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The integration of biomaterials in medical applications triggers the foreign body response (FBR), a multi-stage immune reaction characterized by the formation of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). Originating from the fusion of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, FBGCs are pivotal participants during tissue-material interactions. This review provides an in-depth examination of the molecular processes during FBGC formation, highlighting signaling pathways and fusion mediators in response to both exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Moreover, a wide range of material-specific characteristics, such as surface chemical and physical properties, has been proven to influence the fusion of macrophages into FBGCs. Multifaceted biological activities of FBGCs are also explored, with emphasis on their phagocytic capabilities and extracellular secretory functions, which profoundly affect the vascularization, degradation, and encapsulation of the biomaterials. This review further elucidates the heterogeneity of FBGCs and their diverse roles during FBR, as demonstrated by their distinct behaviors in response to different materials. By presenting a comprehensive understanding of FBGCs, this review intends to provide strategies and insights into optimizing biocompatibility and the therapeutic potential of biomaterials for enhanced stability and efficacy in clinical applications. As a hallmark of the foreign body response (FBR), foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) significantly impact the success of implantable biomaterials, potentially leading to complications such as chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and device failure. Understanding the role of FBGCs and modulating their responses are vital for successful material applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecules and signaling pathways guiding macrophage fusion into FBGCs. By elucidating the physical and chemical properties of materials inducing distinct levels of FBGCs, potential strategies of materials in modulating FBGC formation are investigated. Additionally, the biological activities of FBGCs and their heterogeneity in responses to different material categories in vivo are highlighted in this review, offering crucial insights for improving the biocompatibility and efficacy of biomaterials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A salt of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) was commercialized some years ago. This so-called Dual Rinse (DR) HEDP has been tested for its combined actions and interactions with pure sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions. The aim of this study was to assess DR interactions with NaOCl solutions containing proprietary additives. Designated endodontic NaOCl solutions that come at 2 different strengths (2% and 5.25%), and without or with additives (Chloraxid and Chloraxid Extra, respectively) were tested. Some of their key chemical and physical properties were determined in the presence or absence of HEDP (9%) in the solution. In addition, soft tissue dissolution efficacy of test and control solutions was assessed in extracted teeth (n = 10 per group, 90 teeth in total). The NaOCl content in the 2% Chloraxid solutions was slightly above, that in the 5.25% solutions below the labeled concentration. The additives in the Chloraxid Extra solutions neither altered their surface tension nor their viscosity. The addition of HEDP to any of the tested NaOCl solutions reduced their pH, and increased their surface tension and viscosity. HEDP-induced available chlorine loss over the first hour was similar between all NaOCl solutions. Soft tissue dissolution in the root canals was affected by NaOCl concentration, but neither by any proprietary NaOCl additive in the Chloraxid solutions, nor the addition of DR HEDP. Proprietary additives had no influence on any of the tested parameters, including surface tension of the "Extra" solutions. The increased viscosity of combined NaOCl/HEDP solutions deserves further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fireworks play a vital role in festive celebrations and entertainment. These fireworks industries are administered by the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO), Nagpur, Government of India. Even though PESO prescribed the standard composition for various fireworks products, concerns persist regarding the potential deviation from these standards, particularly in the pursuit of increased noise levels to attract consumers. This change in the burning and reactive properties of chemicals could potentially lead to accidents and environmental pollution. The current work investigated the combustion characteristics of two unknown market flash powder samples and a PESO standard sample. The samples were openly ignited in a controlled atmosphere, and video recordings of the resulting chemical flames were analyzed to determine fire area, flame intensity, and motion magnitude. The residues were also collected for EDAX and SEM analysis. Fire pixels from video frames are segmented to create a comprehensive database detailing flame area and motion magnitude under different circumstances. From the flame area profile, motion magnitude and SEM/EDAX analysis, it is found that PESO standard sample combustion is better than the unknown flash powder combustion. • Burning flame of fireworks chemicals captured by CCD. • Flame area and volume had been found by Digital Image Processing. • Residue analysis was carried out. • Through flame analysis and residue analysis, fuel properties had been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we review ChemCompute, a free web platform providing access to various open-source electronic structure and molecular dynamics software packages for exploring the structure and properties of chemical systems. We also illustrate how one can introduce high-quality computational chemistry in undergraduate lab courses without any financial limitations using this platform. Finally, we present an overview of its existing features and their possible applications in lab experiments, which can benefit undergraduate students as beginners to computational chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonation is an effective method of post-harvest preservation and reducing the loss of health-promoting compounds such as phenolic compounds during storage. Fruits of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have strong antioxidant properties, they are recognised as one of the most valuable sources of health-promoting bioactive compounds. In the present study, changes in total acidity and pH of highbush blueberry fruit depended on ozonation and storage time and genotype. The total acidity of fresh blueberries of tested genotypes ranged from 0.59 - 0,90 g·100 g−1. The highest total acidity was recorded for clone '21', which was ozonated for 15 min. It was found that the application of ozone gas during storage of V. corymbosum fruit had mainly positive effect on the content of analysed bioactive compounds. Results of our study showed that ascorbic acid content varied depending on genotype, storage time and ozonation. The average content of this antioxidant in the non-ozonated fresh fruit was 22.32 mg.100 g−1, and slightly decreased with ozonated 15 min and 30 min - 21.87 mg.100 g−1 and 21.95 mg.100 g−1, respectively. Average content of total phenolic in fruits subjected to ozonation for 30 min. and stored for 15 days was higher by 10.3% in a comparison to control sample (fresh fruits). The antioxidant values of DPPH and FRAP in fruits subjected to storage and ozonation for 30 min. increased by 22.6% and 15.5%, respectively. Using ozone had a minor positive effect on the measured mechanical properties of the fruits. Throughout the different storage periods of blueberry fruits, there was a decrease in destructive energy and an increase in force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N -Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a