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Intermetallic cage compounds have crystal structures characterized by three-dimensional (3D) frameworks of host atoms forming cages that may be filled with guest atoms. They can be considered as a class of complex metallic alloys (CMAs), a broad family of crystalline materials having large or giant unit cells in which a cluster substructure exists. Their bulk physical properties have attracted interest in recent years, particularly as several of them are considered as promising thermoelectric materials. As a different type of CMAs, they may exhibit interesting surface properties which have not been explored until now. Here, we report a detailed investigation of the (100) surface of the Ce3Pd20Si6compound and describe its relationship with the 3D cage framework. The study has been carried out using both experimental surface science methods under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and theoretical calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). After annealing at moderate temperatures, the surface exhibits two different types of terminations, one of them being a metastable (2 × 2) reconstruction. Annealing at higher temperatures leads to a single termination with a (1 × 1) structure. Twelve different surface models have been considered for DFT calculations. The surface phase diagram deduced from first-principles calculations with the chemical potentials as variables provides insight into the relative stability of the different surface models. Combining experimental and theoretical results leads to the conclusion that the surface forms at corrugated planes of the bulk structure that preserve intact the Pd12Si6cages, with additional Pd surface atoms. It is concluded that despite this Pd-based cage compound being clearly metallic, covalent-like interactions between Pd and Si atoms on the host cage structure significantly influence its surface structure.

We present a detailed study of the (001) surface of the Al9Co2crystal using both experimental methods and first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. Experimentally, the (1 × 1) low-energy electron diffraction pattern combined with the composition determined using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy is consistent with a bulk terminated surface. In addition, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements highlights the presence of only one type of surface termination. Combining experimental results with electronic structure calculations provides many arguments to correlate the observed surface termination with the dense pure aluminum layer present in the Al9Co2bulk structure: (i) calculations show that this termination presents a lower surface energy compared to another conceivable termination obtained also from bulk truncation, (ii) step height measurements are consistent with calculated interlayer spacings, (iii) calculated broadened densities of states and simulated STM images are qualitatively in agreement with the experimental photoelectron spectra and the experimental STM images.

Immediately after a severe bus accident a program in preventing posttraumatic stress disorder was started by the Community Mental Health Centre (RIAGG). Six months after the accident, 17 subjects (42.5%) were investigated with regard to posttraumatic stress disorder. Almost 18% appeared to satisfy the DSM-IV criteria. Another subject was considered to be a borderline case. The correlations among measures of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal suggest that subjects with high scores on hyperarousal are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder.