process is observed around 3.5%. Future research directions and suggestions have also been given to enhance the security of IoT environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the monitoring and prediction of the energy consumption of IT equipment to make informed decisions in terms of energy efficiency. The challenge with current monitoring systems lies in their specialization, scalability and integration complexities. To overcome these challenges, we propose a monitoring and prediction system for energy consumption of IT equipment. The proposed solution combines an adaptable, cost-effiective and energy-Efficient embedded device with open source software and a service-oriented architecture (SOA), which offers flexibility and integration capabilities, facilitating the easy inclusion of several workstation working from different environments. Several traditional Linear Regression (LR) models were evaluated prediction models using a temporal window of hour taking into account several features. As a result of the LR models evaluation, it is established that the Bayesian Ridge model was the best model since it presented the lowest error and the highest coefficient of determination. Finally, two approaches were evaluated to predict energy consumption: a Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)-based mechanism proposed to generate predictor variables in order to predict future energy using the best LR model, and a KDE-based energy model. Numerical results show that the energy prediction using KDE for the energy measurements provides lower time response than the LR based mechanism for the available dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, widely used in various industries for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, plays a central role in the IoT architecture. However, despite its widespread adoption, an analysis conducted on the shodan search engine revealed up to 540531 vulnerabilities worldwide as of April 2024, underscoring the security challenges facing this protocol. How can an innovative cyber range system be designed to assess and improve the security of MQTT protocols, focusing on in-depth vulnerability analysis, authentication strategy development, and targeted countermeasures against specific attacks? The study includes an analysis of relevant articles, followed by classification into five different categories. Furthermore, the presentation of a cyber range that exposes various attacks, such as replay attacks, Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), Denial of Service (DoS)/Distributed DoS(DDoS), and cam-hackers, enhances the understanding of MQTT protocol vulnerabilities, emphasizes the critical importance of strengthening security, and serves as a reference for new researchers in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the monitoring and prediction of the energy consumption of IT equipment to make informed decisions in terms of energy efficiency. The challenge with current monitoring systems lies in their specialization, scalability and integration complexities. To overcome these challenges, we propose a monitoring and prediction system for energy consumption of IT equipment. The proposed solution combines an adaptable, cost-effiective and energy-Efficient embedded device with open source software and a service-oriented architecture (SOA), which offers flexibility and integration capabilities, facilitating the easy inclusion of several workstation working from different environments. Several traditional Linear Regression (LR) models were evaluated prediction models using a temporal window of hour taking into account several features. As a result of the LR models evaluation, it is established that the Bayesian Ridge model was the best model since it presented the lowest error and the highest coefficient of determination. Finally, two approaches were evaluated to predict energy consumption: a Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)-based mechanism proposed to generate predictor variables in order to predict future energy using the best LR model, and a KDE-based energy model. Numerical results show that the energy prediction using KDE for the energy measurements provides lower time response than the LR based mechanism for the available dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, widely used in various industries for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, plays a central role in the IoT architecture. However, despite its widespread adoption, an analysis conducted on the shodan search engine revealed up to 540531 vulnerabilities worldwide as of April 2024, underscoring the security challenges facing this protocol. How can an innovative cyber range system be designed to assess and improve the security of MQTT protocols, focusing on in-depth vulnerability analysis, authentication strategy development, and targeted countermeasures against specific attacks? The study includes an analysis of relevant articles, followed by classification into five different categories. Furthermore, the presentation of a cyber range that exposes various attacks, such as replay attacks, Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), Denial of Service (DoS)/Distributed DoS(DDoS), and cam-hackers, enhances the understanding of MQTT protocol vulnerabilities, emphasizes the critical importance of strengthening security, and serves as a reference for new researchers in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast evolution of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing has led to an increased reliance on MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) as a lightweight messaging protocol for efficient machine-to-machine communication. Despite MQTT being well-suited as a standard protocol for the Industrial Internet of Things and the increasing provision of MQTT interfaces by manufacturers for their production machines, the presence of poorly documented, non-machine-readable APIs poses challenges. Consequently, integrating these devices into an existing production