thiol group modifier and antimicrobial agent. Arthrobacter sarcosine oxidase (SoxA), a diagnostic enzyme for assaying creatinine, loses its activity upon the addition of MIT, and its inactivation mechanism remains unclear. In this study, SoxA was chemically modified using MIT (mo-SoxA), and its structural and chemical properties were characterized. Spectral analysis data, oxygen consumption rates, and reactions were compared between intact SoxA and mo-SoxA. These demonstrate that the oxidative half-reaction toward oxygen is inhibited by MIT modification. The oxidase activity of mo-SoxA was approximately 2.1% of that of intact SoxA, and its dehydrogenase activity was approximately 4.2 times higher. The C-to-S mutants revealed that cooperative modification of 2 specific cysteine residues caused a drastic change in the enzyme reaction mode. Based on the modeled tertiary structures, the putative entrance for oxygen uptake is predicted to be blocked by the chemical modification of the 2 cysteine residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mg-based LDHs are the most prominent and common LDHs, with attractive features such as hydrophilicity, porous structure, high surface area, adjustable interlayer space, and ion exchange capability. • These properties make Mg-based LDHs highly applicable in membrane separation processes. • Polymeric membranes, commonly used in separation processes, have limitations such as high fouling, light permeability, and weakness in separation. • The use of effectual additives like LDHs, especially Mg-based LDHs, is a promising method to overcome these limitations. • Extraordinary properties of Mg-based LDHs and their good processability have created strategies to improve the performance of flat sheet mixed matrix polymer membranes in wastewater treatment and brackish water desalination processes. Magnesium (Mg) is a widely used and attractive metal, known for its unique physical and chemical properties, and it has been employed in the manufacture of many practical materials. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), particularly Mg-based LDHs, rank among the most prevalent two-dimensional materials utilized in separation processes, which include adsorption, extraction, and membrane technology. The high popularity of Mg-based LDHs in separation applications can be attributed to their properties, such as excellent hydrophilicity, high surface area, ion exchangeability, and adjustable interlayer space. Currently, polymer membranes play a pivotal role in semi-industrial and industrial separation processes. Consequently, the development of polymer membranes and the mitigation of their limitations have emerged as compelling topics for researchers. Several methods exist to enhance the separation performance and anti-fouling properties of polymer membranes. Among these, incorporating additives into the membrane polymer matrix stands out as a cost-effective, straightforward, readily available, and efficient approach. The use of Mg-based LDHs, either in combination with other materials or as a standalone additive in the polymer membrane matrix, represents a promising strategy to bolster the separation and anti-fouling efficacy of flat sheet mixed matrix polymer membranes. This review highlights Mg-based LDHs as high-potential additives designed to refine flat sheet mixed matrix polymer membranes for applications in wastewater treatment and brackish water desalination. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential of crystallization and precipitation technologies as alternative methods for downstream purification in biotherapeutics production. It addresses the challenges posed by conventional chromatography techniques and highlights the economic advantages of crystallization/precipitation. The adoption of molecular and process modeling is suggested to optimize these technologies within the framework of quality by design (QbD) initiatives.

The purpose of this review article is to review and analyze the physicochemical properties of MDP-10, which make it possible to use this compound in the creation of the latest generation of self-etching adhesives, and to provide stable results of adhesion of restorative composite materials and native dental tissues, using various techniques in modern dentistry. Publications in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and other reliable sources were examined through a systematic literature review. The author selected articles whose content concerns the study of the chemical structure of the molecule of the substance, the chemical properties of the functional groups of the compound, physical data after the direct use of the material that includes 10-MDP. Functional monomers are a key element in new generation self-etch adhesives. Comparing various functional monomers, as a result of this literature review, it was revealed that 10-MDP is currently the most optimal compound included in various adhesives, this is ensured due to its chemical structure and, as a consequence, chemical properties that provide unique interactions, both with hard tissues of zuya (hydroxyapatite), and with organic structures such as collagen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SEN alloys are developed by adding small amounts of Ca and Y to Mg–Al-based alloys. • SEN alloys exhibit enhanced oxidation, ignition, and corrosion resistances. • SEN9 alloy has superior tensile properties and comparable fatigue properties to AZ91 alloy. • The formation of brittle Mg 17 Al 12 DPs during aging is suppressed in SEN alloys. • SEN9–0.5MM alloy exhibits excellent extrudability with a maximum speed of 12 mm/s. This review article provides overall understanding of stainless, environment-friendly, and nonflammable Mg alloys (SEN alloys) recently developed at the Korea Institute of Materials Science. SEN alloys are produced by adding small amounts of Ca and Y (each <1 wt%) into commercial Mg–Al based alloys, resulting in exceptional ignition and corrosion resistances and impressive mechanical properties. Their main advantages of SEN alloys are as follows. (1) A dense multi-oxide layer of SEN alloys comprising MgO, CaO, and Y 2 O 3 impedes the outward dispersion of Mg vapor and the inward penetration of O 2 during oxidation, thereby enhancing the oxidation and ignition resistances. (2) The presence of Ca- and Y-based second-phase particles in SEN alloys can enhance their corrosion resistance because Ca-containing particles prevent the spread of corrosion, and the replacement of Al-containing particles with less noble ones containing Y (e.g., Al–Mn–Y or Al–Y particles) retards corrosion. (3) The addition of minor amounts of Ca and Y renders excellent mechanical properties due to improved strengthening effects. These enhanced properties are attributed to more pronounced dynamic recrystallization and grain refining behaviors caused by the second-phase particles during extrusion. (4) Despite the presence of various types of second-phase particles, the fatigue properties of SEN9 alloys are similar to those of commercial AZ91 alloys. (5) Simultaneous introduction of Ca and Y suppresses the formation of Mg 17 Al 12 discontinuous precipitates during aging, leading to the enhanced elongation of aged SEN alloys. (6) Adding mischmetal into the SEN9 alloy leads to a six-fold enhancement in extrudability. Consequently, the studies conducted on SEN alloys demonstrate their excellent ignition and corrosion resistances and mechanical properties, which broaden the industrial applications of Mg alloys by addressing their inherent weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Magnesium compounds and their composites for supercapacitors were highlighted. • Various regulative strategies and their mechanisms for regulating the electrochemical properties of magnesium compounds were collected. • The challenges and outlooks of magnesium compounds in high performance supercapacitors have been discussed. The application of Mg-based electrochemical energy storage materials in high performance supercapacitors is an essential step to promote the exploitation