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This article deals with the development of the Polish railway network in the interwar period. The then Polish state, the Second Polish Republic, had to face two challenges in particular: Firstly, the railway network, built before World War I, had been constructed by the partitioning powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary according to their own needs. Secondly, the network had sustained extensive damage as a result of combat actions during the war. Accordingly, the paper analyzes, on the one hand, how the decisive actors of the Second Polish Republic attempted to repair this damage to the railway network. On the other hand, their endeavors to adapt the railway network to the infrastructural demands of the new state are explored, with a focus on the construction of new railway lines. Starting with an overview of the development of the Polish railway network in the interwar period in both temporal and spatial regard, the paper proceeds with an in-depth analysis of selected case studies. To sum up, the study shows that while many new railway lines were built in the interwar period, an adaption of the railway network to the needs of the new state was achieved merely in part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper further explores the development of psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period. Jaroszyński attempted to sketch out the idea of "emotional psychotherapy". Stryjeński organized a counseling clinic for the mentally ill, using psychotherapy as one of the means of treatment. Bilikiewicz developed oneiroanalysis - a psychotherapeutic method of dream analysis based on modifications of psychoanalysis. Gottliebowa advocated for the use of psychoanalytically influenced psychotherapy in the gynaecologist practice. Markuszewicz considered psychoanalysis the only psychotherapeutic modality aimed at unearthing the real causes of mental illnesses. Henryk Higier proposed to consider psychoanalysis practically as a method of psychotherapy and saw its heterogeneity as its advantage. Critical views on psychoanalysis as a psychotherapeutic method were delivered by Wirszubski and Mikulski. In general, psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period was highly influenced by psychoanalysis. Moreover, the understanding and practice of psychotherapy in public psychiatric facilities differed from that in private practice. In public psychiatric facilities, it was used mainly to deal with psychoses, so it urged clinicians to modify the classic psychoanalytic approach. In private practice, psychiatrists were dealing mainly with cases of neuroses and therefore could apply standard psychoanalytic procedures. Methods of suggestion, persuasion and hypnosis, characteristic of nineteenth-century psychotherapy, were still in use in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period. The main obstacles to the development of Polish psychotherapy in the interwar period were antisemitic attitudes contributing to hostility towards psychoanalysis, as well as the biological orientation of the majority of the Polish psychiatric society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the development of psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period from the perspective of Kurt Danziger's historical psychology. Firstly, the organizational and social context of the development of Polish psychiatric care in the interwar period and its impact on the development of psychotherapy is outlined. Then, the most influential in Poland, European psychotherapeutic developments in the interwar period are reconstructed. Finally, the views of psychiatric personnel of three psychiatric facilities proposing psychotherapy as one of the main means of treatment of mentally ill patients are introduced: Dziekanka Psychiatric Hospital, the Jewish Hospital in Warsaw and Psychiatry and Neuropathology Clinic of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. Psychiatric personnel from Dziekanka Psychiatric Hospital, directed by Aleksander Piotrowski, understood psychotherapy broadly, as the influence of the environment on the patient's psyche. Psychiatrists of the Jewish Hospital in Warsaw, Adam Wizel, Gustaw Bychowski, Władysław Matecki, and Maurycy Bornsztajn developed psychoanalytically influenced psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Bychowski also advocated for the application of psychotherapy in such neglected groups of patients as children and the intellectually disabled. Jan Piltz and Eugeniusz Artwiński pursued psychotherapy in the treatment of war neuroses at the Psychiatry and Neuropathology Clinic of the Jagiellonian University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Czech Historical Review is the property of Akademie Ved Ceske Republiky, Historicky Ustav and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay aims to familiarize the reader with the unknown work of Mila Elin, a forgotten poet of the Polish interwar avant-garde and the only woman in avant-garde circles in Poland at the time. The analysis examines the reasons for Elin's erasure from the history of Polish literature, which, apart from the disastrous impact of World War II on Polish material culture, might have been caused by the criticism of her contemporaries, scholars' biased views of her work, and, perhaps most importantly, her own diffidence. The article reads Mila Elin as an independent poet, separate from her most influential supporter, Tadeusz Peiper, by investigating the theme of marginal female subjectivities (an alcoholic, a nun, and a peasant), problematizing womanhood and desire, and drawing an unexpected connection to surrealist tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of the national questions arising in the Czechoslovakian state since its formation in November 1918: the Germans residing in the Sudeten region of Western Bohemia, the industrial region of Těšín/Zaolzie in Upper Silesia, claimed by Poland, and Subcarpathian Ruthenia/Transcarpathia, claimed by Hungary, and how they ultimately led to the First Czechoslovakian Republic's isolation, partition and destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Pages is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zgodovina za Vse is the property of Zgodovinsko Drustvo Celje (The Historical Society of Celje) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the interwar period, a great emphasis was laid on the need to define the role and place of doctors in Romanian society. In order to achieve the general target regarding the mission of medical care, a clear set of rules had to be established. These rules were meant to