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Clitoria ternatea may possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities that are expected to provide benefits for dental peri-implantitis treatment. Objective to investigate C. ternatea ethanolic extract (CTEE) antibacterial activity toward periimplantitis bacteria in vitro and C. ternatea's anthocyanin anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity in silico. CTEE was examined with phytochemical tests, antioxidant activity tests, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests to analyze antibacterial activity toward dental peri-implantitis bacteria such as Prophyromonas gingivalis (Pi), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Provotella intermedia (Pi), and Fusobacteria nucleatum (Fn). Molecular docking of CEET's anthocyanin to tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB), receptor activator nuclear kappa (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), osteoprotegrin (OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cells 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, heat shock protein-10 (HSP-10) and -70 (HSP-70) was performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene's test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test continued with a post-hoc test (p<0.50) to analyze the data. CTEE contains active compounds including flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. CTEE has lower antioxidant activity than vitamin C. CTEE at 50% concentration has antibacterial activity that inhibits Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn growth. Anthocyanins of CTEE show anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity in silico. CTEE has antibacterial activity towards Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn at 50% concentration and potential antioxidant ability in vitro. CTEE's anthocyanin has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity in silico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies investigating the application of blue pea flower anthocyanins in fermented dairy products are limited. In this study, the application of anthocyanin extracts from blue pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) in yoghurt and fermented milk at 1 and 2% (w/v) concentrations was investigated and compared to a commercial blue colourant from spirulina. The total anthocyanin content (TAC), antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays), pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, colour, and viable cell count were measured at 6 days intervals for 30 days at 4 °C storage. The TAC of yoghurt with blue pea flower anthocyanin extract demonstrated high stability, but the TAC of fermented milk with blue pea flower anthocyanin extract decreased significantly. The yoghurt and fermented milk with blue pea flower anthocyanin extract demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than the negative control and samples containing spirulina. The total colour change (ΔE) of yoghurt with blue pea flower anthocyanin extract was less than that of yoghurt containing spirulina during storage. However, the colour of fermented milk with blue pea flower anthocyanin extract was less stable than samples containing spirulina. The average colour acceptability of yoghurt and fermented milk containing 2% (w/v) blue pea flower anthocyanin extracts and those containing spirulina colourant was not significantly different. Therefore, an anthocyanin extract from blue pea flowers at 2% (w/v) concentration was a better blue colourant than spirulina in yoghurt. Spirulina was a better colourant compared to blue pea flower anthocyanins for fermented milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Air pollutants especially polyaromatic hydrocarbons pose countless threats to the environment. This issue demands for an effective phytoremediation technology. In this study we report the beneficial interactions of Clitoria ternatea and its plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria Bacillus cereus ERBP by inoculating it for the remediation of 5 ppm airborne ethylbenzene (EB). The percentage efficiency for ethylbenzene removal among B. cereus ERBP inoculated and non-inoculated sterile and natural C. ternatea has also been determined. The inoculation of B. cereus ERBP has significantly increased EB removal efficiency of both sterile and natural C. ternatea. The inoculated natural C. ternatea seedlings showed 100% removal efficiency within 84 h for the aforementioned pollutant compared with the sterile inoculated C. ternatea seedlings (108 h). The degradation of EB by C. ternatea seedlings with and without B. cereus ERBP was assessed by measuring the intermediates of EB including 1-phenylethanol, acetophenon, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. In addition, cytochrome P450s monooxygenase (CYP83D1) and dehydrogenases (LOC100783159) involved in the oxidation of hydrocarbons are well reported for their bio catalytic activities under xenobiotic stress conditions. Hence, the co-effect of the native endophyte B. cereus ERBP inoculation and EB exposure on the expression level of CYP83D1 and dehydrogenase were also determined. The targeted genes CYP83D1and dehydrogenases have shown an increased expression level under the 5 ppm of EB exposure enabling C. ternatea to withstand and remediate the pollutant. Highlights • Bacillus cereus ERBP enhance phytoremediation of ethylbenzene of Clitoria ternatea. • Ethylbenzene was degraded to 1-phenylethanol, acetophenone and benzaldehyde. • Benzoic acid was found as end product of ethylbenzene degradation. • High expression of CYP83D1 and dehydrogenase were found in inoculated C. ternatea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is hyperglycemic or elevated blood glucose level and deficiency of insulin level. DM treatment using synthetic drugs has several complexities, side effects. Reducing the side effects of synthetic drugs, the utilization of herbal medicines is increasingly in demand. Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract (CTE) has pharmacological activities such as hepatoprotective, diuretic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective : This research was conducted to evaluate antidiabetic potent of CTE in DM and dyslipidemia rats model. Methods: LC-MS/MS was used to analyze the CTE compounds. Rats were given high fat diet for 28 days followed by nicotinamide and streptozotocin for inducing DM rats model. DM and dyslipidemia rats model were given CTE at 200, 400, 800 mg/kg of BW, glibenclamide, and simvastatin for 28 days. The glucose and insulin levels on day 28 were measured after treatment of CTE. The CAT, SOD, MDA, IL-18 and protein of pancreas were measured. The glycogen gene expression in pancreas was measured using q-RTPCR method. The GSK-3β expression of liver, IL-6 expression of pancreas were analyzed using IHC method. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and then continued to be analyzed using Tukey's HSD post-hoc test. Results: CTE increased level of pancreatic CAT, SOD and protein, reduced pancreatic MDA, IL-18 levels , glycogen gene expression of pancreas, GSK-3β protein expression of liver, and IL-6 protein expression of pancreas in DM and dyslipidemia rats. CTE improved liver histopathology, reduced serum glucose, and enhanced insulin levels. Conclusion : CTE has the potency for DM treatment, through antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory in DM and dyslipidemia rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This research article reports a simple, and cost-effective strategy of red fluorescent carbon dots (RCDs) synthesis using plant leaves. • Efforts have been made to enhance the aqueous solubility RCDs through lipid coating, which results in better bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Lipid coating over RCDs also helps to improve their biocompatibility in the absence of radiation. • The lipid-coated RCDs (LRCDs) act as a potential candidate for imaging guided synergistic photothermal-photodynamic therapy against breast cancer. The synthesis of carbon dots using plant leaves is a facile and economically viable approach. Here we report the development of lipid-coated red fluorescent carbon dots (LRCDs), a biocompatible and stable nanomaterial, utilizing Clitoria ternatea leaves. The red fluorescent carbon dots (RCDs) were prepared by hydrothermal method, followed by lipid coating using rotary evaporation for imaging-guided phototherapy. RCDs generate heat in tandem with NIR laser irradiation and could therefore be employed as a photothermal agent in cancer therapy. Additionally, the fluorescent nature of RCDs can be utilized in bioimaging. The fabricated RCDs displayed a characteristic fluorescent emission maximum at 672 nm with a shoulder peak at 723 nm. Hydrophobicity is a major drawback associated with the RCDs, which limits their therapeutic efficiency due to poor biodistribution and rapid clearance. To address this limitation, we coated RCDs with soya lecithin to generate hydrophilic LRCDs with better bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Further analysis using MTT assay reveals high biocompatibility and a distinct photothermal ablation potency of LRCDs against L929 and 4T1 cells, respectively. LRCDs could potentially be synthesized on a large scale and used for a variety of applications due to their low-cost, and biocompatibility. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Clitoria ternatea(C. ternatea) against the fish pathogens viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli(E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia(K. pneumonia), Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis), Aeromonas formican(A. formicans)s, Aeromonas hydrophila(A. hydrophila) and Streptococcus agalactiae(S. agalactiae) isolated from diseased Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Methods: The extracts of C. ternatea was tested against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, A. formicans, A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae by the agar well diffusion method. Results: Different extracts of C. ternatea showed inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, A. formicans, A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae. Ethyl acetate extracts of C. ternatea showed maximum of zone of inhibition against A. formicans (18 mm), A. hydrophilia (19 mm), B. subtilis (19 mm) and P. aeruginosa (21 mm) next to that ethanol extract of C. ternatea showed A. formicans (18 mm) and E. coli (14 mm) followed by Acetone extract showed maximum zone of inhibition S. agalactiae (19 mm) and K. pneumonia (17 mm). Conclusions: The antimicrobial activities of all the four plant extracts are comparable and their potential as alternative in the treatment of infectious by these microorganisms was present in the fish. Susceptibility testing is conducted on isolates using drugs selected on the basis of their importance to human medicine and use in fish production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts of the plant Clitoria ternatea were tested against the urinary tract infection causing pathogen Proteus mirabilis. Initially, 63 clinical samples from different age groups were collected for evaluating the urinary tract infection. Then, the clinical samples were examined for the presence of Proteus mirabilis bacterium by assessing morphological, biochemical, and cultural characteristics. To assess the zones of inhibition for various antibiotics towards Proteus mirabilis , disc diffusion method involving standard antibiotic discs was used. The antibacterial activities of antibiotics against Proteus mirabilis showed that ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and tetracycline exhibited better zones of inhibition. Further, the extracts from the leaves of Clitoria ternatea were prepared with different solvents such as acetone, isopropyl alcohol and petroleum ether and the extract yield was higher in acetone than the other two solvents. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for acetone and the lowest antibacterial activities were observed for isopropyl alcohol, and petroleum ether extracts against Proteus mirabilis. In addition, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To compare the antibacterial property between tissue cultured and wild plants of Clitoria ternatea. Methods: Callus formation, shoot multiplication and rooting were carried out in MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and KN; BA, KN and IAA; NAA and NAA, respectively. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method against the gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, the gram negative Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vugaris and Salmonella typhi. Soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction with a series of solvents methonolic, perolium ether and ethyl acetate. Results: The best shoot initiation was resulted in KN (1.0 mg/L) and IAA (0.5 mg/L). The maximum shoot multiplication was obtained by BA (0.75 mg/L) and IAA (0.5 mg/L). The maximum callus initiation was observed by adding 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) and KN (0.5 mg/L) using leaf explants. Callus differentiation was achieved by addition of 2, 4-D (0.3 mg/L) and KN (0.3 mg/L). The combination of plant growth regulators such as 2,4-D and KN induced best callus in all the explants of Clitoria ternatea compared to other hormonal combination. Maximum rooting was achieved by adding NAA (1.0 mg/L) on half strength MS medium. The methonolic extract of callus showed higher activity in Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus than rest of the organisms. Conclusions: From the present investigation, it can be concluded that in vitro derived callus and plants of Clitoria ternatea exhibits antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic bacteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]