and utilization of magnesium resources in the field of energy storage. Unfortunately, the inherent chemical properties of magnesium lead to poor cycling stability and electrochemical reactivity, which seriously limit the application of Mg-based materials in supercapacitors. Herein, in this review, more than 70 research papers published in recent 10 years were collected and analyzed. Some representative research works were selected, and the results of various regulative strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of Mg-based materials were discussed. The effects of various regulative strategies (such as constructing nanostructures, synthesizing composites, defect engineering, and binder-free synthesis, etc.) on the electrochemical performance and their mechanism are demonstrated using spinel-structured MgX 2 O 4 and layered structured Mg-X-LDHs as examples. In addition, the application of magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide in electrode materials, MXene's solid spacers and hard templates are introduced. Finally, the challenges and outlooks of Mg-based electrochemical energy storage materials in high performance supercapacitors are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm, is a flowering plant species in the palm family Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit called dates. Dates are high in dietary fibre and antioxidant compounds, known for preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This research studied the chemical properties, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic content of fermented date vinegars from Phoenix dactylifera L. fruits, which had three cultivars - Barhi, Siam S1, and KL1. Methods: The first step was making date wines by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.75% v/v of date juice content) to produce alcohol; the second step was making date vinegars by using Acetobacter pasteurianus (10% v/v of inoculum). Thereafter, the wines and vinegars were analysed for their chemical properties [high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)], antioxidant activities [2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay], and total phenolic content (folin ciocalteu method). Results: Results showed that the highest alcohol content was 9.35% (v/v) in Siam S1 wine. The highest acetic acid was 7% (v/v) in Siam S1 vinegar. From the phytochemical analysis of vinegars, the highest antioxidant activity was found to be 24.96 mg/mL in Siam S1 vinegar, while the highest total phenolic content was found to be 208.35 mg GAE/L in KL1 vinegar. Conclusion: This novel research showed that the Siam S1 date had the highest acetic acid and antioxidant activity in vinegar. Thus, this cultivar could be processed to make new, healthy products that can further lead to income generation for the people in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) is a vegetable that, despite many health-promoting properties, contains large amounts of oxalic acid, which has a negative impact on human health. Treatment of rhubarb petioles with gaseous ozone is one way to improve their quality by changing their chemical properties. As part of the research, an analysis of the mechanical and chemical properties of rhubarb petioles was performed. The analyzes showed that the applied doses of ozone of 10 ppm during 1, 3 and 5 minutes lowered the concentration of oxalic acid during 5 days of tests performed after the ozonation treatment. The most favorable effect on the reduction of oxalic acid, amounting to 36%, was caused by gaseous ozone at a concentration of 10 ppm during 5 minutes compared to the control. In addition, it was noted that on the 1st and 3rd day after using ozone gas, the antioxidant activity of the tested raw material increased significantly. Also on the same days of testing, the total amount of polyphenols increased as a result of the use of ozone fumigation. The largest increase in the total amount of polyphenols, amounting to 12%, was observed for a dose of 10 ppm 5 minutes on the 1st day after the ozonation treatment compared to the control variant. In turn, no positive effect of the ozonation process on the content of vitamin C and the value of destructive force during three-point bending of rhubarb leaf petioles was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to develop dual-cured resin cements containing Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr-BGNPs; 5 or 10 wt%) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM; 3 or 6 wt%). Effects of additives on degree of monomer conversion (DC), biaxial flexural strength/modulus, shear bond strength (SBS), mass/volume change, color stability, ion release, and cytotoxicity were examined. Controls included material without reactive fillers and Panavia SA Plus (PV). Experimental cements showed higher DC than PV regardless of light activation (p<0.05). Mean SBS and color stability were comparable between experimental cements and PV. Cell viability upon the exposure to sample extracts of experimental cements was 80%-92%. High additive concentrations led to lower strength and modulus than PV (p<0.05). The additives increased mass change, reduced color stability, and promoted ion release. The experimental resin cements demonstrated acceptable mechanical/chemical properties and cytotoxicity. The additives reduced the strength but provided ion release, a desirable action to prevent recurrent caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing research examining the effects of supplementary cementitious materials on age-dependent concrete properties with the most profound implications for precast concrete production. The review covers the physical and chemical properties of selected types of supplementary cementitious materials, concrete mixture proportions, concrete curing methods, testing procedures, and test results related to the fresh properties and strengths of a range of concrete mixtures. Although the use of supplementary cementitious materials in precast concrete products is common, the detailed information provided in this paper may facilitate more widespread use of these materials to enhance concrete properties and comply with sustainability initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Corrosion protection for Mg alloys. • Engineering self-repairing coatings is considered as an effective strategy, because they can enable the timely repair for damaged areas, which brings about long-term protection for Mg alloys. • On the basis of the state-of-the art molecular design of building blocks, one is able to synthesize diverse COF frameworks with defined but tailored microstructures, endowing the coating with stimulus response function to achieve better corrosion prevention effect. • As a novel carrier and barrier, porous solids, especially covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been respected as the future development of self-repairing coatings on Mg alloys, due to their unique, diverse structures and adjustable functions. Featuring low density and high specific strength, magnesium (Mg) alloys have attracted wide interests in the fields of portable devices and automotive industry. However, the active chemical and electrochemical properties make them susceptible to corrosion in humid, seawater, soil, and chemical medium. Various strategies have revealed certain merits of protecting Mg alloys. Therein, engineering self-repairing coatings is considered as an effective strategy, because they can enable the timely repair for damaged areas, which brings about long-term protection for Mg alloys. In this review, self-repairing coatings on Mg alloys are summarized from two aspects, namely shape restoring coatings and function restoring coatings. Shape restoring coatings benefit for swelling, shrinking, or reassociating reversible chemical bonds to return to the original state and morphology when coatings broken; function self-repairing coatings depend on the release of inhibitors to generate new passive layers on the damaged areas. With the advancement of coating research and to fulfill the demanding