environment requires significant effort and is prone to errors. In this paper, we explore diverse methods for extracting valuable information from running MQTT clients, enabling the reconstruction of their communication interfaces with the associated endpoints. This information can then be transformed into a standardized machine-readable format. The AsyncAPI Initiative has defined such an industry standard for defining asynchronous APIs, which includes MQTT. These AsyncAPI Specifications can be used to make a subsequent implementation of programs that interact with these interfaces more fast and reliable. The presented approaches focus on extracting interface information by analyzing network traffic and MQTT messages. We concentrate on observing the behavior of MQTT clients from an external perspective, deliberately disregarding the internal workings and program code of the clients themselves. Furthermore, we discuss an approach to map the data from the intercepted MQTT communication to a AsyncAPI Specification. Through our research, we aim to provide insights into the various techniques that can be employed to reverse engineer MQTT client interfaces effectively. By leveraging these approaches, it is possible to gain valuable knowledge about MQTT client communication interfaces, thus simplifying the subsequent implementation of programs that interact with these interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive maintenance is a vital aspect of the industrial sector, and the use of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) sensor nodes is becoming increasingly popular for detecting motor faults and monitoring motor conditions. An integrated approach for acquiring, processing, and wirelessly transmitting a large amount of data in predictive maintenance applications remains a significant challenge. This study presents an IIoT-based sensor node for industrial motors. The sensor node is designed to acquire vibration data on the radial and axial axes of the motor and utilizes a hybrid approach for efficient data processing via edge and cloud platforms. The initial step of signal processing is performed on the node at the edge, reducing the burden on a centralized cloud for processing data from multiple sensors. The proposed architecture utilizes the lightweight Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication protocol for seamless data transmission from the node to the local and main brokers. The broker's bridging allows for data backup in case of connection loss. The proposed sensor node is rigorously tested on a motor testbed in a laboratory setup and an industrial setting in a rice industry for validation, ensuring its performance and accuracy in real-world industrial environments. The data analysis and results from both testbed and industrial motors were discussed using vibration analysis for identifying faults. The proposed sensor node is a significant step towards improving the efficiency and reliability of industrial motors through realtime monitoring and early fault detection, ultimately leading to minimized unscheduled downtime and cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet has changed and evolved since its origin and in recent time the communication channel for the internet has developed a flexible system design to accommodate newer devices and customized services. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is one such blooming service for larger data processing and customization. In this paper, we propose a novel interdependency attribute protocol for authentication and enhancing security aspects of IoMT communication. The protocol is developed on remote monitoring and Message Queuing Telemetric Transport (MQTT) protocol foundation values to secure data transmission and communication via active public domain internet and cloud storage. The approach is developed on machine learning models for attribute customization and classification. The model has been validated with AWS open pipeline cloud platforms for IoMT devices customization. The IoMT device cloud server evaluation and authentication via interdependency attribute protocol has outperformed the existing security models and analysis with Machine learning tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rise of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing has highlighted the importance of utilizing intelligent manufacturing techniques, tools, and methods, including predictive maintenance. This feature allows for the early identification of potential issues with machinery, preventing them from reaching critical stages. This paper proposes an intelligent predictive maintenance system for industrial equipment monitoring. The system integrates Industrial IoT, MQTT messaging and machine learning algorithms. Vibration, current and temperature sensors collect real-time data from electrical motors which is analyzed using five ML models to detect anomalies and predict failures, enabling proactive maintenance. The MQTT protocol is used for efficient communication between the sensors, gateway devices, and the cloud server. The system was tested on an operational motors dataset, five machine learning algorithms, namely k-nearest neighbor (KNN), supported vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear regression (LR), and naive bayes (NB), are used to analyze and process the collected data to predict motor failures and offer maintenance recommendations. Results demonstrate the random forest model achieves the highest accuracy in failure prediction. The solution minimizes downtime and costs through optimized maintenance schedules and decisions. It represents an Industry 4.0 approach to sustainable smart manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QoS is an arguable feature of Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) that is employed under constrained environment for communication over an unreliable network in smart cities. It gives extra control to the client for matching its needs according to the application but with confiscated network