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The experimental investigation aimed to determine how the use of biodiesel derived from dill and cresson oil affected the performance of semi-industrial burners. Furthermore, an investigation will be conducted to assess the combustion properties of different blends of biodiesel, specifically B10, B20, B40, and B60. The study looks at biodiesel's chemical makeup, physical properties, and how it works in the system that moves it to the burner and the burner simulator's burning process. Biodiesel exhibits comparable qualities to conventional diesel oil, enabling the possibility of blending it to achieve the desired ratio. The results suggest that increasing the percentage of biodiesel leads to a reduction in flame distance and a rise in flame temperature. Furthermore, the complete combustion of the fuel is responsible for the brilliant and transparent flame. Additionally, using dill and Cresson fuels that come from biodiesel raises the average flame temperature by about 17% and 16.1%, respectively, compared to regular diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonisation of the maritime sector is one of the world's priorities to reduce the volume of polluting emissions. The basis of this decarbonisation is the adaptation of existing ships to emission control regulations by means of transformations, installation of new equipment, development of new low-emission fuels and development of the infrastructure that makes the supply of this new generation of fuels feasible. In addition, hydrogen is the energy vector for all these new technologies, and its role over the next 30 years needs to be addressed. In a changing global situation such as the one we are currently experiencing; this article has the objective of making a review paper on the different fuels currently being used in the maritime sector and the existing alternatives. It also discusses the situation and the impact the current environmental situation has on the world ship order book, both in terms of legislation and economics. As a conclusion, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) will have a very important role to play as a bridge between the current situation and the development of hydrogen technology. Hydrogen is an energy vector that can achieve the decarbonisation objectives by 2050. Storage problems, lack of infrastructures to supply it and the development of technology and regulations are the major challenges it will have to face. Biofuels also present a serious proposal for the decarbonisation of the sector, and the role of hydrogen in their composition, is essential to achieve green fuel generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have been working on alternative and practical solutions for more than a decade in light of the depletion of traditional fuels and environmental pollution. The objective of the present work is to analyze the suitability of Calophylluminophyllum (CI) seed oil for IC engines based on thermal performance and emission characteristics. The oil is extracted mechanically from Calophylluminophyllum seed and processed using the trans-esterification method. The processed oil is blended with conventional diesel at various volume concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% respectively. Additionally, 2% of CaO nanoparticles are added as a catalyst to absorb the toxic gases. The investigation is carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine under various loading conditions to estimate the Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and mechanical efficiency (ME). The levels of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), smoke opacity (SO), and NOx emissions are evaluated. The final results proved an optimized volume concentration of 25% blend oil, where the BTE is achieved 94% of diesel fuel. Also, the BSFC, UHC, CO, and SO are 5.8%, 28.5%, 68.5%, and 37.77% more respectively. The addition of CaO has reduced 17.6% of the NOx levels and the same is causing oxidation issues. The scope of this study is to improvise the thermal efficiency concern with the combustion parameters using a computerized test rig and practically monitor the engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary urban landscapes, the coexistence of diverse transportation modes within mixed traffic scenarios poses formidable challenges for mitigating emissions and optimizing traffic flow. This abstract explores the innovative approach of the Intersection Control Code (ICC), a dynamic traffic management system designed to address these challenges. Unlike conventional signal systems, the ICC employs realtime data analytics and adaptive algorithms to dynamically adjust signal timings based on vehicle density, transportation modes, and air quality parameters. By prioritizing sustainable modes, integrating with Intelligent Transportation Systems, and monitoring emissions, the ICC aims to reduce pollution, enhance traffic efficiency, and promote a greener urban environment. This abstract provides a concise overview of the key features and benefits of the ICC, highlighting its potential as a transformative solution for emission reduction in mixed traffic scenarios. Heavy-duty vehicles contribute to most of the emissions regardless of the low proportion in the traffic flows. Afterward, a model is proposed for determining the optimal signal control at an intersection for a specific percentage of heavy-duty vehicles based on the conversion of emission factors of different types of vehicles. Signal control is also optimized based on conventional signal timing, and vehicle emissions are calculated. In the empirical analysis, the changes in CO, HC, and NOx emissions of light- and heavy-duty vehicles before and after conventional signal control optimization are quantified and compared. After the signal control optimization, the CO, HC, and NOx emissions of heavy-duty vehicles were reduced. The CO and HC emissions of light-duty vehicles were reduced, but the NOx emissions of lightduty vehicles remained unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the global energy crisis and the limited availability of conventional fuels and their reserves in certain areas, the utilization of renewable energy resources is significantly paramount for sustainable development. Grid disruptions have been discovered in areas where demand for electricity has surpassed supply. The purpose of this work is to size a grid-integrated hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) during a scheduled power outage. The HRES model was created to meet the requirements for residential load as well as EV charging load at midnight when the residential load is lower. Using the HOMER Pro software tool, the HRES system is developed to satisfy the residential load demand of 1940 kWh/day and the electric vehicle (3-wheeler) charging load requirement of 645 kWh/day, respectively. This study examined the effects of grid purchasing capacity and grid scheduling outages on techno-economic and environmental performance. The results show that the most optimal configuration among the various configurations is the PV/WT/Batt with grid-integrated system, which has a COE of 0.0714 $/kWh, an NPC of $1,822,653, and emits 164,812 kg/yr of CO 2 into the environment. The optimized system consists of a 377 kW PV module, a 2 kW wind turbine, an 836 kWh battery bank, and a 237 kW inverter. In addition, the impacts of sensitivity of the grid purchase and selling capacity, and the different tariffs on the techno-economic indicators of the HRES have been investigated. The daytime grid outage lowers environmental emissions and increases the renewable contribution compared to the grid outage at night. Reducing the grid's purchase capacity while increasing the share of renewable energy provides significant advantages. The stand-alone PV/Batt has a higher COE (0.26 $/kWh) than the PV/Batt system (0.072 $/kWh) with the net metering option connected to the national grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The role of consumption inequality for carbon neutrality is examined. • Two step system GMM is used. • Equity-pollution dillema exists. • Natural resource rents and technological innovation increase GHG emission. The theory of equity pollution dilemma suggests that income redistribution causes environmental pollution. However, little research has been done to test the validity of the equity-pollution dilemma hypothesis on a global scale. