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Background: External parasites, particularly ticks and fleas, are among the most common problems affecting dogs. Chemical medicines are commonly used to prevent and eliminate such external parasites, but their improper use can cause adverse reactions, and the toxins they contain may remain in the environment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Zanthoxylum limonella, citronella, clove, peppermint, and ginger essential oils against dog ticks and fleas and to test the sensitivity of dogs' skin to these essential oils. Methods: The five essential oils were tested for in vitro efficacy against ticks and fleas, and the two most effective essential oils were then tested on the dogs' skin. Results: The results revealed that these five essential oils at 16% concentrations effectively inhibited the spawning of female engorged ticks. In addition, all five essential oils had a strong ability to kill tick larvae at concentrations of 2% upward. Furthermore, 4% concentrations of the five essential oils quickly eliminated fleas, especially clove oil, which killed 100% of fleas within 1 h. A 50%, 90%, and 99% lethal concentration (LC50, LC90, and LC99) for the essential oils on tick larvae in 24 h were found to be low values. LC50, LC90, and LC99 for the essential oils on flea in 1 h was lowest values. Clove oil at 16% concentration was the most satisfactory essential oil for application on dogs' skin, with a low percentage of adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of essential oils for practical use as tick and flea repellents and eliminators. Essential-oil-based pharmaceutical can replace chemical pesticides and provide benefits for both consumers and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a devastating pest that infests several cruciferous vegetable crops worldwide and has developed insecticide resistance in most chemical classes. Fluxametamide is a novel neuroactive isoxazoline compound that binds to a unique site on the γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and has an exceptional insecticidal activity on a range of lepidopteran caterpillars. The present study aimed to assess the risk of resistance in P. xylostella to fluxametamide under laboratory conditions. After the repeated exposure to fluxametamide for successive 18 generations of P. xylostella , there was 3.095-fold increase in the LC 50. When the realized heritability (h 2 ) of P. xylostella to fluxametamide in the open field was assumed to be the laboratory-estimated value (h 2 = 0.180) and the mortality was 70–90%, only 22.9–33.1 generations were expected to be required to obtain a 10-fold increase in fluxametamide resistance. Compared with the laboratory susceptible strain (F 0), the Flux-SEL (F 18) strain exhibited a very low level of cross-resistance to emamectin benzoate (5.17-fold) and no significant cross-resistance to fipronil or flubendiamide. With the F 0 and the Flux-SEL test strains (F 12 , F 15 and F 18), the specific activities of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S -transferase showed a remarkable increase during selection, while the esterase activity did not differ significantly. The results indicated that a potential risk of resistance development to fluxametamide exists in P. xylostella after continuous exposure. These pieces of information will be crucial in formulating rational fluxametamide application and resistance management guidelines for controlling P. xylostella under field condition. [Display omitted] • First report of laboratory-selected fluxametamide resistance in Plutella xylostella. • P. xylostella carries a potential risk of field-evolved resistance to fluxametamide. • The estimated h 2 of fluxametamide resistance in Flux-SEL (F 18) strain was 0.180. • Flux-SEL (F 18) strain was weakly resistant to emamectin benzoate. • The activities of P450 and GST increased significantly in Flux-SEL strains during selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is a widespread problem in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. Growers are encouraged to include residual herbicides applied preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) in their management systems to control this weed adequately. Pyroxasulfone, an isoxazoline herbicide with the same mode of action as acetochlor and S-metolachlor, effectively controls Palmer amaranth in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objective of this study was to compare cotton tolerance and Palmer amaranth control with pyroxasulfone, acetochlor, and S-metolachlor applied PRE and POST to cotton. Treatments in a field study at four locations included pyroxasulfone at 60, 90, and 120 g a.i. ha-1 applied PRE or mixed with glyphosate and applied POST; an encapsulated formulation of acetochlor at 1260 g a.i. ha-1 applied PRE or POST with glyphosate; and S-metolachlor at 1070 g a.i. ha-1 applied POST with glyphosate. Pyroxasulfone PRE increased late-season Palmer amaranth control 14 to 27% and increased yield in one of two years. Similar results were observed with pyroxasulfone and acetochlor applied PRE. Pyroxasulfone, acetochlor, and S-metolachlor applied POST with glyphosate did not increase Palmer amaranth control compared with glyphosate alone. Cotton was less tolerant of pyroxasulfone applied PRE or POST than acetochlor applied PRE or POST or S-metolachlor applied POST. Cotton growth was reduced 14 to 17% by pyroxasulfone applied PRE and stand was reduced 10 to 25%. Acetochlor PRE reduced cotton growth 6% but did not affect stand. Pyroxasulfone applied POST caused 23 to 36% necrosis 7 d after application and reduced cotton growth 21 to 39% at 14 d after application compared with 6 to 17% necrosis and 3 to 8% growth reduction caused by acetochlor and S-metolachlor. Yields were not reduced by any treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A series of new acridone derivatives from isoxazoline (2a-l) were synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between a variety of aryl nitrile oxides and N-allyl acridones using simple and efficient methods. This is the first ever green protocol to synthesize novel isoxazolines derivatives from acridone under microwave condition and offers broad substrate scope with good to excellent yields. The synthesized compounds (2a-l) were tested for their antibacterial potency against four pathogenic bacterial and were found to exhibit moderate to potent antibacterial activity. Two of these compounds 2a and 2k exhibited a significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. putida, respectively. The in silico molecular docking results supported the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds. ADMET properties of the most synthetized compounds showed an excellent bioavailability, therefore, can be considered as promising drugs candidates for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]