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Copyright of Migration & Ethnic Themes: MET / Migracijske i Etničke Teme is the property of Institut za istrazivanje migracija / Institute for Migration Research (IMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MS New York, Columbia University Libraries, General 261, contains a short narrative, which recounts the illness and recovery in February 1771 of a Jewish trader from Prague named Isaac Poppers, known from other sources. The text, titled Divre ha-yamim me-ish holekh tamim [The chronicles of a man who walketh uprightly] is a deliverance story, which exhibits a number of similarities to so-called family scrolls. The narrative mentions various rituals and liturgies that Poppers' wife arranged to be performed in Vienna, where her husband was taken ill, and in their home city of Prague, where Rabbi Ezekiel Landau (1713-1793) was instrumental in organizing the rituals. The article interprets illness and medical therapy in the Divre ha-yamim through a comparison with another story of healing found in the roughly contemporary Shivhe ha-Besht, the wellknown collection of Hasidic tales. A parallel reading of both texts sheds light on the importance of non-physical cause of Poppers' illness and the ensuing necessity of ritual "repairing" (tikkun) of his non-physical ailments, which was a pre-condition for the efficacy of medical treatment of the physical disease. In contrast to other deliverance stories, in this case the memorial day was not established by the main male protagonist but by Poppers' wife Frumet. It represented a periodic culmination of ongoing penitential practices, prescribed for Poppers. The manuscript was completed on 29 January 1772, shortly before the first anniversary of Poppers' recovery. Poppers died in September 1777 and his memorial day was most likely discontinued. The article is followed by a complete edition of the Hebrew text, which contains a Yiddish-Hebrew postscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of Jewish finance and trade in earlier historiography was encumbered by a number of clichés, derived primarily not only from prejudicial attitudes towards the Jewish population, but also often from a lack of understanding of the functioning of the early modern system of long-distance and local trade, and of the principles of financial transactions. Research conducted over recent decades in the Czech Republic and at a number of institutions in other countries has repeatedly shown that the economic activities of the Jews cannot be interpreted merely in the narrow context of Jewish community life. On the contrary, at issue is a factor that contributed in varying degrees to the overall form of the financial and religious relations that existed in the early modern period. Drawing on the examples of five Jewish financiers who were active in Prague at the end of the 16th century and in the first two decades of the 17th, this study aims to set out the wide range of different financial instruments that were employed by Jews and Christians when negotiating loans. Attention is paid to the development of legislation on lending that was in force in the Kingdom of Bohemia during the 16th century. The legislative conditions for Jewish and Christian lenders are contrasted with the lending practices of the day, as recorded in the testimonies of witnesses at the Court of the Supreme Burgraviate of Prague. An analysis of specific examples of credit transactions between Jews and Christians demonstrates the various ways in which loans were negotiated and repaid, and highlights the diverse network of various client relationships among Prague Jews, burghers, aristocratic owners of large estates, and holders of provincial and court offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates a number of territories in today’s Schleswig-Holstein, which had belonged to Denmark or the duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf until they were united under the Danish crown in 1773: Süderdithmarschen, Norderdithmarschen, Drei Lande (i.e. Eiderstedt, Everschop and Utholm.), Stapelholm, Heligoland, Pellworm, Nordstrand, Osterland Föhr, Sylt and Fehmarn. They deserve special attention because their rural population enjoyed the right of political representation during the early modern period. The village population of the Gottorf-Danish territories formed so called Landschaften i.e. organizations of self-government on the regional level. These Landschaften sent delegates to regional diets, where officials of the prince negotiated taxation and political questions with the representatives. However, administration was the main task of the diets. The political representation of the peasant population was extraordinary strong because in this area there were neither any privileged ecclesiastical institutions nor aristocratic dynasties nor cities with special rights. The spokespersons of the villages were the only partners the officials of the princely government negotiated with. After discussing the various communal and Landschaft offices, of which there were four types, it is suggested to see the office-holders as brokers who negotiated with both sides, the government and the rural population, but never totally identified with any of them. The officials of the communities and the Landschaften received their offices in a variety of ways, including co-option and elections. The election process was surprisingly sophisticated even though it was burdened with some practical difficulties. There was a complex system of written ballots. Some candidates ran election campaigns the leaders of the Landschaft frowned upon, because they suspected them – not without reason – to be actually attempts at bribery. Voting rights depended on property and standing in the community. In the long run, the office-holders of the rural population proved to be highly unreliable brokers. Corruption and simple incompetence began to damage the representative system as a whole. Village communities tried to out-manoeuvre their own office-holders by calling upon the authority of the prince. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Povijesni Prilozi is the property of Croatian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hispania Sacra is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CEM Cultura, Espaço & Memória: Revista do CITCEM is the property of Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historisk Tidskrift is the property of Svenska Historiska Foereningen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the early modern age, La Caleta, as a strategic cove into the Bay of Cadiz, underwent numerous defensive improvements to protect the Cadiz emporium from possible attacks by other powers. These engineering works were to become a model for Spanish military architecture. The mobility of military engineers made significant contributions to reinforcing and upholding the Spanish Atlantic Bridge, not only through the Carrera de Indias, but also through the transmission of scientific and military knowledge, which was a major feature of Bourbon reformism. The multidimensional nature of this phenomenon is clearly illustrated by the fortification of Cadiz as the monarchy's main commercial port and naval base, which involved not only defensive improvements, but also aids to navigation – measures that were also applied in South American harbours during the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that living with no or few children and low fertility was widespread in pre-industrial societies. After a critical discussion of demographic transition theory and the concept of "natural fertility", I investigate fertility in early modern Europe. In doing so, I follow the suggestion of "cultural demography" and combine quantitative and qualitative research. I show a great extent and many variations of deliberate birth control before the "fertility decline" took place. This finding should help to see the actual level of fertility as less exceptional and dramatic than it is often claimed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The "Nationalism" entry in Diccionari per a ociosos, by Joan Fuster, develops, based on the finding in the Diccionari Aguiló of the term nationist [nacionista], an essay on Catalan collective identity in the modern era. According to Fuster, the existence of a term like this in the Catalan language long before the construction of modern national ideologies began anywhere in Europe reveals in an almost premonitory sense the Catalan national condition, halfway between the "excellent" peoples, like France, and the "frustrated" ones, like Occitania. Fuster deployed his hypothesis, however, without having checked the context of the source quoted by Marià Aguiló, a Dominican convent chronicle from the beginning of the 17th century: Lumen Domus. In this paper, we retrace the route Fuster did not take to understand the sense in which this unique witness to term nationist in the Catalan language appears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quintana: Revista do Departamento de Historia da Arte USC is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this text is to problematize the role of the Riksdag in Swedish political history, circa 1600-1900, and its contribution to modern phenomena such as democracy and universal suffrage. First, the Riksdag representatives on several occasions strengthened the monarchy at the expense of the Riksdag and exchanged long-term institutional influence for gains regarding particular issues. At other times, they were noticeably passive and unable to restrain the monarchy. The Riksdag's merits as a bastion for popular representation are questionable, and one might argue that between 1611 and 1809, the Riksdag was in a weak position vis-à-vis the king for 94 years (i.e., for almost half this period). However, this changed between 1809 and 1866, despite several similarities in the political framework, as well as political conditions for another shift to a strong monarchy and a weak or disbanded Riksdag. The last period of the old order of the four estates is thus key if we want to understand why the Riksdag finally achieved a strong position among other Swedish political arenas. This issue not only concerns historians, but also people interested in how and why representative assemblies become equally or more legitimate than authoritarian alternatives. As we live in a period in which democratic institutions and values are being questioned, it is important that we understand how they came to be embraced in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meadow was essential for early modern Swedish agriculture, providing hay for stalled animals, which in turn produced manure for arable fields and also led to specialisation in animal husbandry. On dry land, meadows were common, yet they were often situated on periodically inundated areas beside rivers and lakes too. This article studies how the nature of these flood-meadows varied along the rivers Emån and Ätran in the early modern period, when both dry and wet meadowland were features of the floodplain. The study examines how floodmeadows are described on early maps and how this information relates to the underlying physical conditions in terms of soil types and depths (a subject that has seen little previous research, especially in southern Sweden). This work was carried out using GIS analysis. The article then examines if flooding improved hay yields by comparing meadows inside and outside the floodplain at two settlements beside each river. The main determiner for whether a floodmeadow consisted of dry or wet meadowland was its soil depth, where dry floodplain meadows were often located on relatively deeper soils than those of wet meadows beside the two watercourses. In addition, dry floodplain meadows tended to be situated on floodplains with coarser sediments. These patterns are, however, considerably clearer beside Emån than along Flood-meadows beside the rivers Ätran and Emån, 1690-1750: Meadow types, soils and hay yields By Oscar Jacobsson Keywords: Flood-meadows, historical maps, early modern period, Sweden, Ätran, Emån Ätran. The greater infiltration capacity of deeper, coarser soils made inundations more shortlived, and probably limited the prevailing wet conditions too. In terms of flood-meadow hay yields, the study shows only slight variations in yield between the dry and wet floodplain meadows at Ätran. Along the river Emån, wet-meadow yields are generally greater than those of dry floodmeadows. The detailed settlement studies show that the yield per acre for the flood-meadows along Ätran was roughly the same, if not slightly lower, than the meadows outside the floodplain. It is thus questionable whether flooding had a production-enhancing effect on the Ätran floodplain during this period. Nevertheless, flood-meadows still comprised a substantial part of the total meadow area, and therefore played an important role in the local economy, which was based on a one-field system with small areas of arable land in relation to meadowland. The flood-meadows along Emån have a clearly higher yield per acre compared to the meadows on dry land, which likely reflects the productionenhancing effect of flooding on these meadows via natural sediment fertilisation. The high yield of these meadows also permitted larger areas of arable land in relation to meadowland, with flood-meadows therefore contributing to a more diverse agricultural economy in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technical study of the three exceptional figures adorning the Monument of the Heart of Duke Anne de Montmorency commissioned in 1571 and attributed to the sculptors Barthélémy Prieur and Martin Lefort was carried out. This study includes X-radiography, alloy analysis, characterisation of the refractory core, visual observation of the interior and the exterior of the sculptures, as well as endoscopic examination of the interior. The objective of this study was to fill in further details regarding the fabrication of the figures: where and by whom they were made and how they were cast. In particular, the question of whether the foundryman Nicolas Péron carried out the casting of all three bronzes is addressed here. The results show significant consistency between the three figures, which were cast using a technique commonly employed during the sixteenth century in France, known as the lasagna process. Yet, several specific details linked to the monument commission – the use of chaplets and a sandy-clay mixture defined by a specific grain size distribution – shed light on the working relationship between artist and founder. While the conclusions of this study confirm Prieur's leadership over the technical aspects of his sculptures, Lefort seems to have been less involved in the casting process and to have relied on the expertise of both Prieur and Péron. Furthermore, the results contribute to a better understanding of the casting of large bronzes during the second half of the sixteenth century by providing key information on the relationship between artists and founders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to the special issue 'Case Studies in Early Modern European Intelligence' provides an overview of scholarship on the history of intelligence in the early modern period. Examining outstanding research contributions to the field, it highlights the potential of early modern European history to contribute to a refinement of the methodology and theory of intelligence history as a whole. In light of the contributions made by the articles collected in this special issue, we argue that intelligence history as a discipline will benefit from an increased dialogue between scholars working on different periods. We therefore invite historians of intelligence to study the early modern period and historians of the early modern period to study intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The expulsion of Jews from Bohemia in 1541 represented an unprecedented disruption to the continuity of their settlement. A significant portion of the exiles chose Polish cities as places of refuge. This was due, among other reasons, to the existence of business, professional and family contacts there. Kraków is rightly described as the key destination for Jewish migrants from Bohemia, but one cannot overlook other Polish cities, such as Poznań, which was one of the major commercial centres of the Polish kingdom. Using the push-pull factor and network theory approaches, and drawing primarily on the municipal books of Prague and Poznań, this study tries to provide insights into the migration and mobility of Jews between Bohemia and the Polish city of Poznań in the period immediately after 1541. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hispania Sacra is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past decades, legal historians have become more cautious when it comes to rules that in the Middle Ages and the early modern period were defined as '(old) customs'. Earlier optimistic appraisals as to the age of such rules have been challenged. This article argues that efforts of debunking should be combined with a more thorough analysis of the legal consciousness of past societies. It proposes to look at old municipal private law, not as a set of rules fixed by tradition, but rather as a malleable body of norms. The symbolic qualities of law were such that renewal and rephrasal could be combined with an ideology of conservation. It was perfectly possible for administrators to promote new rules as being a part of an 'age-old law' of the city or the land, without breaching the implicit conventions as to the qualities of law. However, as will be demonstrated further, there were limits to the agency of administrators in this regard. The codes as to the features of law marked boundaries that had to be taken seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Redes is the property of Redes-Revista Hispana para el Analisis de Redes Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The majority of relic charcoal kilns in Europe are more recent than 1650 CE and cannot be precisely dated using radiocarbon dating (14C). Quartz-based optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the sediments associated with the kiln remains has been suggested as a viable alternative. Owing to the lack of reliable and sufficiently precise independent age information, however, it remains to be established whether OSL dating can yield accurate ages for post-1650 CE features. This is explicitly investigated in this study by applying a commonly adopted quartz OSL methodology to three relic charcoal kilns which are known to have been constructed and operated between December 1941 and March/April 1942 CE. We first document the quartz luminescence characteristics and show through procedural tests that the adopted single-aliquot regenerative dose procedure should be appropriate for equivalent dose determination. Four samples collected from the uppermost part of the charcoal-rich layers in the three features yield the youngest optical ages and are considered coeval. Their average age is 1928 ± 13 CE (95% probability), which matches the independent age reasonably well. The precision associated with the individual OSL ages ranges between 7 and 14% (1 sigma total uncertainty) and it might ideally be possible to establish relative chronologies with a higher time resolution. Finally, we briefly discuss our entire set of OSL ages in relation to future strategies for sampling charcoal kilns remains. In general, we conclude that OSL dating can be particularly advantageous to help resolving chronometric issues that pertain to post-1650 CE relic charcoal kilns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Letters patent have been used as a tool of governance in England since medieval times – though their functions have changed. The uses to which Henry II put his were limited by the socio-political context of the feudal system. When Elizabeth I began to use them as a tool of 'economic' policy – such as handing them out to regulate trade with the continent – it was only one of a number of uses. The role of the letters in governance, including the disbursement of peerages, under Henry II and in the sixteenth to the seventeenth century are compared here. The conclusion is that their use, at the time of the passing of the Statute of Monopolies, should best be seen as the Crown sharing part of its 'body politic', bringing the patentee into the monarch's inner circle, rather than as a granting of an individual 'right'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zbornik Odsjeka za Povijesne Znanosti. Zavoda za Povijesne i Društvene Znanosti is the property of Hrvatska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, Zavod za Povijesne i Drustvene Znanosti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of the article is the poem Scachs d'Amor by the Valencian authors Bernat Fenollar, Francí de Castellví und Narcís Vinyoles. Written towards the end of the 15th century, it has attracted much interest of historians of chess, because in it one can find the first known description of chess moves distinguishing modern chess from that of the Middle Ages. The focus here, however, is on its literary characteristics and the literary tradition the poem is part of. Relying on recent research, one can show that the allegorical connection of chess with courtly love was no unknown literary topos. But nobody has asked so far why the 64 stanzas consist of 9 verses each, a number which does not harmonize with the arithmetic of chess, displayed in the poem by its 64 stanzas. The number nine can be linked to the religious subtext hinted at by "Apocalipsi", the last word of the poem, as well as to a hitherto unknown literary tradition of religious poetry, rooting in Dante's veneration of the number nine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows how Protestant scholars wrote about the First Jewish-Roman War and the destruction of Jerusalem, and demonstrates how this story