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine how reducing consumption inequality imposes environmental burden in the form of greenhouse gas intensity across the world. The choice of the other variables such as natural resource rents and technological innovation also based on the previous empirical works. We consider 61 countries based on the availability of data and divide the countries into different income groups according to the World Bank classification. We use several other independent variables such as quality of governance, climate change mitigation law and access to electricity. We apply two-step system GMM technique for the full sample and one step system GMM for the income groups. The results depict that reducing consumption inequality increases GHG emissions all over the world. Natural resource rents and technological innovation helps to increase GHG emission. On the other hand, access to electricity has a negative impact on GHG emissions, whereas climate change mitigation law has an opposite impact on GHG emission intensity. The results vary for the income groups. Policy implications are suggested based on the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) have been widely used to solve non-linear problems. In the current study, based on 112 groups of experimental data, ANN and SVM models were established and compared to improve the trade-off relationship between SOOT and NOx emissions of a Common Rail Diesel Injection (CRDI) engine fueled with Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel under different operating conditions and injection parameters. The model parameters for the different predictive targets were selected by evaluating the mean square error (MSE) and determination coefficient. Compared to the number of network iterations, the number of implied nodes had a greater effect on the MSE of the ANN model. Compared to the penalty parameter, the width coefficient had a weaker impact on the SVM performance. A comparative analysis showed that the SVM had better predictive accuracy and generalization ability than the ANN, with a maximum error not exceeding five percent and a determination coefficient of over 0.9. Subsequently, the optimal SVM model was combined with the NSGA-II algorithm to determine the optimal injection parameters for the CRDI engine, resulting in solutions to simultaneously decrease the SOOT and NOx emissions. The optimized injection parameters resulted in a 3.7-7.1% reduction in SOOT emission and a 1.2-2.6% reduction in NOx emissions compared to the original engine operating conditions. Based on limited experimental samples, SVM is inferred to be a useful tool for predicting the exhaust emissions of engines fueled with F-T diesel and can provide support for optimizing injection parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that about $6 trillion is needed to subsidize fossil fuels to meet the ensuing population demand by 2025. This encompassed explicit subsidies and tax incentives, as well as unaccounted expenses related to health and environmental consequences that were not integrated into the fossil fuel pricing structure. This staggering amount equates to an approximate daily expenditure of $11 billion. Our present research is intended to reduce the investment cost of fossil fuels at the macro level and provide non-cost benefits at the micro level. In this background, this paper aims to prove the performance, emission, and characteristics of a standard (SE) and coated (CE) Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) diesel engine with various compression ratios (CR) (17, 19, and 21) and mahua biodiesel blends (B20, B40, and B60). The experiment is conducted at a maximum power of 5.2 kW and an engine speed of 1500 rpm. Mahua biodiesel is prepared by a two-stage transesterification process and blended with diesel by volume. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are conducted to examine thermal stability and the presence of functional groups in biodiesel blends. It is found from the TGA that the reduction in mass loss with diesel and biodiesel blends of B20, B40, and B60 achieved thermal stability quickly. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of the functional group in the biodiesel blends. From the performance test, it is observed that values of minimum brakespecific fuel consumption (0.3097 kg/kWhr), maximum brake thermal efficiency (29.92%), and reduction in exhaust gas temperature (6.36%) indicated that the minimum concentration of biodiesel blends (B20) and higher compression ratio contributed the best performance closest to diesel in the coated engine. In addition to that, the emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide (0.11%), unburnt hydrocarbon (440 ppm), and smoke (42.3%) of B60 with higher compression under full load conditions are less than those of diesel, while nitrogen oxide (554 ppm) was slightly higher than diesel in CE. The research confirmed that, based on performance, the coated engine with a higher compression ratio and a lower concentration of blend can be used as an alternate fuel for diesel by compromising emissions. Alternatively, based on emissions, a coated engine with a higher compression ratio and a higher concentration of blend can be used as an alternate fuel for diesel by compromising performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nuclear fuel cycle, 30 vol % tributyl phosphate/kerosene is always used as the major actinide extractant. However, there is a risk of fire accident during the usage of the solvent solution. It is necessary to investigate solvent fire because of the release of radioactive materials and possible overheating and blocking of ventilation filters. This paper discusses several tests of solvent solution combustion that were carried out to analyze the safety of solvent fire. Parameters such as gas emission of solvent burning, mass loss rate, and production of aerosol were obtained and analyzed. The experimental data obtained in this paper can be useful to develop a method of solvent fire assessment and evaluate a solvent fire accident in a nuclear fuel cycle facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the effect of mass emission on climatic variations in India. Later this study has also attempted to explore the effect of climate change on agricultural production (rice and wheat) in India. Methods: The required data has been collected from the secondary sources. As climatic conditions is quite variable in nature that is why it can be studied through a periodic analysis. This dissertation study is based on decadal climatic data. The data sources are International Energy Agency, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Ministry of Earth Science, Annual Reports of Energy Statistics in India and Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Government of India (GOI). Descriptive statistical techniques are used for the analysis of these data to justify the objectives of the study. Findings. The study found that combustion of fossil fuel is leading to mass emission (CO2) in larger proportion in India. This emission is causing the variations in the climatic factors like temperature and rainfall. Further these climatic variations have a significant impact on food grain production (rice and wheat) in India. Application: Thus as an alarming situation, more comprehensive steps are to be taken on the part of Government of India. Likely increase of tax rates on consumption of carbon based energy sources like coal, petroleum and natural gases, etc., in the way of de-carbonization. In response to this, altered agronomy along with wide range promotion of the use of renewable energy sources like solar energy, augmentation of hydropower setups and strengthening of wind power are the mitigation path that can pave the way for a climatic resilient economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests binary and ternary n-pentanol, ethanol, and petrol blends to increase spark-ignition (SI) engine performance and minimize CO and HC emissions. To improve brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduce emissions, adding ethanol into gasoline is one of the practices used in Automobiles. But the literature reported some performance limitations and problems with adding a high ethanol concentration to gasoline as phase separation problem occurs in fuel tank due to the hygroscopic nature of ethanol, a higher ethanol concentration may corrode some parts of the fuel supply system. Ethanol has a lower calorific value than gasoline, so a higher ethanol concentration in blends beyond a specific limit reduces BTE. N-pentanol as a fuel additive in gasoline can better solve these problems due to its high caloric value compared to ethanol. Also, when n-pentanol is mixed