performance. For a reliable end-to-end service assurance, guaranteed QoS and controlled scalability, MQTT based IoT must be examined for various network parameters. In this work, an improved TCP based transparent MQTT network is proposed for massively deployed connected devices in smart cities. The mathematical modeling is carried out by analyzing end-to-end quality assurance. Network latency, content delivery rate, number of subscribe/publish requests and services offered by the MQTT broker for various topic IDs are then verified on physical network. These parameters are examined over a transparent gateway-based network for verifying the agreement of devised probability based mathematical model with the actual content delivery, service rate and request hold time at virtual machine based MQTT broker, local network broker and remote server respectively. The Improved MQTT model surpasses Apollo, RabbitMQ and Mosquitto server by evidencing the message queueing delay of 3.5 ms for QoS-0 and 3.6 ms for QoS-1 service IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health monitoring based on the internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing is regarded as a hot topic to research. However, such systems often face issues with delay and throughput due to the large amount of data that must be transmitted from sensors to the cloud. One important type of data for health monitoring is Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, which generate a large amount of data to be transmitted. This research treats this problem by modelling these signals in order to reduce their size using Gaussian approximation. The cloud server is an MQTT broker to which the sensors publish their data via a gateway. The Gaussian parameters are calculated in the gateway, which act as a Fog layer, before published to the broker. The monitoring devices can subscribe to the broker and access the transmitted data. Our experiments were conducted using the MIT-BIH dataset and a real broker (HiveMQ). The results showed that the system was able to significantly reduce delay in transmitting data and prevent loss of information. Without using the Gaussian approximation technique, the system was only able to monitor a limited number of patients (17 for Qos1 and 23 for Qos0) without losing information. However, when using the Gaussian approximation model with five functions, the system was able to monitor many more patients (78 for Qos1 and 100 or more for Qos0) without losing any data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic nature of the atmosphere, especially wind gust, poses a crucial challenge to efficient and real-time drone operations. This article presents a novel MQTT based software-defined drone network for trajectory correction of drone flights in gusty wind conditions using Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO). By imposing the GSO to the software-defined drone network, our proposed model SoftWind has optimized the navigation and control capabilities of drones by correcting the trajectories in a gusty wind environment. We have analyzed the trajectories and convergence of drones due to wind gusts. As wind disturbances affect the trajectories of drones, we have corrected it by our trajectory correction model and evaluated the direction of the drones must fly to mitigate the wind gust and the resultant velocity compared to the no-wind environment. This study analyzed the trajectories of 100 drone flights due to various wind gust lengths (i.e., 40 m, 10 m, 6 m, and 3 m) for a fixed gust amplitude of 15 m/s and various gust amplitude (i.e., 0 m/s, 5 m/s, 15 m/s, and 40 m/s) for a fixed gust length 5 m. We observed that all the drones are converged to a single point due to low gust length (≤ 5 m) and high gust amplitude (≥ 35 m/s). It is also found that the direction of the drone must fly 28.87°. East of South to mitigate the effect of wind gusts having 10 m gust length and 15 m/s gust amplitude and the resultant velocity of the drone is 22.38 m/s. The result shows that SoftWind reduces the convergence time by 26 %-54 % as compared to other existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartification of public services is being promoted, but smart public services are at significant risk of cyberattacks. One of the most common cyberattacks is a denial-of-service (DoS) attack on unknown vulnerabilities. Recovery from DoS requires responses that may incur several hours or days of downtime. However, it is essential to enhance the resilience of smart public services by minimizing downtime. This study assumes a smart disaster prevention service using MQTT brokers and aims to enhance resilience against cyberattacks by applying immunity-based attack detection, as proposed by the authors to the MQTT brokers. Our previous work has shown that immunity-based attack detection could detect attacks on some vulnerabilities of the Mosquitto broker with high detection accuracy, but it could not correctly detect attacks on use-after-free vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting cyberattacks, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method through performance evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CoAP and MQTT are messaging protocols in the application layer of the IoT architecture. Both protocols, in general, have not been equipped with certain authentication schemes to cope with the network security gap. Without an authentication mechanism, the protocol is prone to mand-in-the middle attacks. Addressing this issue, the present study attempted to implement an authentication scheme using zk-SNARK Homomorphic Hiding (HH). This authentication mechanism does not require a token exchange and is safe from an eavesdropper. In this study, zk-SNARK HH was implemented to CoAP and MQTT protocols. The performance of both protocols was compared. The result of the study indicates that zk-SNARK was successfully implemented in CoAP and MQTT protocols. The result of the independent sample t-test presented a significant difference in COAP and MQTT