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In recent years, gender inequality has been considered the main characteristic of insufficient gross domestic product (GDP) growth. This paper discusses the evolution of GDP per capita in 21 countries of the European Union between 2015 and 2019. Using panel regression, we investigated the change in GDP per capita through five variables. The analysis results showed that female employment rate is the most statistically significant and positive variable on GDP. Gender Equality Index also appeared to be an essential variable. The second part of our analysis consisted of an explanatory spatial data analysis of all variables to examine the spatial dimension of the variables. To explain spatial econometrics, we used selected methods, namely, choropleth maps, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster analysis, Moran's scatter plots, and Moran's I statistics. Based on the visualization of choropleth maps, GDP per capita did not change during the observed period, even though the values of the explanatory variables changed. For GDP per capita, the same applies in the case of LISA cluster analysis. At the end of the monitored period, the countries were included in the same cluster as at the beginning. When plotting Moran's scatter plot, it was found that GDP per capita did not tend to have positive or negative spatial autocorrelation or no spatial autocorrelation. Moran's I statistic showed that GDP per capita values were not randomly dispersed; they were grouped according to a specific formula into clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reveals the essence of Uzbekistan's policy on ensuring gender equality and protecting the comprehensive rights of women. The emphasis is on the need to solve women's problems, based on the current complex international environment and violation of human rights in general. The article gives the example of Uzbekistan, based on its legal framework, the implementation of the state policy aimed at ensuring gender equality and protecting the interests of women in all spheres of life: at the level of public administration, at the level of the activities of various ministries and departments, the activities of political parties, legal bodies, the education system, education, entrepreneur ship. This is confirmed by the data of sociological surveys conducted by the Center for the Study of Public Opinion "Ijtimoiy fikr". Special attention is paid to the activities of the state to create conditions for women, based on proposals, in the process of multilateral contacts, such international organizations as the UN (its special agencies: UNDP, ILO, WHO, UNICEF), SCO, OTS, OIC, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clearest picture of an actual gender policy in a country could be given by investigating the local authorities’ appointment of the directors and supervisory board members of public enterprises since no mandatory quotas have been imposed on membership on those boards. On the other hand, the election of the supervisory board member of those enterprises by the employee could show if gender inequality is present in the population. The paper’s second goal is to detect any patterns in the appointment of the directors, supervisory board chairmen, and supervisory board members regarding their age and gender and the firm’s characteristics. In a sample of all of Belgrade’s public enterprises, we found that gender inequality is widely present in the world of politics. At the same time, it does not appear to be present in the population. Regarding age policy, older people are more likely to be appointed by the local authority in financially more powerful enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric problems and infertility affect female surgeons. Family perspectives influence specialty choice and attrition rates. We aim to study parity, fertility, and family planning among female pediatric surgeons. A questionnaire was filled out by licensed BFPS to evaluate pregnancy/motherhood among Brazilian female pediatric surgeons (BFPS). The professionals were divided into two groups that were compared (< 40 and ≥ 40 years of age). Results: Eighty-three < 40 and 91 ≥ 40-year-old BFPS were included, of which 2/3 were mothers. Most planned children after being hired as consultants. Almost a tenth (8.87%) reported marital conflicts secondary to the refusal to get pregnant. A fifth reported a high-risk pregnancy, and 12.73% had miscarriages. Half reported no adverse consequences of postponing pregnancy, but 6.9% stayed childless, 16.67% had fewer children than planned, and 10.92% needed infertility treatment. Professional problems related to pregnancy/motherhood were reported by 59.09%, and 86.36% of the women who were mothers had difficulties conciliating professional duties and motherhood. Conclusion: BFPS parity was 1.38, lower than Brazilian women (mean 1.77 children/woman). Most BFPS start their families by late 30s or early 40s. Unfavorable consequences of postponing pregnancy affected a third of BFPS. Time off after pregnancy and protection during pregnancy remain problematic. A hostile environment and life-career conflicts may lead to the abandonment of the specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of women has made significant progress in public administration research although little is known about its development in China. This article presents a systematic review of 222 studies on women published in the 15 representative journals in the Chinese public administration discipline since the 1980s. It addresses a set of key questions relevant to research on women by systematically examining the research paradigms, topics, methods, theories, and empirical research and clarify the shortcomings of existing research. Findings of the analysis and the international frontier progress then suggest the research directions for future studies on women. It proposes that Chinese scholars should critically examine international theories, propose diverse research topics, and use up-to-date methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts at guaranteeing gender equality and women's empowerment in Nigeria reached its crescendo with the approval of the National Gender Policy (NGP) in 2006 by the Federal Executive Council, which came into effect in 2007. Objective 5 target (a) of the policy seeks to provide equal opportunities for women [and men] to enjoy and attain an acceptable minimum threshold of universal access to potable water and sanitation, electricity, transportation, and general security of life and property by the year 2015. At present, very few reviews have been done on that policy target. As a result, this paper adopts a literature review approach to review the performance of the NGP with regard to the target in question. Our findings show that the NGP does not offer quantifiable benchmarks for effective evaluation of the target of study, and just as in the pre-NGP era, in the post-NGP era in Nigeria, access to the concerned social services has been inequitable in favour of men, largely as a result of leadership failure in terms of lack of political will to implement the provisions of the NGP, corruption, and administrative lapses as well other social and cultural issues linked to patriarchy, knowledge, research and data limitations. Suggestions for improvement, for example, the non-politicization of women empowerment programmes, special women-alone initiatives, among others, are equally made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors juxtapose the attempts to «create» the national construct of average Ukrainian man and woman with the gender/mental peculiarities of various regions of Ukraine, in this specific case -- of Zaporizhzhia. It is known that a powerful Anarchist movement was active in Huliai-Pole, but little is known about women in it. Studies about women's activities in the events of revolutions in the early 20th century are also few. There are several works by local historians, O. Kryvishyi and I. Savchenko, about the Bolshevik women. So, the authors set out to identify these «missing» women and to describe the country's gender and mental landscape as well as to understand how gender relations changed in Zaporizhzhia region with introduction of the Soviet gender policy. In this article, we combine elements from two interdisciplinary theories -- gender and mentality. This enables us to identify the gender norms of Zaporizhzhia in the first twenty years of the 20th century. We especially focused on the analysis of the phenomenon of «Marusia the Rioter» along with Nestor Makhno's anarchist movement and the fact of opening one of the first Ukrainian women's departments in 1919 (under the influence of Alexandra Kollontai's speech) that was discovered by historians. Consideration of «coexistence» of the Bolsheviks and «the women's issue» in Zaporizhzhia before and after the Soviet authorities came to power helps us understand the logics of implementing the gender policy from 1923 to 1930, when a broad-scale proletarianization of the land started after the building of the Dnipro Water Power Plant. We established that the diversity of political ideologies and practices of their peaceful coexistence and the, domination of anti-state peasant riot automatisms allowed for some free movement space for gender opportunities. Our opinion is that the borders between the normal and the marginal in gender manifestations became more vague (not necessarily being more or less patriarchal at that). Instead, we understand «Soviet feminism» of the 1920s as a challenge for gender-related and mental changes in the land that had to manifest themselves. It was proven that different actors understood gender policy differently (actors being central and local authorities, women's departments, delegates, women). This caused a kind of «quiet», or hidden, sabotage, just a decorum of following directives. Women did not openly petition against their previous discriminatory practices, but, rather, adapted to the new conditions trying to minimize their losses, created new practices of survival. So we can use Michael Kimmel's term about «lasting discreetness of masculinity» to describe the Bolsheviks' emancipation project, rather than collective emancipatory self-expression of Zaporizhzhia female residents. It is especially noticeable when analyzing proletarianization/masculinization of women's labor. The materials of the article can be used in the further studies of gender issues, historical country study and histories of mentalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Social norms are often put forward to explain resistance to gender equality and social inclusion (GESI), and women continue to be largely absent from decision-making positions in the energy sector worldwide. However, there is limited research on the institutional mechanisms of policy-making and implementation at different scales within a federal system. Using Nepal as a case study, this paper explores why, despite commitments, progress toward GESI objectives in the energy sector has been slow. Based on a review of energy policies, and interviews at federal, provincial and local government spheres, this paper focuses on the institutional and policy processes at play within the energy sector and between the three spheres of the federal system (the national, provincial and local). It examines the extent to which these processes undermine the implementation of inclusion policy. Understanding the broader institutional processes helps to identify different types of bottlenecks compromising progress in GESI: those which are linked to deficient policy regimes which cannot be addressed solely through additional GESI-focused interventions, and those which can be characterized as resistant to GESI-related issues. The aim of this research is also to understand why Nepal's public energy institutions, despite a constitutional commitment to gender equality and non-discrimination based on caste, class, ethnicity and religion, seem so reluctant to mainstream GESI within its policies and practice. The paper concludes that GESI implementation in the energy sector suffers from limited human resources, a narrow conceptual framing and delays in policy development and implementation within different spheres of the federal system. Moreover, shortcomings related to GESI policy-making and implementation should be considered within the broader context of federalism. Therefore, to support GESI policy implementation, bureaucratic as well as local-level ownership of the concept and its relevance for sustainable development must be developed and strengthened. • Progress toward GESI objectives in the energy sector has been slow. • Policy-wise, GESI is well recognized, but the challenge is more in implementation. • Policies are mostly developed in individual projects as donor conditions. • There is limited GESI appropriation by government departments. • GESI policy-making/implementation should be considered within the context of federalism in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently proclaimed Ocean Decade by the United Nations General Assembly is committed to gender equality and women's empowerment in ocean science research and governance. This paper examines the status of gender equality in ocean science research across higher education institutes in Kenya. Kenya has ratified international conventions for gender equality and developed national and institutional gender equality and sexual harassment policies as its commitment to promoting equitable access to education. However, it is poorly understood whether the implementation of these policies has been successful at the institutional level. This study explores the effectiveness of the institutional gender policies in public universities delivering ocean science-related degrees. Existing policies were analysed using the Gender Integration Continuum and gender ratios of enrolled students and recruited staff in ocean science-related fields investigated. The study identified that while some policy provisions included gender-transformative strategies to increase women in science-related courses, many were outdated. Gender-disaggregated data showed fewer female students and female staff in management positions compared to men. Additionally, the proportion of women in academic posts declined with the seniority of employment level, and women were more likely than men to occupy non-tenured positions. In conclusion, it appears that the presence of gender policies does not necessarily translate to gender balance across the universities. We offer some explanations as to why this should be and where to direct future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the keynote address delivered by Professor Marlene A. Hamilton at the Elsa Leo-Rhynie (ELR) Symposium which was held on November 9-11, 2008 in Mona, Jamaica, in celebration of the Centre for Gender and Development Studies' (CGDS) 15th anniversary.

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of women's status and their level of social position in countries with Confucian traditions. The article analyzes how gender identity is constructed out of social and political forces. It was supplemented by comparative studies of the gender policies provided by the contemporary authorities of Korea, China and Japan and discovers a new tendency in their internal policies. The author reveals the historical roots of women's low positions in Confucian societies and shows the present changes of women's social status. It was underlined that the real gender situation leaves much to be desired in Japan. China's authorities try to overcome negative traditions in family life and build the modern nation-state with high global competitive abilities. The authorities of the two parts of Korea are going to raise women's social status. The Korean states have made outstanding progress in their gender policies. The authorities of all states with Confucian traditions have an aim to involve more women in economic activity, to increase the effectiveness of their economies. Doing this they may avoid the invitation of a big number of foreign workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Intellectual Economics is the property of Intellectual Economics / Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the transposition of European Union (EU) gender equality legislation on workplace in Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, and Slovenia across the pre-accession and post-accession period. It examines the enforcement powers of the national bodies that aim to promote the enforcement of legislation on gender quality. It discusses the use of crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) to explain the compliance outcomes in the four countries.

The article examines the potential impact of the changes in European Union (EU) influence on compliance with the enforcement of EU equality policy in Hungary in the post-accession period. It cites social learning and financial assistance as the contributing factors of law enforcement problems with regard to norm resonance, administrative capacity and civil society involvement. It suggests the importance of looking beyond these factors to see the impact of the EU on Hungarian equality policy.

This interview with Professor Patricia Mohammed highlights her reflections on more than 20 years in gender policy making across the Caribbean. It includes her experiences within the field, with a focus on how the process of gender policy making expanded her understanding of Caribbean society in unique ways. It explores the importance of forming relations with those in the state, on building consensus as part of the process of policy development and how to address the challenge of difference within the Caribbean. This interview provides an important and personal source of knowledge for Caribbean students, thinking about the benefits and contributions of gender policy making as well as the lessons that can be learned in order to continue working within the field. It also forms part of the "Making of Caribbean Feminisms", which is a research theme of the IGDS, St. Augustine Unit, dedicated to documenting the lives and contributions of Caribbean feminists and the development of Caribbean feminisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]