with gasoline and exposed to moisture, it does not separate in stages as in the ethanol case. Accordingly, this research aims to evaluate n-pentanol's viability as a fuel additive in petrol and ethanol-gasoline blends at different compression ratios. The experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine running at a constant speed. Different blends of n-pentanol with gasoline and ethanol were tested, and results were compared against gasoline and E10 (the optimal blend of ethanol-gasoline, 10/90 v/v %). Various parameters were examined, including BTE, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and different exhaust pollutants. The effects of compression ratio values on these parameters were also recorded. The 1.5 vol% pentanol with E10 (E10P1.5) mix has the best overall characteristics, including low BSFC, high BTE, and low CO and HC emissions compared to petrol and E10 fuels. E10P1.5 shows a maximum enhancement in BTE, low BSFC, CO reduction, and HC reduction by 23.79%, 19.80%, 37.79%, and 19.46%, respectively, over gasoline. Compared to E10, the improvement is 3.64% for BTE, 4.59% for BSFC, 8.88% for CO emission reduction, and 4.13% for HC emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dwindling air quality and diminishing fossil fuel reserves have led to an increase in the need for alternative sources of fuel. Biodiesel derived from animal/plant sources seems to be an attractive substitution. However, there are some shortcomings of biodiesel like lower thermal efficiency, poor atomization, inferior heating value, and higher molecular mass. One of the probable novel ways to address this lacuna is by the use of nano based biodiesel in IC engine. The present study performs an endeavor to improve the performance and emulsion qualities of biodiesel generated from mahua oil by employing Titanium oxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles as an additive. All trials were conducted in a diesel-powered engine at varying load levels with different test fuel such as diesel fuel, blended biodiesel (80 % diesel + 20 % mahua biodiesel), and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel (80 % diesel + 20 % mahua biodiesel – 200 mg/L TiO 2). When compared to diesel mode, the average CO emission reduction for blended biodiesel and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel is 37.42 % and 46.54 %, respectively. In comparison to diesel mode, the average reduction in HC emission is 22.54 % for the blended biodiesel and 28.4 % for the nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel, respectively. When compared to diesel mode, the average reduction in NO x emission is 4 % and 2.3 % for the blended biodiesel and nanoparticle-based blended biodiesel, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial revolution has resulted in faster economic growth, but it has also resulted in environmental degradation, which means that economic growth has polluted the environment. The primary focus of this research is to measure the affiliation with environment, energy and economy in Emerging and Growth-leading Economies. The results found that there is a direct relationship among energy and economy, as well as between energy use and environmental pollution. As a result, even though the countries require economic growth, these emerging and growth-leading economies must take precautionary measures to control their environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] There is a significant need for alternative fuels as a result of increased fuel usage and resource depletion. Esters made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil and bio alcohols are majorly used in IC engines as a substitute. Coconut oil (Co) and sunflower oil (Su), which have sufficient productivity in India, biodiesel synthesized from karanja oil. In this study, fossil diesel (D) was mixed with karanja biodiesel (B), neat coconut oil and sunflower oil along with ethanol (Et), propanol (Pr) and n-butanol (Bu) alcohols was used. Quinary fuel blends of DB, DBCoSuEt, DBCoSuPr and DBCoSuBu were prepared. The physio-chemical properties of blends were tested and performance and emission tests were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The results indicate that DBCoSuPr fuel combination increases brake thermal efficiency by 9.2% and DBCoSuEt fuel decreases HC and CO emissions by 37.2% and 53.93% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great importance is had in understanding the current situation of maritime transport and making predictions about its future. Maritime transport is an essential part of transportation, and correctly predicting installed main engine power has great significance in maritime transport with regard to fuel consumption and the generation of emissions. Nonlinear regression is a method with great potential in making predictions, as it allows for more realistic models to be developed using multiple variables. Vessels' dimensions of carrying capacity, gross tonnage, length, and breadth significantly impact the required main engine power. This article will calculate and estimate the installed main engine power for bulk carriers through nonlinear regression using data for the as yet highest number of bulk carriers (n = 9,174 ships) and compare the results with the studies in the literature. The developed model has an accuracy of 93.2% for six different bulk carrier types (Small, Handysize, Handymax, Panamax, Capesize, and Large Capesize). In addition, the study calculates the emissions these ships produce (NOx, SO2, CO2, HC, PM), estimating and demonstrating a nonlinear linear regression model for these ships' emission amounts. The performed analyses have found the main engine power required per unit of load to decrease as ship size increases. However, these analyses also show the emissions generated per unit of load to decrease as size increases, with Large Capesize vessels being found to have the lowest fuel consumption and emission generation per unit of load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional burners having low combustion efficiency and high emissions are responsible for global warming and harming local ecosystems. Inefficient conventional technology boilers cause economic loss and pollution. In this study, different types of burners were evaluated and compared in terms of efficiency, emission values, and fuel and electricity consumption. A 2D CFD study was carried out to evaluate the conventional burner by a commercial software, Ansys Fluent 16.0. It has been determined that the efficiency, fuel consumption, and emission values of the semi spherical/cylindrical combi-boilers were better than the conventional combi-boilers; therefore, they were both economic and environmentally friendly. From the standpoint of exhaust emissions, semispherical burners produced 5-15% fewer emissions than conventional burners. The fuel savings and economic gains achieved in the new generation semispherical/cylindrical and ceramic burners used in the combi-boilers were substantially higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the shipping industry has led to a large volume of ballast water discharge annually. This accelerates pollutants' transfer and dispersion, such as microplastics. Currently, empirical data on microplastics in ballast water are rarely available. This study innovatively investigated the abundance, morphological characteristics (particle size, shape, and color), and polymer composition of microplastics in ballast water from ports surrounding the Liaodong Peninsula. The results revealed that the average abundance of microplastics in 13 ships' ballast water was 6071.30 ± 1313.85 items/m3. Notably, the small microplastics (0.06–2.50 mm) were most abundant, accounting for 94.52 % of the total microplastics. Transparent, fiber, and polyethylene glycol terephthalate were the most prevalent color, shape, and polymer composition of microplastics detected in the ballast water. The risk assessment indicated that these microplastics present ecological risks to organisms. These findings suggest that ship ballast water is the potential "hotspot" for marine microplastics transport. [Display omitted] • Investigated the distribution characteristics of MPs in ballast water • The primary size of MPs in ballast water was found within the range of 0.01–2.50 mm. • Transparent and fiber were the most prevalent color and shape in ballast water. • High abundances of MPs were detected in ballast water. • Ballast water could be a potential source of MPs in marine, posing ecological risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In last