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Banding is the main method used to mark and identify individual birds, and to study populations, migration, age, and behavior. Banding birds also plays an important role in rehabilitation efforts, as their recapture provides good information about the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment, allowing constant review of the rehabilitation protocols used. This study compiles information on banded birds retrieved at the Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project (Projeto de Monitoramento de Praias da Bacia de Santos, PMP-BS), and it reviews the ecological and behavioral aspects involved in species' movements that contributed to their arrival at the beach. We also provide results of autopsies and clinical information on rehabilitation. Herein, we report on 235 banded birds (16 found more than once) between Rio de Janeiro (Saquarema) and Santa Catarina (Laguna), southeast Brazil, between August 2015 and February 2021. Eighteen species are represented, belonging to four orders and nine families. Among the causes of weakness or death, anthropic interactions (e.g., fishing, aggression, and garbage ingestion) and exhaustion (mainly in migratory species) stand out. Our findings highlight the importance of banding and recapturing birds as an efficient and effective method to better understand the ecology and displacement of mobile species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a compilation of scientific articles and journals that examine the effects of salinity and temperature on the physiological and biochemical responses of marine algae. The research explores how these stressors impact the growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and other properties of various algae species. The findings highlight the adaptability and resilience of marine algae in the face of changing environmental conditions. This information is valuable for understanding the potential impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and the ability of algae to respond to environmental stressors. [Extracted from the article]

Coastal protection forests are important components of global ecological construction, due to their important roles in maintaining coastal ecology, resisting natural disasters, and improving the living environment of coastal cities. Therefore, it is of great significance to comprehensively review the existing studies on coastal protection forests, so as to better understand the role of coastal protection forests. This paper analyzed from three aspects of the coastal protection forests, that is, ecosystem quality, ecosystem services and resilience. Firstly, the methods and indicators for assessing coastal protection forest ecosystem quality were reviewed and analyzed, and their respective advantages and disadvantages were compared. Secondly, the service functions of coastal protection forest ecosystems and their value quantification methods were elaborated. Thirdly, the natural and social factors affecting the resilience of coastal protection forest ecosystems were discussed, and measures to improve their resilience were also proposed. Finally, we pointed out the problems which existed in the previous studies of coastal protection forest ecosystems, and proposed suggestions for strengthening their ecological resilience, so as to realize the in-depth research and sustainable management on coastal protection forest ecosystems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coastal sprawl is among the main drivers of global degradation of shallow marine ecosystems. Among artificial substrates, quarry rock can have faster recruitment of benthic organisms compared to traditional concrete, which is more versatile for construction. However, the factors driving these differences are poorly understood. In this context, this study was designed to compare the intertidal and subtidal benthic and epibenthic assemblages on concrete and artificial basalt boulders in six locations of Madeira Island (northeastern Atlantic, Portugal). To assess the size of the habitat, the shorelines in the study area were quantified using satellite images, resulting in >34 % of the south coast of Madeira being artificial. Benthic assemblages differed primarily between locations and secondarily substrates. Generally, assemblages differed between substrates in the subtidal, with lower biomass and abundance in concrete than basalt. We conclude that these differences are not related to chemical effects (e.g., heavy metals) but instead to a higher detachment rate of calcareous biocrusts from concrete, as surface abrasion is faster in concrete than basalt. Consequently, surface integrity emerges as a factor of ecological significance in coastal constructions. This study advances knowledge on the impact and ecology of artificial shorelines, providing a baseline for future research towards ecological criteria for coastal protection and management. [Display omitted] • One-third of Madeira Island's southern coast is currently comprised of artificial shorelines. • The variance in assemblages was more significant among different sites and locations than between substrates. • Across the studied spatial scales, biomass and abundance in the subtidal zone were consistently lower on concrete. • Dissolution and erosion rates might play a crucial role in the ecological differences observed between substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The framework combines existing social science approaches that assess the potential effectiveness of adaptation policy. • Coastal risk management and coastal adaptation policies in the Maldives are ill-prepared for dealing with sea-level rise. • The integration of sea-level rise considerations into policy would improve potential coastal policy effectiveness. Effective policies that integrate climate change considerations are crucial for successful adaptation to increasing climate risks. While there is an abundant normative literature proposing potential effective ways to adapt, there is a lack of empirical literature on current risk and adaptation policy and its potential effectiveness. Studying existing policies can help to reveal existing constraints, draw inferences about performance and design future policies. However, there is no established method for assessing risk management and adaptation policies. Addressing these gaps, we developed an analytical framework, combining and extending existing approaches, to assess the potential policy effectiveness in dealing with climate risks. The framework merges aspects of climate integration, policy coherence and compliance. Applying this framework to coastal risk management and coastal adaptation policies in the Maldives, we conducted a desk review of policy documents and semi-structured interviews with coastal policy experts and stakeholders. We find five policies addressing coastal risks and adaptation. One of these integrates sea-level rise considerations but is not legally binding. A key constraint on policy coherence are static approaches that ignore the variance in hydrodynamic hazard across the archipelago. Moreover, compliance is constrained by low capacities to monitor actual land use, political influence on the allocation of coastal protections and insufficient coastal protection budgets. Based on these findings, we expect that coastal policies are ill-prepared for dealing with sea-level rise and that scaling-up sea-level rise integration into policy is a critical first step towards improving this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine ecological security is an important precondition and foundation for the development of marine business. Scientific and effective assessment of marine ecological security is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of marine economy and building an ecological civilization. Based on the symbiosis theory, this paper focuses on the key role of human economic activities in the evolution of ecological security from the perspective of eco-industrial symbiosis and constructs a symbiotic system of indicators considering human economic activities and all subsystems with the help of the "Driver-Pressur-State-Impact -Response (DPSIR) model" analysis logic. This paper adopts the Lotka-Volterra symbiosis model to dynamically analyze the causes of the symbiotic coupling relationship of marine ecological security in China's coastal areas from 2006 to 2019. The research results show that the socio-economic development index shows a stable upward trend, the environmental capacity index basically remains stable, and the ecological impact index shows a fluctuating and undulating trend. During the sample period, there were only four modes of mutualism symbiosis, ecological single damage, industrial single damage, and mutual harm symbiosis in coastal areas. Hebei, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan provinces are dominated by the optimal ecological security state. Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Fujian are mainly in the security transition area; Shandong and Liaoning provinces are in a state of ecological security dominated by non-safe areas. Finally, relevant policy suggestions are put forward, in order to provide decision-making reference for improving marine ecological security and promoting the healthy development of the marine industry. • Re-examine marine ecological security based on the perspective of ecology-industry symbiosis. • Construct symbiotic system of indicators considering human economic activities based on DPSIR model. • Adopt Lotka-Volterra model to dynamically analyze the symbiotic coupling relationship of marine ecological security. • Modes of mutualism symbiosis, ecological single damage, industrial single damage, mutual harm symbiosis in coastal areas. • Shandong and Liaoning are in a state of ecological security dominated by non-safe areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Brown marine seaweed influxes are harming W. African coastal livelihoods (74). • Misunderstood physical drivers shape ideas about who should adapt (67). • Misunderstanding drivers diverts attention away from proactive adaptation (80). • Extant community-industry tensions hinder adaptation action and capacity (74). Since 2011, large influxes of a brown macroalgae (pelagic sargassum seaweed) have proliferated across the Tropical Atlantic basin, its dispersal and seasonality theorized to be driven by localized and large scale winds and currents, in combination with changes in the Atlantic Meridional Mode and ocean upwelling. These influxes seasonally affect coastal populations across the breadth of the Tropical Atlantic (from central America to West Africa), causing damage to: economies, marine-based and non-marine coastal livelihoods, social functioning, health, ecology, and the aesthetics of the local environment. We use the ongoing sargassum influx in West Africa as a case study of adaptation to an emergent (and compound) risk in progress that also contributes to the empirical gap in sargassum adaptation research in West Africa. The research, in four sites in the Western Region of Ghana employs data from 16 focus group discussions, six key informant interviews, and participant observation. We finds that due to a series of coincidences, participant communities perceive that sargassum influxes were seeded by and then annually driven by oil and gas exploration in Western Ghana. This is in contrast to scientific research that indicates that pelagic sargassum was initially seeded in the tropical Atlantic basin (from the Sargasso Sea) in 2010 following an anomalous weather event in winter 2009–2010. Following Rogers' Protection Motivation Theory, we explore the sources of information and the processing of that information to understand the divergence between scientific and community perceptions of the physical drivers. We find that community perceptions of oil and gas company responsibility for causing the sargassum problem leads the communities to perceive that the oil and gas companies should be responsible for the clean-up activities. Communities are further constrained by a perceived lack of capacity to act. Solutions to address this adaptation impasse could involve the government working with communities and the oil and gas industry to clarify the actual drivers of sargassum. Such guidance may open opportunities for the government and industry to work with communities to address misperceptions of the scientific nature of the influxes. Collaborative approaches, while addressing extant tensions, may also change the narrative about the problem, support affected communities to engage with adaptive measures, including re-use opportunities, and enhance community capacity to act. As a present-day emergent risk, pelagic sargassum provides an unusual yet contemporary empirical study of real-time adaptation and the central role of perceptions in shaping proactive adaptation and seeking exploitable opportunities from new environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-based strategies for coastal protection against marine disasters have become a global trend. Over the past decade, marine ecological protection and restoration efforts in China have made exceptional progress. This study begins by outlining China's insurance policies on marine ecological protection, such as marine protected areas, marine ecological redline systems, bay chief systems, and marine ecological restoration practices, including the Blue Bay projects, comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea, coastal zone protection and restoration projects, and a special plan for mangrove protection and restoration. The synergy between ecological protection and disaster mitigation has been proposed as a nature-based conception of disaster prevention and mitigation with a holistic and systematic approach. This approach is conducive to balanced ecosystem restoration, disaster prevention, and mitigation. Finally, several potentialities are proposed to facilitate the development of a nature-based integrated coastal protection system in China. More focus should be placed on researching and improving new science for coastal ecological protection, enhancing the early warning and monitoring mechanisms of coastal ecosystems, promoting the organisation of legislative mechanisms for coastal construction and management, and enhancing the dissemination of coastal ecology and disaster mitigation science. • China's policies on marine ecological protection were analyzed. • Practices of marine ecological restoration were discussed. • The synergy between coastal ecology and disaster mitigation is systematically articulated. • Prospects of marine ecological protection and restoration in China are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elodie La Villette is an understudied late-nineteenth-century French marine artist who had an exceptional ecological sensibility. Her images of the interstitial world of the coastlines of Brittany and Normandy depict transformations and exchanges between the labour of human maritime communities and the materiality of the landscape in shoreline commons. Using the tools of material ecocriticism and ecofeminism, this article analyses her painted North Atlantic ecologies of the human and more-than-human, and finds affinities between her visual attentiveness and emerging marine ecological sciences in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching for a sustainable use pattern of mangrove resources is a premise of mangrove conservation in developing countries. In China, uncontrolled domestic duck farming has caused significant damage to mangrove forests and triggered discussions about the conservation and utilization of mangrove forests. This study investigated the effects of three different domestic duck farming patterns (intensive, semi-intensive and quasi-ecological farming patterns) on mangrove ecosystems in southern China to find a farming pattern where mangrove conservation and utilization can coexist. The results showed that domestic duck farming could bring remarkable economic profits for farmers; the return on investment of the quasi-ecological farming pattern is the highest, whereas different farming patterns caused distinct influences on mangrove forests. Intensive and semi-intensive farming patterns significantly destroyed mangrove plants and reduced macrobenthos' biodiversity. In contrast, the quasi-ecological farming pattern had a negligible influence on mangrove forests. Quasi-ecological farming achieved a good balance between the conservation and utilization of mangrove forest resources, making it sustainable. Therefore, controllable domestic duck farming in mangrove forests deserves to be advocated, especially in the areas where ecotourism cannot be carried out. Further study is needed on how to determine the duck farming capacity. • Different domestic duck farming patterns caused distinct effects on mangrove forests. • Quasi-ecological farming was sustainable pattern. • Duck farming provides opportunity for trade-offs between coastal ecology and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To verify weather mangroves act as sinks for marine litter, we surveyed through visual census 20 forests along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, both in inhabited and remote locations. Anthropogenic debris items were counted and classified along transects, and the influence of main drivers of distribution were considered (i.e. land-based and ocean-based sources, density of the forest and properties of the object). We confirmed that distance to major maritime traffic routes significantly affects the density of anthropogenic debris in Red Sea mangrove forests, while this was independent of land-based activities. This suggests ocean-based activities combined with surface currents as major drivers of litter in this basin. Additionally, litter was more abundant where the mangrove density was higher, and object distribution through the mangrove stand often depended on their shape and dimension. We particularly show that pneumatophores act as a sieve retaining large plastic objects, leading to higher plastic mass estimates in mangroves compared to those of beaches previously surveyed in the Red Sea. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Surveys aimed at quantifying anthropogenic debris in mangroves stands are scarce. • Mangroves are sinks for marine litter and traps for land originated litter. • Mangroves aerial roots act as a sieve that retains large objects. • Large plastic objects are more frequent in mangroves than on beaches. Mangrove forests, through pneumatophores, are filters that retain large floating plastic objects and therefore constitute a sink of marine plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To assess the impact of offshore wind farms (OWFs) on the structure and energy flow of coastal ecosystems, Ecopath models of the Jiangsu coastal ecosystem (JCE) based on biological field data collected before and after the establishment of the Rudong OWFs in 2007 and 2015, respectively, were constructed and compared. The results indicated that after OWF construction, detritus, phytoplankton, zooplankton, anchovies, and some benthic fish were positively impacted. The increased primary production and detritus resulted in the increased food supply for zooplankton, which made it possible for planktivorous species (particularly anchovies) to be fed. Consequently, the biomass and production of some benthic fish increased, which indicates a potential reef effect. Other groups with decreased biomasses and productions may have been negatively impacted by the OWFs. Herbivory flows dominated the pre- and post-construction JCE despite their low transfer efficiencies; however, the proportion of detritivory flow increased after OWF construction, and this was especially prominent at high trophic levels. The post-construction JCE was immature with lower system connectivity, trophic flow utilisation, and transfer efficiency. However, the ecosystem tended to develop towards higher maturity with higher energy throughput, ecosystem activity, and recycling capability. Highlights • Positively impacted functional groups: detritus, phytoplankton, zooplankton, anchovies, and other benthic fish. • Proportion of detritivory flow increased and this was especially prominent at high trophic levels. • Immature: lower system connectivity, trophic flow utilisation, and transfer efficiency. • Developing towards maturity: higher energy throughput, ecosystem activity, and recycling capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Collaboration barriers are analysed as constraints to effective climate adaptation. • The paper presents a mixed-method approach based on Social Network Analysis. • The method is tested in a fragile coastal socio-ecosystem is Southern Mexico. • The method reveals the complex socio-institutional interplay driving adaptation outcomes. Abstract Collaboration barriers have been reported among the most frequent institutional constraints to adaptation. Yet, the growing literature on the topic has been largely descriptive and little attention has been placed on how to transform barriers into enablers for action. By taking a fragile socio-ecological lagoon system in Southern Mexico as a case study, the paper applies a social network analytical approach to: i) reveal the actual web of connections tying stakeholders through local governance arrangements; ii) identify shortcomings in multi-actor collaboration networks; and iii) propose ways to tackle them so that the full potential of adaptation can be exploited. The paper employs a mixed-method approach combining both a quantitative and qualitative Social Network Analysis (SNA). The quantitative SNA is used to assess the quality and strength of relationships among formal public organisations working on climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction in the site. The qualitative SNA is employed to both assess linking ties between formal organizations and local coastal communities potentially targeted with adaptation interventions, and bonding ties connecting community members. The approach proves to be useful to map the relational architecture of the system of interest and to reveal network characteristics that are important for collective action including: network fragmentation in subgroups; density of relations; centralization around a few actors. The actual topology of the network, as revealed, can then be compared with what is required for achieving societally desired adaptation outcomes and for identifying agents that can promote change. The paper acknowledges that a social analytical approach might be limited in unveiling the interests and motives behind actors' participation in the network, and that the latter ultimately determine actors' contribution in defining and enacting a joint solution for a common problem. However, the mixed-methods approach presented in this paper allows for gaining first insights on the way a mismatch between formal and informal institutions might drive socio-ecological systems towards inadequate adaptation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A methodological approach is applied to spatially identify and characterize CMSESs. • This approach allows the operationalization of the social-ecological system concept in coastal area. • The CMSESs represent the association between socioeconomic and marine environmental classes. • The CMSESs conform intermediate areas between provinces and municipalities. • Spatial characterization of CMSESs can contribute for integrated management of coastal areas. Abstract Understanding the complexity of social-ecological systems is fundamental for achieving sustainability. Historically, humans have benefited from the ecosystem services offered by nature at the same time that natural systems have increasingly changed because of anthropogenic activities. The lack of methods to unveil and understand such associations might hinder the integrated management of coastal marine areas. In our study, we applied a methodological framework used in terrestrial systems to identify and spatially locate the coastal marine social-ecological systems (CMSESs) on the southern Mediterranean Spanish coast. These CMSESs represent areas with similar human-nature associations that result from sharing similar socioeconomic and marine environmental characteristics. We applied several multivariate analyses to identify and characterize these CMSESs. We found the presence of twelve CMSESs that suggest a co-evolution of the social-ecological associations in these areas. Our results highlight the need for integrated coastal planning and management that consider the specific characteristics and conservation challenges of each CMSES. Our study provides evidence that a successful methodological framework to identify and characterize social-ecological systems can be applied in coastal areas and contribute to integrated management for the sustainability of these fragile systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study focuses on the ecological health assessment of Chilika, a shallow lagoon present in east coast of India, through nutrient stoichiometry and trophic state index (TSI). Multivariate statistical analysis such as ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Discriminant Analysis (DA) were employed for data interpretation. Nutrient stoichiometry revealed that the Chilika Lagoon experiences phosphorus limitation with regard to nitrogen and silicate (N:P:Si = 16:1:16) throughout the study period. As per the computed TSI values, the southern sector (SS), central sector (CS), and outer channel (OC) were assigned with a mesotrophic status, whereas the northern sector (NS) was assigned with the eutrophic status. From PCA, total nitrogen was found to be negatively correlated with salinity and positively correlated with silicate, thus indicating that the major source of nitrogen in the lagoon was freshwater ingress by rivers with high silicate content. DA indicated that it was successful in discriminating the groups as predicted. Highlights • Trophic state index (TSI) and nutrient stoichiometry ratio are used to access ecological health of Lake System. • Contour maps shows the spatial distributions of water quality parameters in Chilika lake and drawn by Surfer software. • High canonical correlation indicates a significant relation between group of