requirements of applications, it is an inevitable trend to develop coatings that can integrate multiple functions (such as stimulus response, self-repairing, corrosion warning, and so on). As a novel carrier and barrier, porous solids, especially covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been respected as the future development of self-repairing coatings on Mg alloys, due to their unique, diverse structures and adjustable functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the changes in physical and chemical properties of the enamel surface after application of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF), Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF), LASER activated SDF and LASER activated APF. Methods: Sample consisted of 72 freshly extracted healthy human premolar teeth, extracted for orthodontic purpose, free from caries, fracture or any anomalies. The selected samples were randomly divided into four groups (n = 18): Group 1 (SDF); Group 2 (APF); Group 3 (LASER activated SDF) and Group 4 (LASER activated APF). All samples were evaluated for values of DIAGNOdent at baseline, after demineralisation and after remineralisation. They were further divided and assessed for colour changes, surface alterations and fluoride content of surface enamel using Spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry respectively. The statistical analysis was done using One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test, Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis Test. Results: Highest remineralising potential and maximum colour changes of surface enamel was exhibited by Group 3. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Group 3 and Group 4 exhibited regular globular structures of enamel whereas Group 1 and Group 2 showed irregular globular surface of the enamel at 2000× and 5000× magnification. Maximum fluoride uptake on the surface enamel was seen in Group 4 followed by Group 3. Conclusion: Use of LASER activated topical fluorides helps to achieve superior caries prevention. LASER activated APF can be used as an aesthetic alternative to SDF, as LASER activated APF showed higher uptake of fluoride on the enamel surface without discoloration effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variation study of physical and chemical properties at different radial and axial levels of Borassus flabellifer tree was carried out for the first time. An increasing trend in specific gravity from the centre (NC) towards near the bark (NB) has been observed at all three highest i.e. bottom, middle, and top of the tree. Colour analysis of the wood samples has shown a decreasing order of colour intensity (light to dark) from the NC to the NB positions. Holocellulose, hemicellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin content ranged from 64.19 to 73.42%, 17.5 to 26.85%, 42.22 to 51.02%, and 24.57 to 26.98% respectively. Lignin content was found maximum for the middle of the tree, followed by top and bottom height. Total extractives and ash content were found 1.92%–5.43% and 0.94%–1.69% respectively. This study found that B. flabellifer wood can be potentially utilised for various purposes, such as paper and pulp, and furniture making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a D-A-D type fluorescent conjugated molecule with a high molar absorption coefficient and emission at 1120 nm in the near-infrared region was synthesized. Conjugated molecules and two polyethylene glycol polymers with different lipophilic ends are assembled into water-soluble nanoparticles to improve their biocompatibility. Then, their physical and chemical properties were studied and compared. Compared with phospholipid-based PEG, styrene-based PEG can reduce the π-π stacking between molecules and the quenching caused by molecular aggregation. It has more advantages in particle size and fluorescence performance and can be better used in biological imaging. In addition, the Nano-particles have good photo-thermal conversion efficiency; the temperature rises to 62.8°C after 980 nm irradiation for 6 min, which can be used as a potential near-infrared II photothermal therapeutic agent. In vivo imaging experiments confirmed that nanomaterials have fluorescence, photoacoustic dual-modal imaging and good biological safety. In this work, we constructed D-A-D type dual donor fluorescent molecules using BBTD, CPDT and EDOT, and used amphiphilic polymers to improve their biocompatibility. Compared with DSPE NPs, PS-NPs can reduce intermolecular π-π stacking and increase quantum yield (QY = 0.98 %). Deep penetration and low biological toxicity make it have biomedical value and realize the integration of multi-functional collaborative imaging. This work can still be further improved and supplemented, and the molecular structure can be optimized to improve its application in biomedical imaging. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several degree-based topological indices have a vital role in the inspection of the chemical properties of various chemical networks. Hex-derived networks, made up of hexagonal mesh networks, have wide applications in the fields of technology, pharmacy and physical sciences. In this research work, we focus on different hex-derived networks of the third type of dimension n and their subdivisions. The Nirmala indices (such as the Nirmala index, the first inverse Nirmala index and the second inverse Nirmala index) are newly introduced degree-based topological indices. Here, we compute the values of these Nirmala indices for the above networks under consideration by operating their standard mathematical formulas and the M-polynomial based method. In addition, we plot the Nirmala indices of the networks and their subdivisions in different dimensions for the purpose of comparative studies among them. The results acquired are helpful in demonstrating the structural properties of considered hex-derived networks and their subdivisions. Also, it may influence the researchers for comparative based studies of the structure and their subdivisions in the sense of the Nirmala indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm, is a flowering plant species in the palm family Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit called dates. Dates are high in dietary fibre and antioxidant compounds, known for preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This research studied the chemical properties, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic content of fermented date vinegars from Phoenix dactylifera L. fruits, which had three cultivars - Barhi, Siam S1, and KL1. Methods: The first step was making date wines by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.75% v/v of date juice content) to produce alcohol; the second step was making date vinegars by using Acetobacter pasteurianus (10% v/v of inoculum). Thereafter, the wines and vinegars were analysed for their chemical properties [high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)], antioxidant activities [2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay], and total phenolic content (folin ciocalteu method). Results: Results showed that the highest alcohol content was 9.35% (v/v) in Siam S1 wine. The highest acetic acid was 7% (v/v) in Siam S1 vinegar. From the phytochemical analysis of vinegars, the highest antioxidant activity was found to be 24.96 mg/mL in Siam S1 vinegar, while the highest total phenolic content was found to be 208.35 mg GAE/L in KL1 vinegar. Conclusion: This novel research showed that the Siam S1 date had the highest acetic acid and antioxidant activity in vinegar. Thus, this cultivar could be processed to make new, healthy products that can further lead to income generation for the people in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow-release materials have the property of controlling the slow-release of drugs. At present, polymer slow-release materials have been widely studied, but the stability is poor and the release effect of components is difficult to control. The diatomite mineral is light in