few decades, the emission of greenhouse gasses has exponentially increased due to large production of electric power energy from conventional fossil fuels to pose critical environmental challenges. The renewable energies (REs) are establishing themselves as key technologies for reduction of carbon emissions, in addition to low cost and high efficiency. However, the operational limits and the power generation procedures of the renewable energies invite immense challenges. The uncertainty in production with precise and error free approximation make it very complicated. Hence, an effective approach with methodical organization of the renewable energies are the need of the hour for reliable and safe system. In this study, an IEEE 30-bus hybrid power system (HPS) problem consisting of conventional thermal generators and green energies like wind generators and solar photovoltaic are considered to become environmentally and economically capable than the existing ones. Several measures like penalty cost and reserve cost have been considered in this present study for addressing the uncertainty issues underestimation and overestimation respectively. Further, three hybrid configurations such as thermal-solar (TS), thermal-wind (TW) and thermal-wind-solar (TWS) are proposed to perform the cost effective analysis. The adopted hybrid power system is extremely complex and non-linear optimization problem. Hence, a recently proposed evolutionary algorithm namely competitive swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm is implemented to discover the optimum result for the variety goals like minimum production cost, carbon emission, voltage variation and loss of the power. The performance of CSO algorithm is compared with several state-of-the-art meta -heuristic algorithms such GA, PSO, CSA, ABC, and SHADE-SF. The extraordinary outcomes achieved in this work illustrate that the CSO method can successfully be applied to handle the complex, non-convex and non-linear hybrid power system problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In last few decades, the emission of greenhouse gasses has exponentially increased due to large production of electric power energy from conventional fossil fuels to pose critical environmental challenges. The renewable energies (REs) are establishing themselves as key technologies for reduction of carbon emissions, in addition to low cost and high efficiency. However, the operational limits and the power generation procedures of the renewable energies invite immense challenges. The uncertainty in production with precise and error free approximation make it very complicated. Hence, an effective approach with methodical organization of the renewable energies are the need of the hour for reliable and safe system. In this study, an IEEE 30-bus hybrid power system (HPS) problem consisting of conventional thermal generators and green energies like wind generators and solar photovoltaic are considered to become environmentally and economically capable than the existing ones. Several measures like penalty cost and reserve cost have been considered in this present study for addressing the uncertainty issues underestimation and overestimation respectively. Further, three hybrid configurations such as thermal-solar (TS), thermal-wind (TW) and thermal-wind-solar (TWS) are proposed to perform the cost effective analysis. The adopted hybrid power system is extremely complex and non-linear optimization problem. Hence, a recently proposed evolutionary algorithm namely competitive swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm is implemented to discover the optimum result for the variety goals like minimum production cost, carbon emission, voltage variation and loss of the power. The performance of CSO algorithm is compared with several state-of-the-art meta -heuristic algorithms such GA, PSO, CSA, ABC, and SHADE-SF. The extraordinary outcomes achieved in this work illustrate that the CSO method can successfully be applied to handle the complex, non-convex and non-linear hybrid power system problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide ion (Ln3+) doped Y2O3 materials are used in making display devices. Ln3+ ions can occupy C2 and S6 sites in Y2O3. In many reported papers, Ln3+ ions occupy more C2 site leading to enhanced luminescence intensity of electric dipole transition as compared to that of magnetic dipole transition. In this study, we have prepared Eu3+ ion doped Y2O3 particles dispersed in silica (SiO2) using urea hydrolysis at 165°C. Among the prepared samples lower heated sample show cubic phase Y2O3 wherease 1400oC show α-Y2Si2O7 and all the samples show the luminescence characteristics of Eu3+. In Y2O3:Eu-SiO2, the as-prepared, 500 and 900°C heated samples show the higher luminescence intensity for the electric dipole transition than that of magnetic dipole transition and it is opposite upon annealed at 1400°C. It confirms that Eu3+ ions in as-prepared, 500 and 900°C heated samples occupy C2 site (asymmetric environment), whereas in 1400°C heated sample, they occupy the S6 site (symmetric environment). However, microparticles of the Y2O3:Eu sample annealed at 1400°C show that Eu3+ ions occupy more C2 site as compared to the S6 site. This study suggests that occupancy of C2 and S6 sites in Y2O3 by Eu3+ ions can be varied by surrounding medium as well as heat-treatment temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On December 12, 2015, 196 countries signed the Paris Agreement, including Germany and also Romania which has the purpose to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1,5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. To achieve this goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century. One of the goals is to encourage states with a low level of development, to grow economicaly from green power or green hydrogen, like will show in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the moment the focus is on energy technology from different directions: Climate change and war in Ukraine. The latter is causing gas to become scarce in the European Union countries and prices to rise to unknown heights. At first, it looks as if climate change is taking a back seat. But climate change with global warming is silent but relentless. The damage caused by it is increasing every year, even if initially the countries most affected are those that did not cause climate change. But storms, heavy rains, floods, parched soils, crop failures, sea level rise are causing insurance payments and government services to repair the damage to increase every year in the northern states of the globe. This paper show how we can do the energy transition with the help of heat pump where the combustion of fossil fuels such as gas, oil or coal is electrified by direct electricity process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NO has been described as one of the most harmful gases produced under high-temperature conditions from combustion chambers of marine diesel engines. Researchers have stressed the adverse effects of marine diesel engine emissions on human health and other biological systems. The International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Annex VI) established NOx global emission limits. It provided a platform to encourage technological innovations toward reduction in NO emissions. Several specialized methods have been in application for NOx emission reductions, but their operational processes and technical efficiencies remain poorly understood. Therefore, a comprehensive review has been conducted on various NO emission reduction methods, classified into primary and secondary methods. The formation process of NOx was assessed in detail, and the multiple methods in application toward NO emission reduction were evaluated based on their technological efficiencies. It was established that scavenge humidification and SNCR-selective noncatalytic reduction is the most efficient NOx emission reduction method, given their emission reduction potentials at 80% and 95%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by plants play a crucial role in ozone (O 3) formation. Avoiding urban air quality trade-offs of urban greening involves selecting low-emission and O 3 forming potential (OFP) plants. Using a dynamic enclosure system and the TD-GC-MS technique, we measured BVOC emissions from 47 common urban greening plant species in northern China. The potential to form O 3 was estimated based on the emission quantification of 63 compounds and their maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) values. The results indicated that