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The article presents a research study which aims to evaluate the prevalence of Candida vaginal colonization in pregnant women and to investigate if this is influenced by pregnancy. It provides a background on vulvovaginitis. Methods used are reported regarding specimen collection, culture and identification, and statistical analysis. Results are discussed showing colonization to be significantly higher in pregnant patients and the significant association of pregnancy to asymptomatic infection.

The article summarizes evidence related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and how it relates to pregnancy. Cardiomyopathy is defined as a disease state characterized by unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy associated with nondilated ventricular chambers in the absence of another cardiac or systemic disease which would be capable of producing hypertrophy evident in a given patient. The article discusses the prevalence and genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pathophysiology, screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and risks in pregnancy.

The article discusses principles to guide preconception counseling of a Martian patient, aside from antepartum and intrapartum management considerations. Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder with about 1 in 5000 prevalence in individuals. Physiologic changes of pregnancy is cited as a concern for women with Marfan syndrome. The article discusses the recommended preconception counseling in a patient with Marfan syndrome, antepartum management, aortic dissection during pregnancy, and cardiopulmonary bypass during pregnancy.

The article discusses the morbidity and mortality of pulmonary embolism, risk factors, diagnostic approach, prophylaxis, and treatment of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. It focuses on areas of consensus across medical specialties and issues for which there is lack of agreement. Risk factors of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy include prothrombin gene mutation, antithrombin deficiency, and protein C and protein S deficiency. Treatment of venous thromboembolic events during pregnancy include warfarin, heparin compounds, and thrombolysis.

The article discusses peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), a disease of the heart muscle affecting women who had no known history of heart disease during pregnancy or in the first months after delivery. Symptoms include dyspnoea, fluid retention, tachycardia, cardiogenic and thromboembolism. Observations of incidence rates vary according to region. New therapeutic strategies as immune modulation or prolactin inhibition were suggested. Risk factors for PPCM, etiology, prognosis, and heart failure medication in pregnancy are discussed.

The article discusses the pathophysiology of valvular and coronary pathologies that may become acutely decompensated and require consideration for invasive cardiac therapy. It examines potential risks from radiation, acute medication use, and potential need for longer term oral medications due to invasive cardiac procedures. Measures to reduce the risks most pertinent to pregnancy are explored. According to the article primary invasive approach using cardiac catheterization laboratory is the best way to diagnose the pathology and deliver stabilizing therapy where access to this technology is available.

The article reviews studies that link endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in pre-eclampsia. Highlighted by the article are old and new players in the pathology of endothelial dysfunction during pre-eclampsia. The role of these players to mediate pathophysiology observed in the pre-eclampsia rat model of reduced placental perfusion. Information is provided on endothelial dysfunction of the vasculature, liver and brain during pre-eclampsia, important mediators of endothelial dysfunction during pre-eclampsia, and hypoxia stimulated factors causing endothelial dysfunction.

The article presents a study that deals with the association between preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease. Different facets of the association between the two diseases are reviewed. Preeclampsia refers to multi-systemic and complex syndrome with no exact etiology. The common risk factors shared by cardiovascular disease and preeclampsia are age, family history, hypertension, diabetes melitus, and obesity. The lack of evidence for postpartum risk factor screening, prevention, and treatment is noted.

The article presents a study that assessed whether maternal obesity causes preeclampsia. The study reviewed literature that deals with maternal obesity exposure and preeclampsia as the outcome of interest. Results reveal the association between obesity and preeclampsia, identifying multiple biomarkers that explain the mechanistic pathway in this relationship. Based on epidemiologic evidence, maternal obesity is linked to preeclampsia but there is poor definition on the exact causal pathway, says the article.

The article provides a contemporary, evidence-based review on the management of abnormal cervical cytologic screening in pregnancy. It was said that colposcopic examination must envision both the new squamo-columnar junction and transformation zone to be considered adequate. The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology met formally to develop guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical cytology. It was mentioned that colposcopy should be administered by clinicians with experience in both cancer-related changes and the physiologic cervical changes of pregnancy.