weight, small in volume and stable in physical and chemical properties. A series of diatomite based porous slow-release materials were prepared to explore the adsorption-release performance. The prepared slow-release materials have excellent porous structure and adsorption-release properties. The adsorption process of phoxim onto slow-release materials accorded with Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 217.86 mg g-1 at 25 ºC. In addition, the release effect of phoxim from slow-release materials was obvious under acid or high temperature conditions. The limit release amount was 60.04 and 80.2% respectively. The slow-release time was up to 25 days which will reduce the phoxim residues efficiently. According to the fitting results of Ritger-Peppas model, the release process was controlled by Fick diffusion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unpolluted, polluted and remediated mudflat samples were collected in Bodo Creek, Rivers State, Nigeria to evaluate the ecological status of the area using impact analysis of sediment remediation by flushing technique on chemical properties and levels of some metals. Results showed that total organic carbon ranged from 21.5 - 23.0 % from the unpolluted to the remediated station, available nitrogen was 2.4 % and 2.5 % for the unpolluted and the polluted/remediated stations, total organic matter was 35 % and 40 % for unpolluted and polluted/remediated stations while available phosphorus ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 mg/kg for remediated to polluted/unpolluted stations. Sodium content ranged from 134 to 137 for unpolluted to polluted/remediated stations, potassium was 1779 mg/kg for unpolluted and 1370 mg/kg for the remediated station, calcium was 224 mg/kg for unpolluted and 296 mg/kg for the remediated station while Pb Cu were below detectable limits. It can be concluded that remediated station is safe ecosystem re-establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major quercetin metabolite, quercetin-3-glucuronide, exerts various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic profiles and biological properties of the positional isomers of quercetin monoglucuronides (Q3G, Q7G, Q3'G, and Q4'G) in activated macrophages. In addition to quercetin aglycone, Q7G was more cytotoxic than the other quercetin monoglucuronides (QGs), which corresponded to its lower stability under neutral pH conditions. Q3G was most effective in inhibiting both LPS-dependent induction of IL-6 and RANKL-dependent activation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; however, Q3'G and Q4'G may also help exert biological activities without potential cytotoxicity. The deconjugation efficacy to generate quercetin aglycone differed among QGs, with the highest efficacy in Q3G. These results suggest that the chemical or biological properties and metabolic profiles may depend on the stability of QGs to generate quercetin aglycone using β-glucuronidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, MXenes, as a kind of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with exceptional performance, have become the research hotspots owing to their unique structural, electronic, and chemical properties. They have potential applications in electrochemical storage, photocatalysis, and biosensors. Furthermore, they have certain characteristics such as large surface area, favorable biocompatibility, and ideal mechanical properties, which can expand their applications in biomedical fields, especially in cancer therapy. To date, several researchers have explored the applications of MXenes in tumor elimination, which exhibited other fantastic properties of those 2D MXenes, such as efficient in vivo photothermal ablation, low phototoxicity, high biocompatibility, etc. In this review, the structures, properties, modifications, and preparation methods are introduced respectively. More importantly, the multifunctional platforms for cancer therapy based on MXenes nanosheets (NSs) are reviewed in detail, including single-modality and combined-modality cancer therapy. Finally, the prospects and challenges of MXenes are prospected and discussed. In this review, the structures, properties, modifications, and preparation methods of MXenes nanomaterials are introduced, respectively. In addition, the preparation conditions and morphological characterizations of some common MXenes for therapeutic platforms are also summarized. More importantly, the practical applications of MXenes-based nanosheets are reviewed in detail, including drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and multifunctional tumor therapy platforms. Finally, the future prospects and challenges of MXenes are prospected and discussed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An automotive sealed chain consisting of an elastomeric seal between chain plates prevents the entry of external contaminants. But, the presence of a seal induces high transmission loss due to the frictional force. In the present study, a comparative transmission loss test between two ANSI-B29.1 520 series sealed chains of equal geometric dimensions (5/8" pitch) was carried out. The tests revealed a significant difference of 38% in their transmission losses between the chains. To understand these observed differences in the chain performance, the material analysis of the seals (nitrile butadiene rubber) was performed, which showed a significant difference in their composition. The increased seal hardness due to difference in chemical properties resulted in a 21% increase in friction coefficient between the seal and the plates. The seal thickness reduction, the effect of lubricant, and the difference in the frictional forces between chains yielded differences in the transmission losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During storage, sea-buckthorn berries which are a valuable source of bioactive compounds, gradually lose their optimum mechanical properties and chemical characteristics. Mechanical and chemical properties of sea-buckthorn berries were examined in fruit exposed to gaseous ozone at a rate of 10 and 50 ppm for 15 minutes. Ozonation process did not impact mechanical properties (except for elastic modulus) or morphological characteristics, but it resulted in decreased water loss, on average by 5.21%, in fruit kept in cold storage for 14 days, as well as increased pH and reduced acidity of sea-buckthorn berries on average by 9.03% and 20.0% (for ozone concentration of 50 ppm) compared to the control sample. Polyphenol contents in sea-buckthorn berries were identified using UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Out of all the identified polyphenols, the findings showed the highest contents of flavone glycosides, represented e.g., by isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside. The contents of bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total polyphenols or polyphenol profile) as well as antioxidant activity (measured using DPPH. and ABTS+. assays) were different, depending on the variety and possibly were affected by the timing of sea-buckthorn fruit harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, some physical, chemical and biological (nematofauna) characteristics of a vertisol-type soil and the changes that occurred due to the effects of burning were evaluated. A statistical analysis of completely randomized blocks was carried out, where four experimental zones were used in shape of a box (4 m2) each, two samples were handled without burning and with burning at depths of (0 - 7.5) and (7 .5 - 15) cm, with three sampling and data collection treatments: (i) one hour before burning, (ii) immediately after and (iii) 30 days after burning. According to what was observed, there were alterations in some properties of the soil, which affect its fertility, leading to an accelerated degradation or desertification of these agro-ecosystems, thus generating a negative environmental impact. It is necessary to establish indicators of good management of soil, water, crops and environment resources, applying more