isoprene and most of monoterpene dominated BVOC emissions. Most of the broad-leaved trees were isoprene emitter, whereas needle-leaved and some broad-leaved trees emitted monoterpene and sesquiterpene. Alkene emissions, such as 1-hexene, were relatively low, while Phoebe zhennan exhibited higher aromatics such as m-ethyltoluene. Broad-leaved trees had a higher potential for O 3 generation compared to needle-leaved trees. BVOC emission rates and OFP varied significantly among plant species, ranging from 0.08 to 112.23 μg/(g h) and 0.33–1130.75 μg/(g h), respectively. To minimize BVOC emissions and O 3 pollution, we determined a list of preferred urban greening plants using hierarchical cluster analysis combined BVOC emission rates and OFPs. Based on our findings, we recommend incorporating plants with low BVOC emissions and OFPs, such as Eucommia ulmoides , Firmiana platanifolia , and Cercis chinensis , in future urban greening plans to prevent strengthening O 3 pollution in northern China. [Display omitted] • BVOC emissions of 47 urban greening plant species were measured in northern China. • BVOC emissions and composition, and OFPs differed significantly among plant species. • OFP of a plant was determined by both BVOC emission level and compound composition. • Preferred urban greening plant species were selected by integrating emission and OFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), two important greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions using the closed chamber method from a flooded rice field in Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast part of India. We tried to understand the factors responsible for the emission and identify appropriate agro-technologies for their mitigation. Various factors like water level, drainage management, soil organic carbon management, crop management, fertilizer amendment, cultivar type etc. affect the GHG production and emission from the flooded rice soil. In this study, six treatments were employed, namely, farmer's practice (FP), recommended fertilizer dosage (RDF), direct seeded rice (DSR), intermittent wetting drying (IWD), use of efficient methanotrophs (MTH), and use of ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source for real-time nitrogen management using leaf color chart, (AS). GHG flux was measured through the static closed chamber technique. Soil temperature, pH, and redox potential (Eh) and other soil physico-chemical and biological properties that have a potential role in GHG emission were also assessed. The lowest CH 4 flux was observed in IWD treatment. The highest CH 4 but lowest N 2 O flux was observed in RDF thus portraying a tradeoff relationship among these two GHGs. The highest N 2 O flux was observed in AS. Changes in Eh strongly altered CH 4 and N 2 O emissions. The CH 4 flux for the growing season varied from 62.5 to 86.3 kg ha−1 with an average of 72.4 kg ha−1. The average N 2 O flux was 0.89 kg ha−1 with values fluctuating between 0.72 – and 1.08 kg ha−1. The findings of this study could assist in understanding the factors affecting the source, production, and sink of these two important GHGs. IWD, along with judicious N-based fertilizer use, could provide significant respite from GHG emissions in rice-based agriculture. These climate-smart strategies not only reduce emissions but also have the potential to improve yield. [Display omitted] • Minimum CH 4 emission observed in intermittent wetting drying (IWD) treatment. • Minimum N 2 O emission observed in recommended fertilizer dose treatment (RDF). • RDF showed the highest CH 4 emission portraying a trade-off relationship with N 2 O. • IWD resulted in the lowest GWP, GHGI and highest yield among the six treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial vehicles are an indispensable part of logistics and public transport in India. It is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions too. Several countries across the world have implemented stringent statutory norms for vehicular emissions that all the automobile OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) have to adhere to while designing, producing, and after-sales the vehicle. India has also mandated BS-VI (Bharat Stage- Six) emissions norms from April 2020. Though the motive of the implementation is commendable and will prove good to society at large in the years to come, its implementation of it has created enormous challenges for OEMs and users, particularly commercial vehicles. There are several reasons attributed to it. This paper is an attempt to identify and evaluate the challenges in the commercial vehicle transport business after the implementation of BS-VI emission norms. Various challenges are identified through literature and interactions with experts and users. The challenges are then ranked according to their significance using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). The challenges are then grouped into cause-and-effect categories using DEMATEL (Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory). The outcomes of the analysis would help OEMs, policymakers, and automobile users to take appropriate decisions and corrective actions for overcoming especially the maintenance and human related challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to assessment of the anthropogenic influence in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. The emission of the main pollutants and greenhouse gases from diesel generators used at Antarctic stations are estimated for the period since the beginning of the development of the oasis area (from 1986 to 2019). It is shown that SO 2 emissions decreased in 2019 compared to peak values in 1990 by 5.6 times, which was due to a significant decrease of the sulfur content in fuel. Emissions of other pollutants mostly increased. Surface air pollution by SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, PM 10 and black carbon (BC) using the AERMOD dispersion model are characterized. It is revealed that the most significant emission health impact is due to increase of surface concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. Deposition fluxes of PM 10 and BC are estimated. The fluxes of PM 10 and BC dry deposition in the territory of Larsemann Hills can reach maximum values of 27.5 and 21.7 mg/m2/year, respectively; can be traced in certain directions at a distance of up to 2.0 km or more. Modeling of BC deposition due to the dispersion of emission allowed to make draft estimates of soot concentration in the snow of the area and resulting radiative forcing climatic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel particulate filter (DPF) active regeneration causes exhaust gas temperatures to be around 600°C, which not only affects the urea injections, but it also seriously affects the efficiency of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR), resulting in many difficulties in the control of tailpipe nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission and ammonia leakage. In this research, the influence of DPF active regeneration on SCR was experimentally studied with a bench. The influence of the DPF active regeneration on the SCR temperature, ammonia storage, urea injection, tail exhaust NOx, and ammonia leakage was quantitatively analyzed under the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC). The results showed that the average temperature of the SCR rose from 245°C to 502°C. The high temperature affected the SCR conversion efficiency, especially when the temperature exceeded 550°C. The SCR conversion efficiency decreased significantly, and the tail NOx changed from 0.12 g/kw-h to 0.65 g/kw-h. The sensitivity of the SCR conversion efficiency to the temperature was reduced, and the sensitivity to the space velocity was increased. When the temperature rose sharply, the dynamic follow-up of the ammonia storage and the ammonia leakage of the tailpipe were difficult to control. The concentration of the ammonia leakage was positively correlated with the space velocity. The control research results could provide a reference for SCR size design, control, and diagnosis strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red phosphorus-based camouflage compositions are often used on naval ships to counter anti-ship missiles. This work focused on investigating the obscurant and infrared radiation characteristics of infrared-screening smoke of pyrotechnic compositions based on red phosphorus, Mg-Al alloy, barium nitrate and Viton A rubber. The results demonstrated that the smoke clouds of the formulation based on red phosphorus and Mg-Al alloy have a high attenuation