memory usage where MQTT required larger memory. Regarding time execution, no significant difference was noticed. To conclude, CoAP may serve as an alternative when zk-SNARK is implemented in a device with limited memory as it requires lower memory and has an execution time that is not significantly different from MQTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digital transformation of the manufacturing and process industry, heterogeneity of assets is one of the most challenging issues towards digitally integrating components within the Industrial Internet of Things. In this context every participant relies on its proprietary digitalization approach envisioned by Plattform Industrie 4.0. To consolidate these heterogeneous data exchange interfaces, e.g. communication protocols, data formats etc., an intermediate step of harmonization is required. Our contribution provides an architecture based on the Asset Administration Shell standard to bring heterogeneous Cyber-Physical-Systems together. We illustrate the functionality through an abstract use-case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more people send information to the cloud-fog infrastructure, this brings many problems to the management of computer energy consumption. Therefore, energy consumption management of servers, fog devices and cloud computing platform should be investigated to comply with the Green IT requirement. In this paper, we propose an energy consumption prediction model consisting of several components such as hardware design, data pre-processing, characteristics extraction and selection. Our main goal is to develop a non-invasive meter based on a network of sensors that includes a microcontroller, the MQTT communication protocol and the energy measurement module. This meter measures voltage, current, power, frequency, energy and power factor while a dashboard is used to present the energy measurements in real-time. In particular, we perform measurements using a workstation that has similar characteristics to the servers of a Datacenter locate at the Information Technology Center in ESPOL, which currently provide this type of services in Ecuador. For convenience, we evaluated different linear regression models to select the best one and to predict future energy consumption based on the several measurements from the workstation during several hours which enables the consumer to optimize and to reduce the maintenance costs of the IT equipment. The supervised machine learning algorithms presented in this work allow us to predict the energy consumption by hours and by days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroponic system is a method of growing plants without using soil but using water. Even without soil, plants can grow well because the essential nutrients provided through the nutrient solution (AB Mix) are sufficient. Nutrients in a hydroponic system needs to be monitored regularly so that plants can grow optimally and not lack or excess of nutrients. This research proposed a hydroponic monitoring system that can monitor the condition of hydroponic nutrients remotely in real time using MQTT protocol and Antares platform. The sensors that will be used are Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) sensor to determine the level of nutrients in the water, a DHT11 sensor to check the temperature and humidity around the hydroponic system, and ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in the reservoir. The result of this system design is a device for monitoring hydroponic using the Antares platform. What was observed in this study was the nutrient content and water level in the reservoir with parameters of the ideal nutrient levels are in the range of 1050-1500 ppm, while the water level was in the range of 6-8 cm. The results of Quality of Service (QoS) test of the MQTT protocol obtained an average delay of 2.5 s and a throughput of 2099 bps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of the Coronavirus and its declaration as a global pandemic, the world has changed all sectors radically. Covid-19 has caused a very strong effect on daily life and adaptation to new ways of learning, working, and communicating. The smart city is one of the most important solutions that enable us to go on with daily life during the pandemic and beyond. The smart city employs the current technology and smart solutions to serve the community, and improve the services provided to the people, particularly in vital sectors such as health, education, electricity, transportation, communications, and others. This article deals with two innovative applications for the Internet of things in smart cities: The first refers to designing an intelligent health monitoring system, which aims to reduce the spread of Coronavirus infection from people to the medical staff, as well as reduce work pressure on the medical staff. The second application refers to monitoring electrical energy consumed by measuring and monitoring electrical parameters and energy consumption. In addition, it helps us to know the power line trespasser. Both systems are implemented by using sensors to gather data in real-time and then transmit it to the server. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of internet connected devices and the tremendous amount of data that could be generated and exchanged in IoT environment, we need to reconsider in the current IoT architecture that based on Cloud computing system, to avoid the issues related to performance and scalability. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is one of promising protocol for data exchange in IoT that could encounter such issues because it relies on central broker located in Cloud, and this may lead to increase network congestion, performance overhead or bottleneck. Therefore, we need to leverage Fog computing by developing a distributed architecture for MQTT that contain multiple brokers. In this case, IoT services can be coordinated and managed between Fog computing and Cloud computing. However, this will open new security challenges for several reasons. Firstly, security procedures need to be modified because MQTT that based on distributed architecture require additional multiple brokers and different communication standards that may increase security threats and increase security management complexity. Secondly, MQTT is inherently lacking efficient security features because it performs username/password-based authentication in a plain text, that protected by cryptographic protocol SSL/TSL which is not consider as lightweight protocol for resources constrained devices. This paper will present taxonomy and realization process of IoT authentication scheme. In addition, the paper will discuss challenges of applying authentication mechanisms for IoT systems that based on distributed MQTT brokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the development of innovative applications in various domains such as agriculture, smart building, and industry. Integrating the cloud platform's extensive processing and storage capacity with the ubiquitous sensing and actuation provided by the devices creates an environment that offers vast data. The IoT devices send the data to the cloud platform by IoT applications using mainly publish-subscribe messages, like MQTT, which do not provide standardization to the messages. Moreover, in the cloud-connected IoT, messages with sensitive content require end-to-end security - even when they use Transport Layer Security (TLS). Thus, this article's main contribution refers to a system that standardizes the publish-subscribe topic and payload with context-aware messages at both ends (device and cloud platform) and provides end-to-end security. Our results demonstrate a Byte efficiency of 40% for the topic and 50% for the end-to-end secure payload compared to the main related works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of material flow simulation and digital planning solutions raises new challenges for the methodology and technical implementation of simulation models. The paper describes the use of a material flow simulation, which is controlling an AGV and interacting with digital twins of manufacturing cells. The digital twins determine the exact machining times. In addition, a mixed-reality application visualizes the entire system, while the communication via MQTT ensures a quasi-synchronous behavior of the different models and the AGV. The paper provides a literature review on similar solutions, describes the concept of our approach and specifies the technical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the application of modern industrial internet protocols and network architecture in manufacturing companies, from the perspectives of productivity and sustainability, framed in the fourth industrial revolution paradigm. This is achieved by delving into the existing information systems and devices, their inter-operability and interconnections using industrial internet of things protocols. The paper details a study generating a standard model of data architecture to better unify the different layers of the information systems that typify most manufacturing companies, leveraging their existing digital infrastructure to establish a solid base for further digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days the Medical services sector has driven science and information such that it is influenced by innovations based on wireless-detecting nodes. Patients are going up against a risky condition of unexpected passing in view of the heart issues and attack which is an immediate aftereffect of the nonexistence of good clinical care to patients at the necessary time. Our designed system brings into play the sensors that allow the recognition of the pulse of an individual using the heartbeat detection whether or not the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced with a microcontroller that licenses checking of pulse readings along with oxygen levels and directs them over the web. The individual may calibrate the upper limit and lower limit of a heartbeat. After the process is done, the framework begins verifying, and it updates about the patient's pulse and oxygen level status over the web utilizing the MQTT convention and cautions the specialists just as concerned clients. On the off chance that anytime the individual signs in for checking the system, in the same manner, it shows the live pulse of the patient. Along these lines, concerning may screen pulse rate along with oxygen level from anywhere and the client can be rescued without any delay [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current vision of internet of things aims at connecting anything with everything. It is estimated that there will be 18 billion connected devices in 2022. Applications like utility meters, robotics, smart street lighting, process automation, solar and wind farms are expected to grow. High end requirements for automated driving, industrial automation and e-health exist. Cellular IOT is expected to bring new use cases to address latest requirements in the market. There is a need to provide large coverage in a power efficient manner while providing a high battery life. There is a need to have a kit which connects seamlessly and has a small form factor. The requirements on latency and throughput are relaxed in some cases while stringent in others. Stringent requirements make use of more radio resources. There is increased demand for system capacity and network availability. In this paper we make use of nRF9160 kit a low-cost device where a reduction in the cost and complexity has been achieved. The performance objectives of coverage, throughput, latency, capacity, power efficiency and complexity are met. This kit provides a reliable and future proof solution in the long term. The kit is built for the global market and allows roaming over multiple networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a feasibility study to identify the problem regarding energy efficiency house and implementation of the home automation system in that. Therefore, the possibilities