friendly practices in their productive situations, in order to improve the agro-ecological conditions of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Attalea maripa and Attalea speciosa was evaluated for the production of edge-glued panels. The chemical and physical properties and the quality of the bonding of the species and mixed treatment between them, under different conditions, were evaluated. The length bonding was performed with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive and the side with PVA and emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) in two spreading rates. The species A. maripa has a lower content of extractives in cold and hot water, total extractives, ash and pH, and higher density compared to A. speciosa. The tangential, radial and volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage anisotropy of the species were statistically equal. On the length bonding, only in the tensile test after drying pre-treatment were the requirements of the technical standards not met. As regards side bonding, the treatments of A. maripa and mixed joints with EPI reached the standard for the pre-treatment in cold water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical properties and chemical compositions of porous carbons are crucial factors in determining their effectiveness in adsorbing CO 2. Cellulose-based porous carbon has emerged as an outstanding candidate adsorbent for CO 2 capture. The research involved the creation of hierarchically nitrogen-doped porous carbon (HNC) using a 3D cellulose alcogel (CA) as substrate, which was prepared through a thermal introduced phase separation (TIPS) method combined with hydrolysis treatment. The plentiful functional groups of CA offered abundant growth sites for the introduction of ZIF-8 crystals. CA/ZIF-8 composite alcogel (CZA) with greater surface area and superior thermal stability compared to CA was successfully fabricated and used as precursor for the production of HNC. The important effects of microporosity and surface chemistry of HNC samples on CO 2 capture were discussed in-depth. HNC-350–850 displayed a hierarchically porous structure with a large number of micropores and abundant N/O/Zn-doped functional groups, exhibiting high CO 2 uptakes at 1 bar (3.56 mmol/g at 25 °C), good IAST CO 2 /N 2 (15/85, V/V) selectivity of 16.31 at 25 °C, and outstanding regenerability with ∼100 % CO 2 adsorption capacity retained after ten cycles. In the two-component CO 2 /N 2 (15/85, V/V) competitive adsorption process, the maximum breakthrough periods for CO 2 (433.1 s) is significantly longer than that of N 2 (3.8 s). The CO 2 breakthrough adsorption capacity reached 1.79 mmol/g at 25 °C and 1 bar with the separation coefficient of 45.8 for CO 2 over N 2. These results confirmed that HNC, in addition to having excellent CO 2 /N 2 selectivity, demonstrated good feasibility for practical use. The green and practicable synthetic route described in this study is not only expected to offer novel adsorbents for high performance CO 2 capture, but also provide a new theoretical foundation for the development of cellulose-based porous materials. [Display omitted] • Cellulose/ZIF-8 composite alcogel showed high surface area and good thermal stability. • Hierarchically N-doped porous carbon displayed remarkable CO 2 adsorption performance. • Microporosity and N-containing functional group had positive effects on CO 2 capture. • A green and feasible route was provided for designing novel cellulose-based adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic organic compounds present in groundwater environments have low contents, high toxicity, long half-lives and stable chemical properties, which increase the difficulty of degradation under natural conditions. In this study, an zero-valent iron activated peroxymonosulfate system (Fe0/PMS) was constructed to remove common aromatic organic compounds in groundwater. The results showed that at an initial pH of 7.0, Fe0=0.3 g/L, PMS= 0.5 mM, and initial concentration of organic matter (C 0) =0.1 mM, the removal efficiency of the seven aromatic organic compounds by the Fe0/PMS system reached more than 70 %, which shows good removal ability. Alcohol quenching tests and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry tests showed that the main active oxygen species in the system were SO 4 •─ and OH•, which could efficiently degrade aromatic organic compounds through electrophilic substitution, hydroxylation, carbonylation and decarboxylation reactions and reduce the biological toxicity of organic compounds in wastewater to a certain extent. In the long-term dynamic reaction process, the removal rate of aromatic organic compounds in actual groundwater by the Fe0/PMS system can be maintained above 75 %, and the complex structure can be effectively destroyed. This research can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient treatment of aromatic organic compounds in groundwater. • The Fe0/PMS system is effective in degrading aromatic pollutants in contaminated groundwater. • The toxicity of typical aromatic pollutants was decreased by Fe0/PMS system. • Degradation pathways of typical aromatic pollutants in Fe0/PMS system are proposed. • The practical application of Fe0/PMS for degrading aromatic pollutants was proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, amino monomer (4Am-PH) and the sulfonated poly (arylene ether ketone sulfone) involving amino groups (Am-SPAEKS) were successfully prepared by diazotization reaction and direct polycondensation, respectively. The polyethyleneimine-modified UiO-66-NH 2 (P-MOFs) were prepared as fillers. Composite membranes were fabricated by incorporating different contents of P-MOFs into Am-SPAEKS polymer matrix using non-solvent-induced phase separation. The morphology, chemical structure and properties of the polymers, fillers and composite membranes were proved by FT-IR, 1H NMR, FE-SEM, XPS and etc. The final experimental results showed that the introduction of hydrophilic fillers, P-MOFs, substantially improved the hydrophilicity, water flux and antifouling capabilities of the membranes. The water contact angle decreased from 78.5° to 56.4°. The flux of water from a pure membrane was 333.68 L/m2 h. When the content of P-MOFs was 0.1 %, the water flux could attain to 830.23 L/m2 h, the retention rate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution could attain to 98.6 % and the flux recovery rate (FRR) values of the composite membrane remained high (86.1 %) for BSA solution. In addition, after three cycles, the pure water flux of the composite membrane could still attain 595.49 L/m2 h. The results demonstrated that P-MOFs have significant potential for utilization in the preparation of composite ultrafiltration membranes and provided an effective idea for the modification and design of other hydrophilic MOFs applied in the study area of ultrafiltration membranes. [Display omitted] • The PEI-coated hydrophilic MOFs was prepared. • The composite membranes' hydrophilicity had been successfully improved. • Composite membrane M 2 had high water flux (830.23 L/m2 h) and FRR (86.1 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous catalysts of chromium-extracted aluminum (CE) were prepared and used to produce bio-oil from the co-pyrolysis of cotton fabric waste (CFW) and polypropylene waste (PPW). The catalysts were synthesized via wet impregnation at 5–20 wt% catalyst loading and calcined at 600 °C for 5 h. The co-pyrolysis was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C for 1 h with 1:1 CWF/PPW ratio and 1:1 catalyst/feedstock ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts and bio-oil were characterized by several techniques such as Brunauer–Emmet–Teller, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Investigations into the effects of metal loadings revealed that the 15CE catalyst was the most active, achieving a maximum bio-oil yield of 76.4 % and producing valuable chemical compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, and furans. The XRD of 15CE catalyst confirmed the