distinguish the role and social status of the doctors at the time, in order to increase popular awareness of the fact that medical services were at their disposal at any given time. Thus, the strict compliance with the rules of conduct at the time was meant to increase people's trust in the medical activity. Within this framework, the aim of this paper is to analyze the disciplinary cases involving the doctors from the county of Sălaj during the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the interwar period there was a widespread wish to express gratitude towards those who suffered after World War I. The Romanian state assumed a central role in initiating and coordinating programs meant to ensure protection, support, and measures of social integration for the war invalids by adopting a wide-ranging legislative framework. The aim of the present study has been to review these legislative measures. In addition, it went beyond this analysis by presenting the difficult lives of the Romanian war invalids, due to the great number of affected individuals, to financial difficulties, and to frequent changes and readjustments in the law. The analysis of case studies from the periodical Glasul Eroilor (The voice of die heroes) has revealed examples of infringement of die invalids' rights, of dysfunctions and errors committed by state officials, of abuses and illegalities. Consequendy, many Romanian war invalids felt that society was not realty grateful for die sacrifices they had made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the dynamics of women's fashion marketing in advertisements and promotional materials related to Western ideas, materials or products, published in interwar Bucharest. The aim is to ascertain the degree and nature of Western women's fashion influence in interwar Romania as a reflection of larger social, political, cultural and economic phenomena at a local, regional, European and global level. The study also offers an overview of the various individuals and entities involved in the textile and fashion industry of interwar Bucharest, with various budgets and means of propagation, and possible ethical and accuracy concerns regarding their messaging. Also discussed are the major trends in interwar Romanian advertising in relation to the West, namely the import of ideas, raw materials and finished goods. The recourse to semiotics and discourse analysis offers a wider understanding of interwar Romania through the lens of fashion as marketed to interwar Bucharesters, covering all aspects relevant to the fashion industry, from conception, production and dissemination to consumption and interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the topic of eugenics ("Erbgesundheitslehre" or "Rassenhygiene") among the Germans in Romania, which was mainly carried by Transylvanian Saxon actors. Based on Tudor Georgescu's monograph The Eugenic Fortress: The Transylvanian Saxon Experiment in Interwar Romania (2016), the topic is analyzed in depth for the 1920s. Using Heinrich Siegmund's Sächsisches Wehr- und Mehrbuch, which was published in 1914 and in a revised form in 1922, as well as other source examples, it is shown that the eugenic discourse was not only a transfer from the "West" to Transylvanian Saxony, but took on a specific form. The central actors of the biopolitical discourse among the Transylvanian Saxons, especially Heinrich Siegmund and later Alfred Csallner, acted in an interpersonal and intertextual network, especially one supported by institutions, that was primarily connected to Germany--the exchange on eugenics was thus a reciprocal process, not an exclusively one-sided "import" from the "West." However, it is further noted that there was relatively little demonstrable exchange with Romanian and Hungarian eugenicists. The implementation of the teachings of eugenics was intended to counter a demographically induced decrease in the population of the German minority. The main target was the younger generation, especially in rural areas--this milieu was seen as having the best chances of resisting the "decline" by means of biopolitical measures. On the one hand, the analyzed discourse reveals the intertwining of traditional and contemporary topoi; on the other hand, a radicalization of biopolitical concepts can be seen parallel to political developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The birth of Romanian-language science does not coincide with the birth of the nation and it becomes problematic when trying to define it as a fixed and static cultural concept confined within the national state borders. Oscillating between two main views on "national science" as being a contact point and a separating line between cultural spaces, we will analyse in this article the way in which the Romanian-language science coagulated in scientific schools in the first interwar decades by using French and German models, decanting them and transforming them in a relevant way. We contend that this coagulation of foreign models into a "national" science was not the merit of a coherent central political project but rather a common endeavour of individuals from all cultural centers who actively contributed, through their collaboration and competition, to the participation of Romanian-language science to the international dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kaunas History Chronicle is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article deals with the reception of old age in folk culture. In terms of its content, it can be placed between history and ethnology. The author analyses the perception of old age in peasant culture in the post-emancipation period until the outbreak of the Second World War. His interdisciplinary analysis is based on modern historical and anthropological findings. Polish historians became interested in the history of old age in our times, although a major turn in the study of the phenomenon came in the 1980s in connection with research conducted by the authors of the Annales school. The present author stresses the placing of peasants' old age in magical culture, its existence in myth. He focuses on demographic determinants, before moving to the reception of old age between loneliness and community, and pointing out that of importance in its reception was the stigma alienating this age group. It is harder to speak of positive old age in the case of old people. The space in which seniors were present was daily life. This element of reality is confirmed by life contracts -- rarely analysed by historians -- concluded between seniors and their children inheriting their farmsteads. Comparing the practices from the inter-war period, the