were profoundly analyzed to determine the key points which were necessary to that project. Energy efficiency can play a significant role in reducing electrical cost, and the attachment of Smart Energy House made the idea more unique and challenging to implement it. Furthermore, the possibilities were analyzed and successfully demonstrated to reduce the temperature impact and minimize the effect in the power source by controlling the connected load into the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work proposes a novel approach for efficient information dissemination in Vehicular Networks using V2I based communication. This approach makes use of the V2I communication to establish the connectivity between the cloud server and the vehicle. The approach is focused on finding the utility of existing IoT protocols in the Vehicular Networks. The foundation of this work relies in the (Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol) MQTT protocol, IoT and IaaS. The paper presents the background technologies used in the work and propose the approach. The proposed approach has been experimentally tested and found significant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of Internet of Things (IoT) foresees a world of interconnected people with every physical object in a seamless manner. The security related aspects for the IoT world are still an open field of discussion and research. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) application layer protocol is widely used in IoT networks. Since, MQTT standard has no mandatory requirements regarding the security services, therefore, manipulating the security related issues is different in MQTT platforms. This paper proposes a novel security protocol. It is the Protected Message Queue Telemetry Transport (PMQTT) protocol which is based on MQTT with added cryptographic primitives to offer security services for IoT systems. Moreover, a formal verification for a PMQTT protocol is conducted using the ProVerif cryptographic automated verifier tool to prove that the PMQTT protocol satisfies the intended security properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns presentation and comparison of the performance of a set of the Internet Of Things protocols in the application layer and others that are used to link objects such as: Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Constrained Application Protocol (COAP), Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (EMPP), RESTFUL Services, Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Websockets. This comparison will be carried out in terms of security, transport, architecture and quality of service (QoS). This work will enable us to specify the strong and weak points of each protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constant search for efficiency and productivity has led to innovation on the factory shop floor, representing an evolution of the current production systems combined with new technologies of industrial automation and information technology. This work presents a versatile gateway for experimental demonstration of Industrial IoT technologies in a loom machine, allowing sensing, monitoring and data acquisition that was not originally available. We have implemented an approach, based on the OPC UA communication protocol for real time applications, and OPC UA to MQTT conversion mechanism. Raspberry Pi's platform act as an OPC UA server. From the measurements, data stored in a cloud server can be accessed remotely with improved security and visualized from a computer dashboard. One of the conclusions that can be drawn is that the proposed gateway allows data to be stored and easily monitored from a smartphone application or a computer web interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Door plays an important role in home security. To secure the house, the occupants of the house will always have the door locked. However, sometimes the house occupants forget to lock the door due to hurry when leaving the house, or they may doubt whether they have locked the door or not. We propose an application called Door Security System which is based on Android using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor the status of the door, controlling the door and increasing security in a house. MQTT cloud is utilized as the communication protocol between smartphone and door lock system. PIR sensor is implemented in the door lock to detect the movement near the door, while touch sensor is installed on the door handle to recognize the human hand. Should the door is opened by force, the alarm will ring and send notification to alert the house occupant on the existence of intruder in the house. The evaluation results show that motion detection sensor can detect movement accurately up to 1,6 meters ahead, and messages published between smartphone and door lock are encrypted properly so messages are safely sent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factories consist of different elements (e.g. machines) that are connected through material, energy and information flows. For material and energy flows, methods and tools to support their planning and operation are already available. In contrast to that, from manufacturing perspective there is a strong demand for augmenting support to consider information flows as well. This is of specific importance given the current developments in context of digitalization, with more complex and dynamic IT- architectures. Against this background, the paper presents an approach to simulate information flows (besides material/energy) in manufacturing systems which is also applied in a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the convenient and intelligent monitoring and management of cable manufacturers' production lines, this paper designs a set of meter management systems based on the Internet of things that can replace artificial monitoring cable production. The system uses the STM32 processor of the ARM kernel as its core, and it combines embedded technology, wireless communication