The article discusses a study aimed at analyzing the role of ultrasonography (USG) in prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). A suspected acute rubella infection was considered when any generalized rash illness of acute onset or low-titre of IgM anti rubeo-virus positive test associated to high avidity were present. It refers to congenital rubella as a progressive disease that can affect almost all organ systems with deafness as the most common and unique manifestation of the infection. It indicates the role of USG in detecting rubella intrauterine infection in case of severe abnormalities.

The article discusses a study on the vitamin D serum status of white and black mothers who live in northern Italy. The study subjects included 12 white women and 12 black women who were paired with their infants. Results of the evaluation revealed low levels of vitamin D serum in 12 white and 11 black mothers at term of pregnancy. There were also deficiencies in the vitamin D serum levels of their newborns. Results indicated that skin pigmentation did not have an impact on the vitamin D deficiencies of pregnant mothers.

The article discusses the occurrence of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in healthy women during the peripartum period. The occurrence of symptoms of heart failure and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction during the last trimester of a pregnant woman until the first months of the postpartum period may result to peripartum cardiomyopathy. Reports released in the U.S. in 2010 concerning PPCM indicated a decline in mortality rate and an increase in LV systolic function recovery rates. Patients with PPCM are recommended to receive treatment for heart failure.

The article discusses the occurrence of thromboembolic complications in pregnancy. Thromboembolism in pregnant mothers may be attributed to the increase in the prevalence of clotting factor combined with the occurrence of vessel trauma in delivery and the enlargement of uterus that compresses the venous system of the pelvis. Another risk factor could be an inherited thrombophilia. There are several factors associated with complications in pregnant mothers that may result to catastrophic consequences including pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and thrombophilias.

The article presents a case study of a 30-year-old woman who had been affected by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on her left vaginal fornix. The woman, whose illness was associated with sclerosis, passed through a laparoscopic lateral ovarian transposition to save the ovarian function, prior to radiotherapy. After the ovarian transposition, it has been determined that the woman had successfully conceived with uneventful vaginal delivery.

The article offers information on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of cerebral palsy (CP). It focuses on the means to prevent the development of CP on the growth stage of both the preterm and term infant. It also explores several antenatal factors that led to the ontogenesis of CP, focusing on preterm delivery, low birth weight, infection/inflammation, multiple gestations and other pregnancy complications. Furthermore, the antenatal antecedents of CP and the effects of obstetric care to hinder CP development are explored.

The article discusses the significance and risks of nutrition during pregnancy in the U.S. It focuses on the common issues faced by pregnant women during their pregnancy stage, considering also the consequences of the problem. Specifically, it delves into the outcome of pregnancy due to prepregnant weight and gestational weigh gain. Food safety topics are considered, that include Listeria, Toxoplasma, peanuts, mercury and other contaminants. The importance of preconceptual nutrition, regarding specific at-risk prenatal nutrients that include folic acid, calcium and iron are accounted. Furthermore, controversies and practical recommendations to ensure optimum and safe intake of nutrients are explored.

The article examines the link between monochorionic (MC) twin gestations and congenital heart defects (CHD) and discusses the potential pathophysiology in the link. According to the article, diagnosis of fetal malformation specifically CHD is becoming standard practice as ultrasound technology improves. It mentions that the use of ultrasound to diagnose chorionicity in multiple gestations is a key factor of obstetrical care. It cites the need of screening monochorionic multiple gestations with fetal echocardiography.

The article focuses on the benefits of taking vitamins and minerals during the preconceptional period and pregnancy. The intake of vitamins and minerals are advantageous because it reduces the incidence of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Moreover, the vitamins can prevent obstetrics pathologies and the prevalence of preeclampsia. The insufficiency on the intake of vitamins can be seen in developing countries. Based on observation, the women in developing countries were not able to meet the desired level of micronutrients.

The article presents a study on the problems regarding the delivery on twin pregnancy in Italy. Twin pregnancy is difficult because the pregnant mother may encounter problems either on gestational age (GA), mode of delivery, and the effect of aminonicity. To solve this problems, the study intends to develop a management protocol in twin delivery. The management of twin pregnancies must be analyzed whether it is a monochorionic and bichorionic pregnancy. On the other hand, the study compares the safeness of the vaginal delivery and the elective cesarean section.

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Copyright of Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia is the property of Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia is the property of Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)