author juxtaposes two regions contrasting in terms of their traditions of inheritance: Wielkopolska and Małopolska. He cites fragments of life contracts from the border region between Kuiavia and Wielkopolska, and refers to last wills as well as registers of deaths. In the conclusion the author confirms the thesis that among peasants old age was perceived in terms of thinking that was both binary and extreme; he observes that there was a noticeable weakening of violence against seniors, and a limitation of brutality as well as its condemnation in the social discourse. In addition, he points to a growing tabooisation of old age, typical of modern culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relaciones: Estudios de Historia y Sociedad is the property of El Colegio de Michoacan, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relaciones: Estudios de Historia y Sociedad is the property of El Colegio de Michoacan, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the employment experience of workers at the Eastern Palace Cinema in East London, in 1934. In August 1934, a member of staff murdered the cinema's manager. The witness statements taken in the subsequent criminal investigation give a unique insight into the operations of 1930s cinemas and the working conditions of the people who were employed in them. The statements give voice to a group of service staff that had limited means of relating their lived experience. The article contrasts these statements with contemporary advice on cinema operations from guidebooks and trade papers to explore how trade advice translated into reality. It also draws on archival sources to excavate the backgrounds of cinema staff across roles. This adds to our understanding of the experience of staff employed in the most popular leisure industry of interwar Britain, an area that has not yet been extensively researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a unique form of protest against ghetto benches, namely protest by Jewish men and women themselves. The author provides a preliminary analysis of the forms of dissenting voices, citing specific examples and extensively quoting various sources. The subject of violence against Jews at higher education institutions, of its forms and intensity, has already been analysed by scholars. The present article is an attempt to take a close look at one of the forms of reacting to collective violence against Jewish men and women at higher education institutions in inter-war Poland: protest expressed in the first person, that is in a given person's own name. The author not so much distinguishes this form of protest from allied protest, but enhances its status. The forms of active and passive resistance to ghetto benches varied and encompassed a wide range of responses to hatred. They took official forms, such as parliamentary questions, as well as street protests, strikes -- including general strike -- or occupation of a strictly defined space. There were also various letters of opposition and demands to repeal segregation ordinances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals for Istrian & Mediterranean Studies / Annales: Series Historia et Sociologia is the property of Historical Society of Southern Primorska of Koper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article outlines the publishing activity carried out by the Romanian economist and politician Ion I. Lapedatu (1876--1951) at Revista Economicã. He had a brilliant career, being involved in the most important Romanian economic and financial developments, first in Transylvania and then in Greater Romania. His family background, education and professional experience considerably influenced the tone and topics of the more than 300 articles published by Ion I. Lapedatu in this journal. These articles contain valuable information about the economic life of the Romanians in the first half of the 20th century as well as about the efforts of an entire elite to develop the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes the way in which the German minority in Romania related, in the period 1920-1933, to the system ensuring the protection of linguistic, racial and religious minorities that operated under the authority of the League of Nations. We note that, while the German minorities in other European states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) were more active in their relationship with the League of Nations, sending petitions to Geneva, the sizable German minority in Romania did not turn to this "international court" in order to raise the problems it was facing in its relations with the Romanian state authorities. Although they were dissatisfied with the content of some laws adopted in the first interwar decade, the Germans in Romania did not refer to the League of Nations, as the Hungarian, Jewish or Russian minorities in Romania did, on issues related to agrarian reform and education laws. The German community in Romania chose the path of internal politics to make their demands known and pursue their economic, political and cultural objectives. Even if at certain moments the Germans in Romania considered the option of appealing to the League of Nations, this option had rather the role of "sensitizing" the ruling parties to the needs of the German minority. Nevertheless, I have identified and analyzed two petitions accepted by the League of Nations Secretariat, which are related, in a way, to the particular problems of the German minorities and to Romania's post-imperial state status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Comparative Law / Revista Romana de Drept Comparat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The achievement of Greater Romania was the beginning of a complex process of unification of territories very different from each other in many respects (administrative, political, legal, etc.). This process took place in an unfavorable geopolitical and economic context, dominated by the consequences of the war and of the Treaty of Trianon. Transylvania’s position was particularly difficult, as a territory claimed by both Romanians and Hungarians. Throughout the interwar period, the Romanian elite had to defend the Romanian rights over Transylvania in response to Hungarian revisionist efforts. The recourse to history provided most of these arguments. This article examines how history was used as a tool both to counteract revisionist attacks and to strengthen the sense of belonging to the Romanian nation. The main source was the Romanian historical journals of the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the characteristics of the Reşiţa workers gymnastics and sports