variables and functions of discriminate. • With respect to trophic state index, northern sector of Chilika lagoon categorized as eutrophication zone. • The findings may be the baseline reference for the lake scientist to find out the source of nutrient load to the sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To assess the impact of two plastic derived chemicals: bisphenol A (BPA) and the di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), on phytoplankton biomass and community structure, microcosm incubations were performed during spring and summer, with offshore and lagoon waters of a south-western Mediterranean ecosystem. Phytoplankton were exposed to an artificial mixture of BPA and DEHP and to marine water previously enriched with plastic-derivative compounds, originated from in situ water incubations of plastic debris for 30 days. After 96 h of incubation, changes were observed in phytoplankton biomass in the contaminated microcosms, with a net decrease (up to 50% of the control) in the concentration of Chlorophyll a in offshore waters. Concomitantly, plastic-derivative contamination provoked structural changes, especially for offshore waters. This suggests a relative tolerance of the lagoon communities to BPA and DEHP contamination, related to the dominance of Chaetoceros spp., which could potentially be used as a bioindicator in bioassessment studies. Highlights • BPA and DEHP release from plastic debris was higher in spring than in summer. • BPA and DEHP contaminations strongly impact phytoplankton biomass and structure. • Impacts of BPA and DEHP were more marked in offshore, relative to lagoon, waters. • Diatoms were more tolerant to BPA and DEHP than the other phytoplankton groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The impact of ghost fishing in large coastal ecosystems has generated considerable interest. In smaller, understudied systems with fewer stakeholders, derelict fishing gear (DFGs) may have impacts similar to these larger systems at the same relative scale. Four years of side scan sonar surveys in the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary (New Jersey, USA) supported the recovery of 1776 DFGs off-season by commercial partners. Locations with high densities of recovered DFGs (>200 DFGs/km2) occupied intersections of recreational vessel traffic and commercial crabbing activity. Condition and depth-in-sediment of recovered DFGs was used to evaluate true bycatch (terrapins, whelks, blue crabs) versus species utilizing degraded gear as habitat (juvenile tautog, oyster toadfish). Critically, gear recovered in-season with low cost sonars (an additional 225 DFGs) prevented the accumulation of new DFGs which likely generate the highest percentages of bycatch. Removal of DFGs in this system led to significant ecological (reduced bycatch), economic (>$61,000 in direct pay, reused gear), and anticipated future benefits (increased harvest). Highlights • High resolution sonar surveys critical for assessing DFGs in unexplored systems • Small system with fewer stakeholders contained high densities of DFGs. • Stakeholder-driven DFG recoveries developed for a shallow, muddy estuarine reserve. • Economic benefits to stakeholders included direct pay, reused gear, future harvest. • DFGs recovered in-season with low-cost sonars prevented additional loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Excessive nitrogen (N) loadings from human activities have led to increased eutrophication and associated water quality impacts in China's coastal wetlands. Denitrification accounts for significant reduction of inorganic N to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) or dinitrogen gas (N 2), and thereby curtails harmful effects of N pollution in coastal and marine ecosystems. However, the molecular drivers and limiting steps of denitrification in coastal wetlands are not well understood. Here, we quantified the abundances of functional genes involved in N cycling and determined denitrification rates using 15N paring technique in the coastal wetland sediments of Bohai Economic Rim in eastern China. Denitrification accounting for 80.7 ± 12.6% of N removal was the dominant pathway for N removal in the coastal wetlands. In comparison, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) removed up to 36.9 ± 7.3% of inorganic N. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the effects of ammonium on denitrification potential were mainly mediated by the relative abundances of nosZ/nirS , nirS/ (narG + napA) and amoA/nirK. Denitrification was limited by the relative strength of two steps, namely N 2 O reduction to N 2 and nitrite (NO 2 −) reduction to nitric oxide (NO). Our results suggest that the relative abundances of functional genes which are more stable than sediment chemical compounds in the context of environmental changes are indictive of denitrification potential in coastal wetlands. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Denitrification was the dominant pathway for N removal in BER coastal wetlands. • Sediment NH 4 +-N affected denitrification through the relative gene abundances. • Denitrification was mainly limited by the second and last denitrification steps. • Denitrification contributions were best explained by the nosZ/nirS. Denitrification was driven by functional microbial gene abundance in coastal wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands are globally important sinks of organic carbon (C). However, to what extent wetland C cycling will be affected by accelerated sea‐level rise (SLR) and saltwater intrusion is unknown, especially in coastal peat marshes where water flow is highly managed. Our objective was to determine how the ecosystem C balance in coastal peat marshes is influenced by elevated salinity. For two years, we made monthly in situ manipulations of elevated salinity in freshwater (FW) and brackish water (BW) sites within Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. Salinity pulses interacted with marsh‐specific variability in seasonal hydroperiods whereby effects of elevated pulsed salinity on gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) were dependent on marsh inundation level. We found little effect of elevated salinity on C cycling when both marsh sites were inundated, but when water levels receded below the soil surface, the BW marsh shifted from a C sink to a C source. During these exposed periods, we observed an approximately threefold increase in CO2 efflux from the marsh as a result of elevated salinity. Initially, elevated salinity pulses did not affect Cladium jamaicense biomass, but aboveground biomass began to be significantly decreased in the saltwater amended plots after two years of exposure at the BW site. We found a 65% (FW) and 72% (BW) reduction in live root biomass in the soil after two years of exposure to elevated salinity pulses. Regardless of salinity treatment, the FW site was C neutral while the BW site was a strong C source (−334 to −454 g C·m−2·yr−1), particularly during dry‐down events. A loss of live roots coupled with annual net CO2 losses as marshes transition from FW to BW likely contributes to the collapse of peat soils observed in the coastal Everglades. As SLR increases the rate of saltwater intrusion into coastal wetlands globally, understanding how water management influences C gains and losses from these systems is crucial. Under current Everglades' water management, drought lengthens marsh dry‐down periods, which, coupled with saltwater intrusion, accelerates CO2 loss from the marsh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study explores in plankton samples the abundance, distribution, size, types (fibres and fragments), colours of the microplastics (MPs) and its relation with the characteristics of the plankton (size and morphology) of the Río de la Plata estuary. Water samples were collected in triplicate in freshwater-mixohaline tidal zone of the estuary, in ten sampling sites located along 150 km of coast, in two periods (September–November 2016 and April–June 2017). The results revealed the presence of MPs in all the samples analysed, with a dominance of fibres and sizes >500 ≤ 1000 μm, and blue colour being more frequent. The MPs distribution was significantly different among sampling sites, being more abundant in the most urbanized sites, sewage discharges and near the maximum turbidity front. The mean density, in the two samplings analysed, were 164 and 114 MPs m−3. The fibres amount was significantly different among sites. The MPs integrated a planktonic community dominated by pico-microphytoplankton, mainly conformed by filaments/chains and solitary forms and by micro-mesozooplankton. The comparative analysis of plankton and MPs demonstrated that a fraction of the latter showed a frequency range of size that coincides with the most common sizes of plankton (≤500 μm). The mean percentage of MPs items in relation to zooplankton was 0.36% (sampling 1) and 1.20% (sampling 2) and for phytoplankton was 0.0002% (sampling 1) and 0.0005% (sampling 2). The correlations between the MPs concentration and habitat quality (IHRPlata index) were statistically significant, on the contrary correlations between the MPs concentration and measured environmental variables were not found. The findings of this study emphasises the need for a better treatment of urban waste, which would contribute to reducing the entry of this pollutant into the ecosystem. The presence of microplastics in plankton samples on the coast of the Río de la Plata estuary. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • The mean of microplastics (MPs) in the water column was 139 MPs m−3. • The most frequent MPs sizes were >500 ≤ 1000 μm, with a higher fibres concentration. • The MPs were more abundant in the sites near cities, sewage effluents and the turbidity front. • A fraction of MPs showed a frequency range of size that coincides with the most common sizes of plankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study assessed the spatial and temporal variations and the potential influences of the Pearl River discharge on trace metal bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in Hong Kong coastal waters. A suite of biomarkers including antioxidant defense, oxidative stress, metal detoxification, cellular response, neurotoxicity, and energy reserve were quantified in the rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata over spatial scale across the east and west of Hong Kong. We documented the elevated Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in all western stations in the fall season, as a result of time-integrated accumulation during the peak discharge of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in summer. Lipid peroxidation and total glutathione corresponded well with the overall metal gradient and showed significant correlation with the tissue Cu bioaccumulation. The eastern station (Clear Water Bay) also exhibited high Cd and Cu concentrations with increased oxidative stress responses. In the spring, metal bioaccumulation in the oysters was reduced due to the weakened influence of PRE, with correspondingly less obvious biomarker responses. Our coupling measurements of biomarkers and tissue metal concentrations for the first time revealed that the large PRE could have latent and seasonal biological effects on the Hong Kong coastal biota. Sensitive biomarkers such as lipid peroxidation and glutathione responses might be good candidates for detecting the early biological responses in such sub-lethal contaminated environments. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • PRE discharge was a major identified source of trace metals in Hong Kong coastal waters. • Elevated Cd, Cu and Zn in oysters due to time-integrated accumulation of the seasonal PRE discharge. • PRE could have latent and seasonal biological effects on the Hong Kong coastal biota. • Lipid peroxidation and total glutathione were significantly correlated with Cu bioaccumulation. • Selected biomarkers in oyster gills were sensitive to detect sub-lethal metal contamination. Pearl River Estuary discharge could significantly affect the biochemical biomarker responses of rock oysters in Hong Kong coastal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because mangroves store greater amounts of carbon (C) per area than any other terrestrial ecosystem, conservation of mangrove forests on a global scale represents a potentially meaningful strategy for mitigating atmospheric greenhouse‐gas (GHG) emissions. However, analyses of how coastal ecosystems influence the global C cycle also require the mapping of ecosystem area across the Earth's surface to estimate C storage and flux (movement) in order to compare how different ecosystem types may mitigate GHG enrichment in the atmosphere. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on diverse coastal morphology (that is, different coastal environmental settings resulting from how rivers, tides, waves, and climate have shaped coastal landforms) to explain global variations in mangrove C storage, using soil organic carbon (SOC) as a model to more accurately determine mangrove contributions to global C dynamics. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first global mangrove area estimate occupying distinct coastal environmental settings, comparing the role of terrigenous and carbonate settings as global "blue carbon" hotspots. C storage in deltaic settings has been overestimated, while SOC stocks in carbonate settings have been underestimated by up to 50%. We encourage the scientific community, which has largely focused on blue carbon estimates, to incorporate coastal environmental settings into their evaluations of C stocks, to obtain more robust estimates of global C stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Most ground beetles, even of varying sizes, share a similar body shape, but there are species-specific differences and morphological peculiarities that reflect the demands of habitat and niche. Especially morphological characteristics of the compound eye reflect features of the life style of insect species. We investigated the morphometry and eye morphology of three scaritine ground beetles: Scarites (Scallophorites) buparius , Forster, 1771, Parallelomorphus laevigatus Fabricius, 1792, and Distichus planus , Bonelli, 1813, living partly overlapping in coastal habitats of Southern Italy. The small eye size indicates that all the three species belong to the "olfactory-tactile hunters". Life on mobile sands, on shoreline environment and in retro-dune unstable habitats seem to be the driving factors that influenced smaller differences in eye size, ommatidia number, male/female size ratio, flight ability and several behaviour traits. Habitat preferences and behaviour of the three species are discussed in the light of previous literature and an explanation of female-male cooperation of Scarites buparius in nest digging is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper examines the risk of coastal flooding in Ensenada and surroundings. Using topo-bathymetric surveys, wave and wind data, tidal time series and numerical modelling, a set of flooding maps were obtained to show the effects of sea level variability related to extreme events for different return periods. Results show that flooding in the north of the study area is low, since cliffs of up to 6 m height dominate the geomorphology, so no considerable threat to human assets is envisaged. The south of the area is different; flooding levels could reach human settlements and affect the Punta Banda Lagoon. The flood levels that affect the study area are those associated to return periods of 50 years, while those of return periods 2, 5, 10 and 25 years do not suggest considerable flooding. Thus, as long as there are no substantial modifications of anthropic origin in the coastal zone of Ensenada, the risk of flooding due to extreme events is low, although it is important to consider the erosion that these phenomena could be cause. Highlights • For the first time full flooding maps have been developed for Todos Santos Bay, Mexico. • Topobathymetric and hidrometeorological data and numerical modelling were used to estimate flooding maps for return periods. • Flood levels significantly affecting the study area are those related to 50 years return period. • Risk of flooding due to extreme hydro-meteorological phenomena is low at the north, and moderate at the south of the Bay. • Is important to consider that even low flooding can produce beach erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Coastal ecosystem goods and services (EGS) have steadily gained traction in the scientific literature over the last few decades, providing a wealth of information about underlying coastal habitat dependencies. This meta-analysis summarizes relationships between coastal habitats and final ecosystem goods and services (FEGS) users. Through a "weight of evidence" approach synthesizing information from published literature, we assessed habitat classes most relevant to coastal users. Approximately 2800 coastal EGS journal articles were identified by online search engines, of which 16% addressed linkages between specific coastal habitats and FEGS users, and were retained for subsequent analysis. Recreational (83%) and industrial (35%) users were most cited in literature, with experiential-users/hikers and commercial fishermen most prominent in each category, respectively. Recreational users were linked to the widest diversity of coastal habitat subclasses (i.e., 22 of 26). Whereas, mangroves and emergent wetlands were most relevant for property owners. We urge EGS studies to continue surveying local users and identifying habitat dependencies, as these steps are important precursors for developing appropriate coastal FEGS metrics and facilitating local valuation. In addition, understanding how habitats contribute to human well-being may assist communities in prioritizing restoration and evaluating development scenarios in the context of future ecosystem service delivery. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Industry and recreation dominated final coastal ecosystem goods/services literature. • Recreational users were linked to the widest array of coastal habitats. • Evidence linking users to estuarine waters was most prominent. • The relevance of coastal habitats to intermediate services was cited often. • Improve future ecosystem goods and services research by adding local user information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the world's cities are located on the coast, and coastal ecologies and livelihoods are under increasing pressure from rapid urban transformations and climate change. This necessitates paying attention to how coastal spaces are understood and governed, but the spatial dimensions of urban coastal commons has received comparatively little attention. How are coastal spaces framed, understood, and contested? Drawing on scholarship on socio-spatial relations, the 'right to the city', and spatial justice, we explore these questions through tracing the contestations around the coastal commons in Mumbai, particularly focusing on the Coastal Road project and how claims of rights and access by the Koli fishing community unfolded. The case untangles the multi-scalar framings of coastal commons as places that are intimately tied up with Koli identity, versus city planners' view of coasts as mere 'conduits', with the transformation of fluid land-sea commons into legible and controllable territory. We make an argument for the notion of a 'right to the coast as commons' as being conducive for a more climate-resilient city that heeds the particular ecological interdependencies and stewardship of coastal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of macroalgae transplants is a recent technique used in pollution biomonitoring studies in marine ecosystems. Only 60 articles published between 1978 and 2017 reported the use of this environmental tool for the active biomonitoring of inorganic pollutants and nutrients worldwide. In this review paper, we evaluated studies on this topic in relation to the development of methodological aspects of the technique and the degree of standardization of the protocols used. On the basis of findings of this review, we conclude that the technique is not yet standardized and that uniformisation of protocols is required to enable comparison of the results of different studies. We propose a new protocol for applying the technique, in which each suggestion has been carefully and rigorously compared with the relevant findings reported in the available literature. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Sixty papers using transplanted macroalgae in biomonitoring studies were reviewed. • The methodological aspects of the transplant technique were evaluated. • Uniform techniques have not been used which hampers comparison of results among studies. • A protocol for routine biomonitoring of the quality of coastal waters is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Marine and coastal ecosystems are among the largest contributors to the Earth's productivity. Experimental studies have shown negative impacts of microplastics on individual algae or zooplankton organisms. Consequently, primary and secondary productivity may be negatively affected as well. In this study we attempted to estimate the impacts on productivity at ecosystem level based on reported laboratory findings with a modelling approach, using our biogeochemical model for the North Sea (Delft3D-GEM). Although the model predicted that microplastics do not affect the total primary or secondary production of the North Sea as a whole, the spatial patterns of secondary production were altered, showing local changes of ±10%. However, relevant field data on microplastics are scarce, and strong assumptions were required to include the plastic concentrations and their impacts under field conditions into the model. These assumptions reveal the main knowledge gaps that have to be resolved to improve the first estimate above. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Modelling the impact of microplastics on marine productivity requires strong assumptions. • The model predicts that microplastics do not affect the total production in the North Sea. • Yet, spatial patterns of secondary production are altered, showing local changes of ±10%. • Large knowledge gaps exist concerning plastic concentrations and impacts in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite the remarkable development in its fishery sector, the penetration rate of fishery insurance in China is considerably low. This paper examines the key factors that contribute to the poor performance of fishery insurance, in particular aquaculture insurance, in China. The double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (DB DCCVM) is used to investigate fish farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for an insurance program, based on a survey of 1280 fish farmers in three coastal cities in China. The results indicate that fish farmers’ decisions on adoption of an insurance scheme depend on various factors, among which magnitude of loss, fish farmers’ awareness toward insurance and their education all have a positive impact. However, income and farming years are more likely to have a negative effect. In addition, the mean WTP for aquaculture insurance is estimated to be CNY 579 (US$ 90.05) 2 2 The exchange rate of 1 US Dollar to Chinese Yuan was 6.43 on 18th June 2018 from Bank of China. per household, which is equivalent to 1.5% of fish farmers' mean annual income. These results provide several policy implications for not only the Chinese government but also researchers as well as insurance companies. Highlights • Examines factors contributing to poor performance of aquaculture insurance in China. • The DB DCCVM method was adopted to investigate fish farmers' WTP for insurance. • The mean WTP for aquaculture insurance is estimated to be CNY579 2 per household. • The results provide several policy implications for the government and companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal and marine ecosystem provides critical ecosystem services to millions of people living in a densely populated Bangladesh. In recent decades, the ecosystem faces a number of challenges derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources that put pressures on the sustainability of the social and ecological system. Moreover, the government recent initiatives to enhance the ocean-based blue economy and achieve sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 14 calls for developing a comprehensive conservation strategy for the coastal and marine environment. Based on literature review and stakeholders consultation, this study formulated a detailed conservation strategy for the coastal and marine environment of Bangladesh. The strategy of nine interrelated sectors, their objectives and the action plan towards achieving these objectives were outlined. Implementing these strategies will play an instrumental role in enhancing blue growth and achieving sustainable development goals either directly or indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of acidification related to the CO 2 enrichment in the coastal environments on marine macrobenthic abundance, diversity and richness were analyzed in a medium- term (21 days) using mesocosm experiments. Two sampling sites located in the Bay of Cadiz – SW, Spain were selected and tested at pH values ranged from 7.9 to 6.0 (± 0.1). Moreover, variations in the concentrations of metals in the sediment samples were analyzed at the end of each experiment. The results showed low variation in the concentrations of metals in the sediment among the pH treatments. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the abundance, diversity and richness of assemblages were measured between the control and the lowest pH level in both sampling sites tested in this study (Rio San Pedro and El Trocadero). The majority of species were found in all samples except in pH 6.0 which only two species were found ( Hydrobia ulvae and Scrobicularia plana ,) in Rio San Pedro sediment fauna. In general, the results of cluster analysis showed 60% and 40% similarity in all replicated tests in El Trocadero and Rio San Pedro of sediment fauna, respectively. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that both sediment parameters and pH reduction can interfere in the benthic assemblage indices. Although the assemblages’ indices have shown decreases only in the lower pHs, the organisms also could be impacted by chronic effects. Therefore, the extension of this study is important in order to improve the knowledge about the risks associated with CO 2 enrichment in on marine organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution in the marine environment is one of the foremost environmental problems of our time, as it affects wildlife and human health both directly and indirectly through the effects of contaminants carried by microplastics. This study investigates the temporal and spatial distribution of plastic pellets and fragments in sandy beaches along the coastline of Northern Crete, during 2013. Their densities varied throughout the year in each beach, with highest densities during the summer and towards the upper parts of the beaches. The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorbed on microplastics sampled from nine sandy beaches of Northern Crete was quantified using Gas chromatography – Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (GC-ITMS). PAHs concentrations ranged from non-detectable levels to 1592 ng/g and fluctuated between sampling periods. Based on the observed patterns of meso- and microplastics distribution, practical guidelines are proposed to minimize the entrance of microplastics into the seawater wherefrom they are exceptionally difficult to collect, if mitigation actions are to be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented here aims at comparing monitoring of S-metolachlor, the major pesticide in use in the Arcachon Bay (South West of France, transitional coastal area), by chemical analysis (monthly passive sampling) and contaminant dissipation modeling from sources (Mars-2D model). The global strategy consisted in i) identifying the major sources of S-metolachlor to the Bay, ii) monitoring these sources for 12 months, and iii) comparing modeled data in the Bay based on measured inputs, to chemical measurements made inside the Bay along with the 12-month source monitoring. Results first showed that the major S-metolachlor surface inputs to the Arcachon Bay are mainly from one single source. Modeled and measured data were in good agreement at 5 sites in the Bay, both in terms of concentration range and seasonal trends. Modeling thus offers a cost-effective solution for monitoring contaminants in transitional waters, overcoming in addition the technical limitations for measuring pg L −1 or lower levels in coastal waters. However, we highlighted that secondary sources may affect accuracy at local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Characterization and assessment study was conducted for trace metals pollution in surface sediments at six sites including harbors, bays and river input along Lebanese coast (LCZ). A particular attention was given to Tripoli Port in order to identify the main sources of trace metals pollution inside this harbor. Total metals concentrations were compared with those reported for the shale. The results revealed that trace metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cr) contamination was significantly localized at Beirut Port, which is classified as the most highly polluted site. At Tripoli Port site, metals contamination was classified as moderate; it is affected by shipping, ship maintenance activities and sewage outfall. According to the SQGs guideline, the biological adverse effect of Cd, Pb and Zn were expected to occur frequently at Beirut Port. The results obtained would be helpful in developing more effective harbor management strategies to control and monitor the metal discharges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal zone is of great importance in the provision of various valuable ecosystem services. However, it is also sensitive and vulnerable to environmental changes due to high human populations and interactions between the land and ocean. Major threats of pollution from over enrichment of nutrients, increasing metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and climate change have led to severe ecological degradation in the coastal zone, while few studies have focused on the combined impacts of pollution and climate change on the coastal ecosystems at the global level. A global overview of nutrients, metals, POPs, and major environmental changes due to climate change and their impacts on coastal ecosystems was carried out in this study. Coasts of the Eastern Atlantic and Western Pacific were hotspots of concentrations of several pollutants, and mostly affected by warming climate. These hotspots shared the same features of large populations, heavy industry and (semi-) closed sea. Estimation of coastal ocean capital, integrated management of land-ocean interaction in the coastal zone, enhancement of integrated global observation system, and coastal ecosystem-based management can play effective roles in promoting sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems. Enhanced management from the perspective of mitigating pollution and climate change was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, NW Portugal, particularly the city of Porto, has increasingly attracted tourists, thus emphasising the economic potential of the sector. This region is also of high ecological relevance, hosting a Marine Protected Area and several estuarine and coastal protected areas classified by the EU Natura 2000 programme. Therefore, there is a need to combine human activities and deliver societal benefits without compromising the ecosystem health and the maintenance of ecosystem services (ES). Here we give a novel local/regional assessment of the recreation and tourism magnitude in relation to ecosystem services using NW Portugal as a case study, including major estuarine habitats in the Douro estuary. We combined InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model predictions with available tourism data to interrogate, analyse and ensure that the Tourism Recreation model produced outputs maps of Photo-User-Day estimates. As a proxy for tourist visits, we used the geotagged photographs posted to the website Flickr™. The area being modelled was decided based on the location of natural habitats with a high attractiveness to visitors. We applied the Recreation model to different scales to compare the Photo-User-Day estimates over the local and regional scales of the study area to give a major focus for recreation associated with the Porto city and with the Douro estuary. This work shows the high value of the need for studies where ES are assessed at a local/regional scale and not based on extrapolations from general ES estimates, under the incorrect assumption that habitats worldwide are similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses the articles within the issue on topics including carbon taxes and economies, coastal ecosystems, and survivors of flash flood events in south east Queensland.

Complexity of anthropogenic influences on coastal ecosystems necessitates use of an integrated assessment strategy for effective interpretation and subsequent management. In this study a multiple lines of evidence (LOE) approach for sediment assessment, that combined use of chemistry, toxicity, and benthic community structure in the sediment quality triad was used to assess spatiotemporal changes and potential risks of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in sediments of Masan Bay highlighting “long-term changes” between 1998 and 2014. Specific target objectives encompassed sedimentary PTSs (PAHs, alkylphenols (APs), and styrene oligomers), potential aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR; H4IIE- luc assay)- and estrogen receptor (ER; MVLN assay)-mediated activities, and finally several ecological quality (EcoQ) indices of benthic community structure. Concentrations of target PTSs in Masan Bay sediments were generally less by half in 2014 compared to those measured in 1998. Second, AhR-mediated potencies in sediments also decreased during this time interval, whereas ER-mediated potencies increased (+3790%), indicating that there has been substantial ongoing, input of ER agonists over the past 16 years. Potency balance analysis revealed that only 3% and 22% of the AhR- and ER-mediated potencies could be explained by identified known chemicals, such as PAHs and APs, respectively. This result indicated that non-targeted AhR and ER agonists had a considerable presence in the sediments over time. Third, EcoQ indices tended to reflect PTSs contamination in the region. Finally, ratio-to-mean values obtained from the aforementioned three LOEs indicated that quality of sediments from the outer region of the bay had recovery more during the period of 16-years than did the inner