capability to 1.064 µm laser radiation. Besides, these smokescreens also have a better emission power in the wavelength range of 2.5-5 and 8-14 µm. Therefore, the smoke compositions based on red phosphorus and Mg-Al alloy can be used in camouflage devices on naval ships against infrared and laser-guided missiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising fuel demand in a variety of applications now poses a substantial threat to world emissions levels. Mahua oil is a biodiesel made from Mahua oil, which is a possible non-edible oil source in India and a potential diesel fuel substitute. Mahua oil is a fuel made out of fatty acid alkyl esters that is environmentally benign. The goal of this experiment was to investigate Low Heat Rejection with Delayed Injection Timing in a Mahua oil-powered diesel engine. The engine's piston, cylinder walls, and valves were coated with 0.5 mm of Partial Stabilized Zirconium (PSZ) material without compromising the engine's compression ratio. Experiments were carried out in the engine with and without coating, using diesel and Mahua oil. When comparing the Mahua oil with retarded timing coated engine to the conventional engine with plain diesel fuel, the results showed that specific fuel consumption was reduced by 7.4% and brake thermal efficiency was raised by 5.6 percent. The CO and UBHC emissions from the LHR engine are lower. The zirconia coating increased NOx emission. The combustion research revealed that the engine tested was superior to that of a normal diesel engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is a sector with a long tradition and an important contribution to economic growth in Vietnam, ensuring food security and generating revenue for the country's exports. However, agricultural activities in Vietnam are significantly affected by climate change. In that context, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a strategy to creating agricultural solutions for securing climate change sustainable food security and adaptation. CSA offers the tools through which local and national stakeholders may establish agricultural practices that are appropriate to their local climate. The CSA intends to address three primary objectives: sustainably improving productivity and incomes in farming, adapting and strengthening climate change resilience, and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases. CSA has been initiated and applied in Vietnam since the 2000s, along with the birth of institutions and policies to support CSA. Various CSA practices have been identified, including the management of smart water and irrigation, adoption of enhanced crop varieties, agricultural forestry, crop intercropping, sustainable land management, agricultural waste processing, for example, biogas technologies, integration in livestock production, and improved agro-climate information services. However, so far, CSA practices are remaining implemented at a moderate level in the country. The lack of synergy between CSA's long-term objectives and direct advantages of agricultural expansion is important to the facilitation and scale-out of CSA in Vietnam. This article discusses the evolution and achievements of the CSA in Vietnam. It will also introduce some models of CSA practice and the challenges at the household and local level in implementing CSA. At the same time, some solutions are proposed to promote the implementation of CSA in the coming time in Vietnam in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing growth in industrialization all over the world, the need for reducing harmful pollutants gains significance, especially in the transportation sector. In this respect, the present study evaluates the effects of different engine operating parameters on the performance and emissions of a CRDI (Common Rail Direct Injection) diesel engine. The main objective of this study was to optimize the emissions as well as effeciency parameters to achieve the optimal configuration parameters for the engine using the desirability approach of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique, a suitable optimization approach to saving a lot of repetitive testing. It was observed that after RSM modeling, the optimized engine settings of input factors were diesel/linseed blend concentration 8.10%, FIP (Fuel Injection Pressure) 600 bar, EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) level 4.667%, and load on engine 9.33 kg. On these constant hold values, the optimized output torque, BTE (Brake Thermal Efficiency), BMEP (Brake Mean Effective Pressure), mechanical efficiency, HC (hydrocarbon), and CO2 carbon dioxide were calculated as 20.04 Nm, 26.035%, 3.474 bar, 52.503%, 28.14 ppmv, and 7.319 %vol respectively. The aforementioned predicted values were experimentally validated, and the errors in the predicted values were in a limited range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical method to evaluate quantitatively the uniformity of fuel/air mixing is essential for research and development of advanced low-emission combustion systems. Typically, this is characterised by measuring an unmixedness parameter or a uniformity index. An alternative approach, based on the fuel/air equivalence ratio distribution, is proposed and demonstrated in a simple methane/air venturi mixer. This approach has two main advantages: it is correlated with the fuel/air mixture combustion temperature, and the maximum temperature variation caused by fuel/air non-uniformity can be estimated. Because of these, it can be used as a criterion to check fuel/air mixing quality, or as a target for fuel/air mixer design with acceptable maximum temperature variation. For the situations where the fuel/air distribution non-uniqueness issue becomes important for fuel/air mixing check or mixer design, an additional statistical supplementary criterion should also be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rising demand and prices of fossil fuels and their adverse impacts on health and environment, research is now conducted on alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from various edible and non-edible feedstocks. It is utilized as either purely biodiesel or as part of a diesel mixture. However, it has a few disadvantages such as inferior cold flow properties leading to poor cold starting, lower combustion quality, and higher nitrogen oxide emission. These drawbacks can be overcome by using fuel additives. Additives that can be used are metallic, antioxidant, oxygenated, carbon based, organic, or a combination of these. Recent research demonstrated that use of additives improves thermal and physical properties of fuel, enhances combustion characteristics (flame temperature, heat transfer rate, and ignition delay), and increases emission performance. The research available are vast, uncategorized and to some extent inconsistent. Recent research on nano sized particles used as additives for diesel and biodiesel fuel in CI engines is summarized in this article. The future scope underlines the necessity of an environment friendly and economically feasible nano particle additive for CI engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fuel consumption map was created by obtaining a large number of data from gasoline engine passenger car through high-speed data acquisition with ISO-15765–4-CAN Protocol. Subsequently, CO 2 map was also generated theoretically. To obtain precise results, ANN was used while creating the maps. Later, conventional vehicle model was created with Matlab/Simulink. Afterwards, hybrid vehicle model was developed by implementing electrical system in compliance with single-shaft pre-transmission parallel configuration with one electric motor. Hybrid powertrain control algorithm was created by considering efficiencies of mechanical and electrical power sources and sinks. Charge-neutral simulations were run with conventional and hybrid models over WLTC and a local route which is created by collected in-city speed data. The hybrid and conventional vehicles were enabled to be compared with the developed method. Detailed comparison of ICE operations both between two vehicle models and two cycles was presented. Moreover, obtained results, including overall electrical system efficiencies, were compared over WLTC and the local route. Significant improvements both in consumption and CO 2 values were concluded. It is also concluded that using the hybrid system in local route with higher proportion of in-city driving conditions caused higher improvements despite a slight decrease in overall electrical system efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaborne trade exhibits a continual expansion with technological advancement, reportedly 10.7 billion tons in 2017, with a 3.8% growth annually. It is forecast to double in the next two decades (UNCTAD, 2018). The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is persistently heading to stricter regulatory amendments to steer shipping towards a greener and more sustainable future. Therefore, green shipping has drawn enormous interest from both academia and researchers. This paper summarizes a comprehensive bibliometric analysis aiming to understand the development of research trends in this area and suggest future research. Most of the research is focused on air pollution, practical operation or technical measures, recycling for GSP in the shipping sector. The theoretical approach to GSP and its concept is yet to be crystalline for the marine industry. According to existing research, further study is required to establish a GSP construct and propose pollution abatement technical solutions with a comprehensive evaluating tool. Besides, scholars from different territories may collaboratively suggest setting up standards and legislation of GSP for the life cycle of the ship to achieve an ever-sustainable maritime transport industry worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Karanja biodiesel-CNG used as alternate fuel in novel RCCI engine. • Combustion phasing and knock limit of RCCI engine. • Reduction in NO x and smoke emissions. • Improved BTE of RCCI engine. Heterogeneous combustion in a diesel engine is noisier, uncontrolled and more polluting. This can be achieved with a strategic approach of a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode engine that operates with low and high reactive fuel combinations. In the present work, a diesel engine is operated in RCCI mode with gaseous fuels viz. CNG as a primary fuel and a blend of diesel and Karanja biodiesel (BD20) as pilot fuel. This research aims to determine the operating limits of CNG fuel for less noisy combustion and clean exhaust. Further, relative air-fuel ratio (λ), cycle to cycle variations, combustion noise and emissions were studied for full load operation. The CRDI engine is optimized for diesel operation with a split injection strategy. The knock limits for CNG as the primary fuel are obtained. The combustion noise increases at a higher energy share by CNG. Also, higher values of HC and CO emissions are observed. This may be due to higher energy share values, flame speed and octane number of CNG fuel. Further, NO x emissions and smoke are decreased. The CNG induction of 10 ms with 90% ES can be noted as a knock limit for 3.5 kW power. The highest BTHE of 24.2% and least BSFC 0.3 kg/kWhr reported by 60%ES of LRF is better than diesel and KBD20 fuel. An optimum 60% energy share of CNG is observed for clean combustion and emissions strategy using the RCCI mode of a modified diesel engine. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of ethanol blend as an alternative source of fuel for developing clean and sustainable energy sources has grown considerably. In this study, the performance characteristics of an air-cooled, single-cylinder 4-stroke Spark Ignition (SI) engine (TD201) with a compression ratio of 8.5:1 was determined using gasoline and different blend ratios of ethanol and gasoline (E0, E2, E4, E6, E8, E10, and E12) at a varied engine speed of 2000rpm, 2200rpm, 2400rpm, 2600rpm and 2800rpm. The results revealed that as the ethanol content of the blend increases, the heating value decreases while octane value increases. The experimental results indicated that the brake torque, and power increase as the ethanol content in the blends increases. However, BSFC and exhaust temperature decreases as the ethanol content in the blends increases because of the oxygen enrichment. The emissions of unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reduce while carbon dioxide and ethanol content increases when compared with the reference fuel (E0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of facemasks as a preventive measure against infection of the COVID-19 virus has some associated environmental impacts, especially in Subs-Saharan African countries where the used facemasks are being disposed of using open burning. Hence this study characterized Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from different COVID-19 facemask materials and determined the associated risk of open burning of facemask. Facemasks of different materials were sourced from open dump sites. Each material was combusted in an open reactor and the emissions were collected using A filter-sorbent sampling system. Analysis of PAHs in the sample was carried out using GCMS. The associated health risk was assessed using Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). The result showed the concentration of PAHs emission ranged ∑ PAHs 73.33 –368.16 µg/m3 while carcinogenic PAHs ranged ∑ CarPAHs 26.79–179.74 µg/m3. The result also showed the surgical and N95 facemask emits the highest concentration of PAHs. The modeled annual ground-level PAHs Isopleth reveals the presence of a high concentration of PAHs around the vicinity of the burning site after a year. Proper disposal of these facemask using controlled medical incinerator is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is a biological material; it is renewable and widely used in construction projects around the world. One of its main features is its ability to capture CO 2 from the atmosphere and temporarily store carbon; this helps to mitigate climate change. This research analyzes strategies to reduce CO 2 emissions and increase temporary carbon storage in the Brazilian construction sector by promoting the long-term use of planted wood for housing purposes. To this end, two strategies are developed: the first (SS1) proposes to increase the yield of the primary processing performance of sawn wood by 7.0%; the second (SS2) replaces the market share of wood products with a short life cycle (<1 year) with those with a long-life cycle (>40 years) in construction. It was found that, compared to the reference scenario, the implementation of SS1 and SS2 can mitigate ∼4% (27.6 MtCO 2) and ∼1% (89.9 MtCO 2), respectively, of accumulated emissions between 2024 and 2050. Temporary carbon storage can be increased by up to 6% (8.3 MtC) via the increase in wood frame houses, or up to 15% temporary carbon (20.4 MtC) via the increase in cross-laminated timber houses (hypothetical maximum potential values). A sensitivity analysis was performed considering native wood from both managed and unmanaged forests, and the results indicate that the proposals satisfy the objective only in the planted wood scenarios. • Lumber primarily processes with a 7% efficiency increase, mitigating 27.6 MtCO 2 from the years 2024–2050. • The planted wooden wall housing market's share increased, mitigating 89.9 MtCO 2 from the years 2024–2050. • The increase in wooden housing can increase the temporary carbon stock by 10.5%. • CO 2 mitigation is not valid for the conventional or non-forest management of native wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for improved performance and environmental friendliness of railcar during its manufacturing processes has occupied the front burner in recent times. This is because of the growing interest for environmental protection as well as the need to develop the railcar system in line with the best global practices. This study considers the comparative analysis of the life cycle assessment (LCA) for the assembly operations of the railcar components in order to evaluate the environmental impact of the assembly operations. Data which covers the material and energy usage as well as emission characteristics of the energy used were obtained from a primary source. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) considered the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) as well as the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) during the assembly of the railcar lower brackets and bogie frame respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasingly stringent environmental standards, higher requirements are put forward for the emission of mechanical engines. Several active control methods of diesel engine optimization and their effects on exhaust emission were studied via engine bench test under medium and low loads (engine speed at 1200RPM, 20% load rate and engine speed at 1400RPM, 30% load rate). Experimental results indicate that injection advance angle and pressure are closely related to exhaust temperature. An optimized late post injection angle can increase the exhaust products temperature by 90°C. Moreover, intake throttle adjustment can also significantly increase the exhaust products temperature by 120 °C (at 20% intake throttle valve opening), accompanied by a reduction in hydrocarbon and CO emissions. Besides, the intake throttle valve opening was found to have a significant effect on the exhaust products temperature. Under medium and low loads conditions, an appropriate late post injection strategy coupled with matched intake throttle valve opening can be considered as a valid approach to increase the exhaust temperature. This study can provide a reliable reference for improving the working efficiency and exhaust emission quality of diesel engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Samsun port is one of the biggest in the Black Sea and serves as an international sea trade gateway with neighbour countries. In this study, exhaust gas emissions from ships during cruising, manoeuvring, and hoteling in the Samsun port were calculated based on ship activity-based methods including ship call information. Total exhaust gas emissions from ships in the port were calculated as 51.129 t y-1 for CO2, 903 t y-1 for NOX, 411 t y-1 for SO2, 37 t y-1 for VOC, 52 t y-1 for PM for the year of 2018. General cargo, ro-ro cargo, and tanker ships are the main polluters at the port, and these ships produce almost 91% of all emissions in the port. Exhaust gas emissions during cruising mode were 86% of total emissions, and 3% for manoeuvring, and 11% for the hotelling. Ship emissions have negative effects on human health and it has been anticipated that the emissions (SO2, NOX, PM) generated from the ships calling to the Samsun port will endanger around 64.000-150.000 people living within 1-2 km range from the harbour area annually. All forms of emissions close to the port and district should be examined regularly and measures to reduce exhaust gas emissions in the port area should be considered. The environmental cost of the port is estimated to be over $31 million and $10.095 per ship call in 2018. This study has concretely demonstrated for the first time that maritime emissions affect how many people in the port city. This study will help to create ship emission inventory for the Black Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship-borne air emissions have a significant impact on air pollution as well as global wanning, especially in coastal areas. CO2 is the major component of the greenhouse gases (GHGs ). Naval vessels constitute a notable part of the total fleet of sea going ships and the fuel burnt in the energy systems of naval vessels is strongly proportional to CO2 emissions. Existing fossil fuel reserves are apparently decreasing, so interrelated fuel efficiency and emissions should be handled together. The increasing need for ensuring safety at sea and protecting sea resources, results in an increase in the need to build new vessels that will provide these missions. Offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) are reasonable solutions to perform these missions compared to naval vessels such as frigates and corvettes, in terms of high investment and life cycle costs. Main air emission source of an OPV is energy system which consists of prime movers and auxiliary engines. This system should comply with mission profile assigned to OPV, providing high fuel efficiency and low air emission. This study analyzes fuel efficiency and proposes an approach for estimation of CO2 emissions of four alternative energy systems for a new generation OPV at the conceptual design phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of OH concentration and temperature on the NO emission characteristics of turbulent, non-premixed methane (CH 4)/ammonia (NH 3)/air swirl flames in two-stage combustors at high pressure. Emission data were obtained using large-eddy simulations with a finite-rate chemistry method from model flames based on the energy fraction of NH 3 (E NH 3) in CH 4 /NH 3 mixtures. Although NO emissions at the combustor exit were found to be significantly higher than those generated by CH 4 /air and NH 3 /air flames under both lean and stoichiometric primary zone conditions, these emissions could be lowered to approximately 300 ppm by employing far-rich equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 1.3 to 1.4 in the primary zone. This effect was possibly due to the lower OH concentrations under far-rich conditions. An analysis of local flame characteristics using a newly developed mixture fraction equation for CH 4 /NH 3 /air flames indicated that the local temperature and NO and OH concentration distributions with local ϕ were qualitatively similar to those in NH 3 /air flames. That is, the maximum local NO and OH concentrations appeared at local ϕ of 0.9, although the maximum temperature was observed at local ϕ of 1.0. Both the temperature and OH concentration were found to gradually decrease with the partial replacement of CH 4 with NH 3. Consequently, NO emissions from CH 4 /NH 3 flames were maximized at E NH 3 in the range of 20% to 30%, after which the emissions decreased. Above 2100 K, the NO emissions from CH 4 /NH 3 flames increased exponentially with temperature, which was not observed in NH 3 /air flames because of the lower flame temperatures in the latter. But, the maximum NO concentration in CH 4 /NH 3 flames was occurred at a temperature slightly below the maximum temperature, just as in NH 3 /air flames. The apparent exponential increase in NO emissions from CH 4 /NH 3 flames is attributed to a similar trend in the OH concentration at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Animal-based policies correct market failures but may have side-effect on environment. • Direct and indirect environmental impacts are heterogeneous across EU Member States. • Animal-based policies would contribute, although marginally, to meet the EU 2020 target of 20 % cuts in GHG emissions. The livestock sector has a large influence on direct and indirect (via land use change) greenhouse gas emissions, with potential negative impacts on climate change. We quantify the environmental impacts related to the introduction of a voluntary animal-based policy supported by the European Union (EU), the Measure 14 of Rural Development Programmes 2014–2020 on animal welfare. In particular, we focus on methane and nitrous oxide emissions (direct impacts), and on carbon-based and nitrous oxide emissions from land use change (indirect impacts). Our case study is the dairy sector of the EU Member States. We found that the animal-based measures have (on average) limited environmental impacts, although marked differences exist across Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present historical rate of decoupling and based on that determine the scope for India to increase its mitigation beyond the NDC commitment. Empirical evidence on nature and rate of decoupling between energy related emission and economic growth for the period 1990–91 to 2012–13 in India is presented. In addition to estimating the magnitude of decoupling elasticity, decomposition analysis is also applied to understand how the four factors: activity growth, energy intensity change, structural change and fuel mix change, are driving the change in emission in India. Decoupling elasticity and Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) methods are used for decomposition. The results indicate presence of relative decoupling in India. The industrial sector leads among the four sectors -agriculture, industry, services and power generation in achieving this relative decoupling, mostly through improvement in energy efficiency and some structural changes. Results show that even in the business as usual scenario if India acts upon individual sector level mitigation potentials, it has the potential to raise mitigation ambition beyond current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) without adversely impacting economic growth. With continued high share of coal in the energy mix it is going to be difficult to achieve absolute decoupling. • Relative decoupling is increasingly happening in India since 1990–91 but more can be achieved. • Industrial energy efficiency improvements explain most of the relative decoupling. • To achieve unprecedented absolute decoupling, high share of coal in total primary fuel mix is a major barrier. • Untapped efficiency and fuel shifts potential can help in raising ambition beyond the current NDC. • Raising NDC ambition through sectoral actions is not in conflict with economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]