activity, promoted by the industrial development during its early existence and in the interwar period, based on the general characteristics and within in the broader framework of the Banat gymnastics and sports movement, as presented by the Banat German sports press. The Timişoara weekly newspapers Sportmontag (Sports Monday) and Sport-Anzeiger (Sports Advertizer), as well as the Arad Sport-Kalender für das Gemeinjahr 1934 (Sports Calendar for the year 1934) were examined in this regard. The most popular sport in Reşiţa was football, played by multiethnic clubs, unlike the German inspired gymnastics, which promoted a conservative and nationalist mentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is devoted to an eminent Polish-Tatar Orientalist, writer and activist of the first part of the 20th century, Ali Ismail Woronowicz. From 1937 he was an imam of the Muslim community of the city of Warsaw, and from 1938 he looked after Muslims in the Polish army. From 1933, he was a member of the editorial staff of the scholarly journal Rocznik Tatarski [Tatar Yearbook]. In 1941 he was accused of espionage and arrested by the NKVD. The subsequent fate of Woronowicz is unknown; he was probably killed by the Soviet army. Woronowicz published in Polish and foreign scholarly and popular periodicals. He focused mainly on the study of the Tatar region in the Polish-Lithuanian territories. In 1936, in Cairo, he published a brochure in Arabic Al-Islām fī Būlūnyā [Islam in Poland], which was probably the first publication about Poland in Arabic in the Middle East. While still studying in Cairo, he began working on the monograph "The Life of the Prophet Muhammad and the Dawn of Islam". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present article is an overview of the main legislation, decisions, and guidelines included in the Official Gazette (Monitorul Oficial) of the Kingdom of Romania between 1918 and 1939 to support war orphans. As descendants of parents who had fallen on the battlefield, war orphans, called, after the French model, "wards of the nation," became a responsibility of the state. Adopted in September 1920, the Law for the establishment of the National Office for war invalids, orphans, and widows enshrined the role of the state in coordinating all legislation and measures in areas such as health services, welfare, and education. In time, the state assumed roles in the control over and administration of all bodies, services, institutions, and offices created for the protection of those who suffered in the aftermath of the wars. However, the data in the Kingdom of Romania's Official Gazette show that the implementation of state programs for the protection of war orphans was often problematic and patchy. War orphans remained a highly vulnerable social group, especially in times of instability such as the economic crisis of 1929-1933. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colección is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colección is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The paper presents the events that took place within the student community of Cluj in the autumn of 1923, when classes resumed after having been suspended for a whole academic year on account of the previous student unrest. Ion I. Moþa, the former president of the Petru Maior Center and a principal artisan of the unrest of the previous year, made successive attempts to revitalize the Center, closed down by the university, and reignite the protests, believing that the authorities had not kept their promises. That the leaders of the student movement had become increasingly radical is shown by the fact that, after consultations with Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Ion I. Moþa chose the path of assassination portrayed as self-sacrifice. The actual outcome was his arrest, after a student with a guilty conscience informed the authorities about the violent plans of the radical leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the relationship between domestic and international law provoked constant debate among European jurists in the interwar years, British thinking is remembered as orthodoxly dualist and practice-focused. Complicating this narrative, this article revisits W Ivor Jennings' work, arguing that the domestic and international were central to his understandings of interwar legal change in the imperial and international communities. Part 1 examines Jennings' seemingly forgotten 1920s works, which analysed constitutional and international interactions within the rapidly changing imperial system. Part 2 explores Jennings' turn to international and domestic forms of the rule of law in the lead-up to war, emphasising their British liberal heritage. Part 3 shows how these conceptions, and their imperial connections, echoed in Jennings' post-war projects: a European federation modelled on the empire; and lectures to decolonising states. This reveals both new angles to Jennings' work and the importance of the domestic and international for constitutional legacies of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the situation at Cluj University in 1923, after the student unrest, with the government's attempts to indirectly meet some of the nationalist demands of the students while nevertheless refusing to contemplate their main request, which concerned the introduction of a numerus clausus. As such, measures like the introduction of an admissions test and the opening of new student facilities, chiefly dormitories, only had a limited impact, and the nationalist student leaders continued their militant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper concentrates on the history of the socialist movement in Transylvania during the final days of the First World War and the period of transition in the newly enlarged Romania. Which paths were open to Romanian socialists from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire during and after the change of sovereignty? How did they cope with finding their way while having to balance between the nation, national minorities, and internationalism? The first part of the paper follows the path of Romanian socialists in Transylvania from their political rapprochement with the Romanian National Party until the Alba Iulia National Assembly. The second part presents the regional organization of socialists within the territories annexed by Romania after the Great War, through to the foundation of the Romanian Social Democrat Party in 1927. The analysis pays close attention to the secession of the communists in 1921 and their history in the first half of the 1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]