region. Overall, the results showed that even with the progress supported by recent efforts from the Korean governmental pollution control, PTSs remain a threat to local ecosystem, especially in the inner region of Masan Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global beach litter assessment is challenged by use of low-efficiency methodologies and incomparable protocols that impede data integration and acquisition at a national scale. The implementation of an objective, reproducible and efficient approach is therefore required. Here we show the application of a remote sensing based methodology using a test beach located on the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coastline. Litter was recorded via image acquisition from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, while an automatic processing of the high volume of imagery was developed through machine learning, employed for debris detection and classification in three categories. Application of the method resulted in an almost 40 times faster beach coverage when compared to a standard visual-census approach. While the machine learning tool faced some challenges in correctly detecting objects of interest, first classification results are promising and motivate efforts to further develop the technique and implement it at much larger scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of invasive species into a new environment is one of the most important factors implicated in loss of native biodiversity. Their early detection is indispensable to efficient control and management response, because after their incursion and establishment the eradication is nearly impossible. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the world´s hotspots of biological invasions and existing monitoring programs are often insufficient for effective surveillance of the established invasive populations or early detection of new incursions. The aim of the current study was to design a specific molecular marker for detecting and monitoring the soft shell clam Mya arenaria, listed among 100 Mediterranean Worst Invasive Species, from environmental samples. The 16S marker was designed in silico and validated in vitro on serial dilutions of M. arenaria DNA and other closely related mollusk species; its performance was also tested on complex environmental samples collected from locations in the Baltic Sea with known established M. arenaria population. The new marker allows amplifying small fragments of 279 bp and detecting as low as 0.00103 ng/μl of M. arenaria DNA with no cross-amplification detected. We suggest the use of this and other species-specific markers for targeted surveillance of invasive species and prompt detection of the prospective incursions. Such monitoring approach has the potential to be adopted by citizen science programs due to its easy implementation, minimal technical skills requirements and reasonable amount of associated expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, the north-western part of the East European Craton, specifically the East Baltic region (EBR), was considered an aseismic territory. Historical earthquakes did take place in the EBR, but they occurred rarely and could not always be associated with tectonic conditions. The attitude towards seismicity of the region began to change after the Osmussaar earthquake on 25 October 1976 (M=4.7) and especially after the Kaliningrad earthquakes on 21 September 2004 (Mw = 5.0; Mw = 5.2). In this study, the seismicity of the EBR was generalized over 13 years after the Kaliningrad earthquakes on the basis of Scandinavian and our own data. In several cases focal mechanisms were solved for weak earthquakes. The study showed a tendency of seismic activity to decrease from northwest to southeast, a predominant concentration of earthquakes sources in the East Baltic coastal zone, and the activation of Ladoga-Bothnia, Vyborg, Olaine-Inčukalns, Võrtsjärv zones. The main problems are associated with a rare seismic network, high level of ambient seismic noise, and a large number of man-made sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland is characterized by intense coastal processes dominated by wave erosion. Reliable prediction of the coastal zone development, as well as effective strategy for coastal protection, demands a quantitative assessment of beach transformation and volume of sediment loss as a result of extreme storms. The main goal of this study based on results of terrestrial laser scanning was to establish volumes of eroded, transported, and redeposited sand during storm surge events that occurred between 2012 and 2017, and to verify a mathematical model of beach profile changes within key areas located in the Kurortny District of St. Petersburg (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea), where the longest set of levelling and terrestrial laser scanning was conducted. The resulting detailed 3D GIS models of coastal relief, based on high-resolution geodesic surveys, produced a highly reliable database of beachface transformation under the extreme storm impact and quantitative assessment of erosion volumes and sediment loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seagrass meadows are recognized as one of the most productive ecosystems in the coastal zone supporting a wide variety of keystone and ecologically important marine species from diverse trophic levels. This paper examines existing policies and legislations that can help in the protection, conservation and threats to seagrass ecosystems. The paper i) reviews the key legislations with provisions to conserve seagrass ecosystems in India such as the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (2011) issued under the Environment (Protection), Act 1986, the Wildlife (Protection) Act, (1972), Biodiversity Act, 2002 and the Marine Fishing Regulation Acts of different coastal states in India; ii) identifies threats to the seagrass meadows and iii) suggests measures for enhancing conservation of seagrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates the importance of considering social and cultural factors within management responses to environmental change in coastal areas. The case study taken is Xuan Thuy National Park in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam. This is a marginalised coastal area where rising sea levels, increasing storm surges and saltwater intrusion place pressure on coastal ecosystems, yet where communities continue to rely on these same ecosystems for agriculture- and aquaculture-related livelihoods. We interview stakeholders in Xuan Thuy National Park, connecting these with a narrative review of existing research into social and environmental change in the park to understand research gaps and challenges for vulnerable coastal areas like the Nam Dinh coast. Based on our findings, we suggest that whilst the effects of a changing environment on physical health and economic activity are increasingly well understood, effects on wellbeing and social relations can be even more immediate and profound in daily living. In turn, we argue environmental management has a crucial role to play not only for ecosystem-based adaptation, but also in sustaining wellbeing and allowing culturally meaningful practices to continue – especially in coastal regions where changes can be even more intense and immediate. However, we caution that whilst techno-scientific solutions grounded in environmental management do have significant potential in reducing impacts of extreme events and slower-onset environmental changes, they must not divert attention away from structural issues that can make some people or areas more vulnerable in the first instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-indigenous species (NIS) can cause substantial change in ecosystems and as marine invasives they can become a major threat to coastal and subtidal habitats. In September 2017 previously unknown and apparently NIS soft corals were detected on a shallow subtidal tropical rocky reef at Ilha Grande Bay, southeast Brazil. The present study aims to identify the species, quantify their distribution, abundance, and their interactions with native species. The most abundant NIS belonged to the recently described genus Sansibia (family Xeniidae) and the less common species was identified as Clavularia cf. viridis (family Clavulariidae). They were found along 170 m of shoreline at all depths where hard substrate was available. Sansibia sp. dominated deeper communities, associated positively with some macroalgal and negatively with the zoantharian Palythoa caribaeorum , which probably provided greater biotic resistance to invasion. Both species are of Indo-Pacific origin and typical of those ornamentals found in the aquarium trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]