technology, Internet of things technology, 485 bus technology, and upper computer software technology. The system includes the front-end signal processing equipment, the Internet of things server, and the client software, which can respectively realize the information collection and automatic control of the cable production line, real-time transmission of production data under the MQTT protocol, and storage and graphical display of production data. The system was tested in the factory and proved the timeliness of the control of the production line, the realtime nature of the data transmission, and the practicality of the client software, which plays a great role in the modernization of the traditional factory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) healthcare devices, significant interoperability issue arises where devices use proprietary data transfer protocols. The IHE PCD-01 standard has been suggested for the exchange of healthcare data in ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD data model. However, the PCD-01 is not efficient to be used in the IoT environment. This is because the use of SOAP for PCD-01 may be too complex to be implemented in the resource-constrained IoT healthcare devices. In this paper, we have designed a communication system to implement ISO/IEEE 11073 and IHE PCD-01 integration using the IETF CoAP. More specifically, we have designed the architecture and procedures, using CoAP, to seamlessly transmit the bio-signal from the tiny resource-constrained IoT healthcare devices to the server in a standardized way. We have also built the agent, gateway, and PCD-01 interface at the server, all of which are using the CoAP as a communication protocol. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we have used the PCD data to be transmitted over CoAP, MQTT, and HTTP. The evaluation of the system performance shows that the use of CoAP results in faster transaction and lesser cost than other protocols, with less battery power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the next few years, the Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN), which is a major part of the Industrial Object Internet (IIoT), will play a crucial role in transforming the industrial world by opening a new era of economic and competitive growth in the Industrial Revolution known as "Industry 4.0". IIoT is able to help organizations achieve better benefits in industrial manufacturing markets by increasing productivity, reducing costs and developing new services and products. In this paper we present a wireless industrial communication system based on Node-RED platform using Modbus protocol for smart factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper described the design of WiFi mesh infrastructure in order to improve the performance of an ad hoc network, WLAN, and WMAN so that the interconnection becomes easier and cheaper. The built system consisting of some WiFi routers were configured to form a WiFi mesh network so that it can build the Internet cloud. The operating system used in this research is quick mesh project (QMP). In addition, the WiFi node as a client developed for the internet of things (IoT) applications. These nodes using message queuing protocol telemetry transport (MQTT) based publish and subscribe. WiFi mesh infrastructure is working well with the average value of the measured throughput was 110.5 kbps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a formal model of the MQ Telemetry Transport version 3.1 protocol based on a timed message-passing process algebra. We explain the modelling choices that we made, including pointing out ambiguities in the original protocol specification, and we carry out a static analysis of the formal protocol model, which is based on an approximation of a name-substitution semantics for algebra. The analysis reveals that the protocol behaves correctly as specified against the first two quality of service modes of operation providing at most once and at least once delivery semantics to the subscribers. However, we find that the third and highest quality of service semantics is prone to error and at best ambiguous in certain aspects of its specification. Finally, we suggest an enhancement of this level of QoS for the protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The prevention of medical disorders significantly increases both life quality and expectancy. Continuous monitoring of biomedical parameters and/or vital signs of a patient, and easy access to medical history is thus of major importance, whilst enabling a person's normal routine. The development of remote healthcare sensors used to monitor specific conditions and with digital interface for prompt data access, arises as a valuable asset to respond to such requirements. In this paper we present a system of health data collection, transmission and storage designed for electrocardiography (ECG) and Pulse Oximetry results. Our goal is to address this challenge by creating a system for acquiring and transmitting data via Bluetooth to an Android mobile platform, which sends it to a remote server, where the data is stored in a database, and becomes available for visualization This enables any remote user to access vital data on a patient without being physically present. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Security in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) is a critical challenge. The purpose of this work is to model and evaluate a dynamic IoT security system based on a generic IoT edge network in which nodes exchange messages through the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. This work aims to increase MQTT security by mitigating data tampering, eavesdropping and Replay attacks by using the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), timestamps and wake up patterns, with the purpose of preserving node energy. The evaluated results will show that it is possible to increase the system lifetime by linking security levels and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]