was updated in relation to Jews and anti-Jewish politics in the Bohemian lands after 1550. Drawing on a large corpus of Latin and vernacular texts, the author shows that the Jewish revolt was linked primarily to eschatological expectations and to a critique of the Jews’ disruption of natural law, religious unity and the social order as based on sovereign-subject relations. With regard to individual works, the author traces the collective imagination of the day that helped to shape the alterity of Jews (including imaginary notions of cannibalism, unsettled lifestyles, and non-normative sexuality) and elaborates on the strategies of legitimisation for violence against contemporary Jewish communities through references to the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Archaeologia Baltica is the property of Archaeologia Baltica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How do we define the beginnings of human life? Images, science, and culture have offered insight into this question. The early modern period (1500–1800) is particularly rich for examining the understanding of the human fetus. Using the 1712 Essay on the Possibility and Probability of a Child's Being Born Alive, and Live, in the Latter End of the Fifth Solar, or in the Beginning of the Sixth Lunar Month, this paper argues that evolving knowledge of the fetus failed to modify cultural norms for defining the beginning of human life. This compares with contemporary 21st century observations and how our definition of the beginning of human life has not been modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the topic of Jewish goldsmiths in early modern Prague who constituted a small but highly specialized professional group of artisans in the local Jewish society. The obvious prerequisite for practising such a trade was not only knowledge of metal processing, fine craftsmanship, and refined aesthetics, but also connections and close contacts with suppliers of precious metals and gems, and with wealthy clients who could acquire such jewellery and other luxury goldsmith products. The study seeks to provide a comprehensive view of the goldsmith's trade in Prague during the 16th century. It describes the legal conditions under which guild-organized Christians could practise goldsmithing, and compares them with the legislative pre-requisites under which Jews were allowed to engage in this profession. Attention is also paid to the widespread participation of Jewish and Christian goldsmiths in financial transactions and other credit transactions in that period. At the same time, however, the study seeks to capture the broader cultural and social framework of the lives of Jewish goldsmiths in the Prague metropolis, which was shaped not only by solely professional, financial and business relationships, but also by other personal contacts both within their own community and in various Christian social strata. Based on the observations of the lives of several prominent Jewish goldsmiths who worked in Prague during the 16th century and especially during the Rudolphine period, it tries to determine whether they were long-term residents or newcomers from other countries. It also examines their involvement in the Prague Jewish community, their property status, and their possible further involvement in the administration of the local community. All this in the context of immigration, which affected Prague after the middle of the 16th century and to a large extent impacted the composition of its population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of written culture between the twelf th and thirteenth centuries made it possible to preserve information on customary lore and on cultures that were expressed and perpetuated through the senses. Once transcribed, these sensory experiences became subordinate to a medium (writing) that claimed to replace their performative and legal ef ficacy, eventually relegating them to the realm of folklore, superstition, and deviance. Using two case studies, matrimonial litigation and proceedings about sanctity, this article examines the role of the senses in performing and proving legal reality in early modern ecclesiastical courts. It analyzes the dynamics of a sensory community with shared sensory norms, practices, and perceptions. Looking at culturally coded senses as a basis for regulating social relationships and creating and transferring collective memory, I ref lect on the hierarchy of the senses that accompanied the process of institutionalization and was marked by gender competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Památky Archeologické is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Letras (0326-3363) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the etiology of a subadult skeleton exhibiting increased size of the neurocranium and upper face. Skeletal remains of a child aged between 1.5–2 years from the Early Modern Period (14th -18th), Žumberak, Croatia. Metric and volumetric data were collected, and CT with VRT reconstruction was employed. Metric analyses indicate that the neurocranium and upper face display increased size and volume. A diagnosis of the communicating form of hydrocephalus is suggested. This is the first published case of the communicating form of hydrocephalus. It is difficult to determine the specific etiology of this condition based on skeletal remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies of Lithuania's History is the property of Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)