presence of chromium oxide and assigned to the rhombohedral phase of the crystal lattice. BET indicated 15CE has the largest surface area (50.4 m2/g) among the CE catalysts which contributed to its high activity. The SEM revealed CE catalysts at different metal loadings contain irregular shapes and sizes with a rough surface texture. The NH 3 -TPD profiles indicated alterations in acid site distribution due to the interaction between the introduced Cr metal and EA. The 15CE catalyst also demonstrated significant reusability, maintaining performance after two regeneration cycles. These results confirm the potential of CE catalysts in enhancing bio-oil production from CFW and PPW. [Display omitted] • The extraction of aluminum from manufacturing sludge. • Chromium-extracted aluminum as heterogeneous catalyst was prepared. • Co-pyrolysis of cotton fabric waste and polypropylene plastic waste to bio-oil. • The catalyst 15 % Cr loading on EA (15CE) obtained maximum bio-oil yield of 76.4 %. • 15CE shows good potential as a heterogeneous catalyst for bio-oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent research, a sulfonated 2D graphitic carbon catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to the platform chemical 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) can be made from used ground coffee. By carbonizing and activating at different temperatures, sulfonated graphitic carbon (SC) catalysts with varied chemical compositions and textural characteristics were obtained. The physical and chemical characteristics of the SC catalysts were assessed using XRD, Raman, SEM-EDX, HR-TEM, BET analysis, and XPS. Due to its microporous structure, SC-900 exhibited a high specific area and demonstrated selective and efficient production of 5-HMF from fructose. All in all, the surface acidity of catalysts was measured by NH 3 -TPD, and acid-base titration methods. The SC-900 catalyst, designed through carbonization at 900 ℃, achieved a fructose conversion rate of 100 % and a 5-HMF yield of 97.91 % without generating any by-products. This indicates the catalyst essentially produces 5-HMF under the specified optimal conditions (140 ℃, 90 min) observed in this study. To determine the origins of the highly efficient and highly selective conversion of fructose to 5-HMF, the performance of the SC catalysts was systematically investigated vi-a-vis their physical and chemical properties. The development of microporous SC catalysts and their application as catalysts not only enhances the value of waste coffee but also provides an environmentally friendly approach for converting carbohydrates into 5-HMF. [Display omitted] • First use of sulfonated 2D graphitic carbon from waste coffee for fructose dehydration. • SC-900 catalyst exhibits 100 % fructose conversion and 97.91 % 5-HMF yield. • SC-900 catalyst achieves 100 % fructose conversion and >90 % 5-HMF yield after 4 cycles. • SC-900 remarkable catalytic performance is due to its highly defective 2D structure. • SC-900 has the highest surface area and microporous structure among the SC catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of varying activation temperatures under vacuum on the Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), MIL-101(Fe), and its consequential effects on H 2 O 2 activation and Fenton degradation of one of the contaminants of emerging concerns, acetaminophen (ACT) is investigated in this work. MIL-101(Fe) underwent vacuum activation at temperatures ranging from 60 ℃ to 150 ℃, and an in-depth analysis of the resulting samples' physical and chemical properties were conducted. XRD, FTIR and microscopic studies revealed that the structure and crystallinity of the samples were preserved irrespective of the activation temperature. MIL-101(Fe) activated at 120 ℃ (MIL-101–120) demonstrated the highest degradation kinetics when examined for Fenton degradation of ACT. XPS analysis revealed that MIL-101–120 exhibited the highest Fe2+: Fe3+ ratio and a complete degradation of ACT was attained within 60 minutes of the reaction. This indicated a direct correlation between increased Fe2+ content and the rate of Fenton degradation. A possible catalytic mechanism for the ACT degradation by MIL-101(Fe) was further proposed, indicating the influence of different active sites and radicals in the reaction. Overall, the study provides insight into the significance of optimizing various activation conditions to improve the catalytic efficiency of MIL-101(Fe). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic oxidation is still an effective approach to eliminate volatile organic compound (VOCs). In order to explore the promotion mechanism for the improvement of toluene oxidation capacity over NaOH-modified Ce 2 Co 1 Cu 1 catalyst (Ce 2 Co 1 Cu 1 -AT), NaOH-modified catalysts with similar physical-structure and chemical properties were prepared by modified co-precipitation, impregnation and etching methods, respectively. Characterization results revealed that NaOH modification could generate a large number of defects, oxygen vacancies as well as abundant active sites on the surface of Ce 2 Co 1 Cu 1 , the concentration of surface adsorbed oxygen species and the mobility of surface lattice oxygen species were both increased. Hence, the catalyst's redox capacity was enhanced, the accumulation rates of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde were much lower (reduced about 69 % and 83 %, respectively), and the negative effect of the accumulation of intermediate species covering the reactive site was weakened. Benefiting from these, the toluene oxidation performance of the NaOH-modified catalysts was significantly improved, with T 90 (191 ℃) of Ce 2 Co 1 Cu 1 -AT was nearly 20 ℃ lower than that of the un-modified catalyst, which is among the best reported activity values. Additionally, it also exhibited excellent thermal stability and water resistance. This work may provide a new strategy to design and synthesize the high-efficiency VOCs catalyst. [Display omitted] • The de-toluene ability after NaOH modification was significantly improved. • NaOH modification lower the accumulation rates of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. • NaOH introduction caused the production of abundant hydroxyl groups. • The benzoate aromatic ring-open ability was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyze the effects of the functionalization of pre-functionalized GIC particles with chlorhexidine on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. Four groups were prepared: (1) GIC (Bioglass R - Biodinamica) - control group; (2) GIC-CHX 1%: Group containing 1% pre-reacted CHX particles; (3) GIC-CHX 2.5%: Group containing 2.5% pre-reacted CHX particles; (4) GIC-CHX 5%: Group containing 5% pre-reacted CHX particles. Hourglass-shaped specimens (10 mm × 2 mm x 1 mm) were fabricated for mechanical tests including cohesive strength (n = 12), modulus of elasticity (n = 12) and microhardness (n = 10). Discs (10 mm × 2 mm) were prepared for the analysis of Ca+2, PO 4 − and F− ions release (n = 3), and roughness (n = 12). To evaluate the setting time, a Gilmore needle was used according to ISO 9917–1:2016. Disk-shaped specimens (5 × 1mm) were manufactured and subjected to bacterial activity (n = 9) (Streptococcus mutans ATCC 159). Modulus, roughness, setting time and ions release (Ca+2, PO 4 −, and F−) there were no statistically significant differences among the groups (p > 0.05). The setting time did not change with the incorporation of CHX. The GIC-CHX 2.5% and GIC-CHX 5% groups exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the control group and GIC-CHX 1% (p < 0.001). The GIC-CHX 5% group showed the highest microhardness values (p < 0.041), cohesive strength (p < 0.009) when compared to the control group. The pre-reacted CHX in GICs was able to confer antimicrobial activity, improve cohesive strength, microhardness, and did not impair ion release, setting time, and roughness. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are natural, complex, volatile compounds with a potent aroma that are produced as secondary metabolites by aromatic plants. The most dependable method for extracting EOs from various plants is hydro distillation, which is both environmentally beneficial and economically sustainable. EOs are extracted from various plant parts including flowers, barks, leaves, stems, and roots. EOs are used in almost every aspect of life, and the market demand for EOs is rapidly expanding as a result of these characteristics. The chemical composition of EOs varies depending on the portion of the plant. They are crucial to the biological functions of the plant, including its antibacterial action. Thus, they can be used in a variety of sectors to manage molds, different fungi, and bacteria, including food-borne and phytopathogenic organisms, which can result in a variety of diseases in animals and humans as well as post-harvest ailments. In food preservation, EOs have notable cognizance. EOs have been involved in the improvement of mood and are used as an anti-depressant as per folk herbal medicines owing to their fragrances. This study focuses on the biological characteristics of EOs and their effectiveness in newly investigated and created applications, especially in the food, cosmetics, and public health domains. Also, highlights the potential use of EOs in alternative treatments for a range of viral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current collectors and electrolyte pairs are frequently overlooked in the development of supercapacitors. In electrode design and sealed packaging, the mechanical and chemical properties of the electrolyte must be retained while maintaining the integrity of microelectrodes and current collectors of the microsupercapacitors. In this research, the physical and electrochemical response of copper (Cu) and 316 stainless steel current collector (SS) for lignin-derived laser scribed graphene (L-LSG) microsupercapacitor with K 2 SO 4 (K+) and H 2 SO 4 (H+) as an electrolyte medium was studied. XPS results confirmed a passivation layer on a copper electrode before and after the electrochemical reaction involving H 2 SO 4 as the electrolyte medium of the highly porous L-LSG structure with six pairs of microelectrodes and graphene current collectors. Analysis of the CV and GCD curves shows that the SS/K+ pair is the most suited for an L-LSG microsupercapacitor, with an areal capacitance and energy density of 22.22 mFcm−2 and 0.00153 mWhcm−2, respectively at 0.08 mAcm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenpropidin (FPD), a widely employed chiral fungicide, is frequently detected in diverse environments. In an in vitro rat liver microsomes cultivation (RLMs), the metabolism exhibited the order of R -FPD > S -FPD, with respective half-lives of 10.42 ± 0.11 and 12.06 ± 0.15 min, aligning with kinetic analysis results. CYP3A2 has been demonstrated to be the most significant oxidative enzyme through CYP450 enzyme inhibition experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations unveiled the enantioselective metabolic mechanism, demonstrating that R -FPD forms hydrogen bonds with the CYP3A2 protein, resulting in a higher binding affinity (−6.58 kcal mol−1) than S -FPD. Seven new metabolites were identified by Liquid chromatography time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry, which were mainly generated through oxidation, reduction, hydroxylation, and N-dealkylation reactions. The toxicity of the major metabolites predicted by the TEST procedure was found to be stronger than the predicted toxicity of FPD. Moreover, the enantioselective fate of FPD was studied by examining its degradation in three soils with varying physical and chemical properties under aerobic, anaerobic, and sterile conditions. Enantioselective degradation of FPD occurred in soils without enantiomeric transformation, displaying a preference for R -FPD degradation. R -FPD is a low-risk stereoisomer both in the environment and in mammals. The research presented a systematic and comprehensive method for analyzing the metabolic and degradation system of FPD enantiomers. This approach aids in understanding the behavior of FPD in the environment and provides valuable insights into their potential risks to human health. [Display omitted] • R -fenpropidin is a low-risk enantiomer. • R -fenpropidin was preferentially metabolized in both rat liver microsomes and soil. • The CYP3A2 played a crucial role in enantioselective metabolism of fenpropidin. • R -fenpropidin exhibited a higher binding affinity towards CYP450 enzymes. • Eight metabolites of fenpropidin were identified and their toxicity were predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the excellent mechanical property and chemical stability, polyimide (PI) based aerogels have shown great potential in oil/water separation. However, the rigid property and insufficient hydrophobicity significant prevent the aerogels being used as elastic sorbent for cyclic oil/water separation. Herein, by incorporating a small amount of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), we achieved rational regulation of the hydrophobicity and elasticity of PI-based aerogel. The resultant polyimide/β-cyclodextrin (PI/β-CD) aerogel showed three-dimensional (3D) porous structure with good hydrophobicity, excellent elasticity, and low density (24.9 mg cm-3). When being used as a sorbent for oily wastewater treatment, PI/β-CD aerogel delivered high sorption capacity, large separation flux, and high separation efficiency (up to 58.31 g g−1, 3.23 × 104 L m−2 h−1, and 99.3 %, respectively). The PI/β-CD-2 aerogel can be facilely recycled by extruding out the absorbed oil, delivering a high sorption capacity retention (> 92.3 %) after ten sorption-extrusion cycles. The study provides a facile strategy for boosting the comprehensive sorption performance of PI-based aerogel for efficient oily wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • A hydrophobic and compressible polyimide-based aerogel was facilely prepared. • The introduction of β-CD resulted in enhanced elasticity and porosity (93.3 %). • The obtained aerogel exhibits excellent sorption capacity (up to 58.31 g g−1), durability, and reusability. • The aerogel can be used for rapid, efficient, and continuous separation of crude oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes and pulses are plant foods, where pulses are a subgroup of legumes from the Leguminosae family and are rich in protein and minerals. They are fundamental sources of nutrition primarily for vegetarian and vegan subjects. Proteins are modified to improve properties such as solubility, dispersibility, wettability, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, and emulsifying property thus increasing the range of application of protein in the food industry. The protein properties are modified by different processing techniques such as physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. Several non-thermal treatments have been developed to reduce the impact of thermal treatment on the food components. Ultrasonication is an extensively researched method, which is proven to reduce antinutrient levels, enhance protein digestibility, and thus improve its usage as a key functional ingredient in food products. The application of ultrasound to modify the legume proteins has gained significant interest due to its green processing concept and serves as an alternative to conventional modification techniques to improve or modify the undesirable techno-functional, structural, and physico-chemical properties. The sonication enables controlled modification of physical and chemical properties of proteins and can produce high-quality protein-rich foods. Legumes are rich in protein and are used as a key ingredients in food products such as meat analogues, meatballs, and baby foods. Therefore, it is important to improve undesirable functional properties such as texture, whippability, fat binding, and emulsification to enhance its utilization. This review comprehensively discusses the application of ultrasound treatments in modifying the techno-functional, structural, and physico-chemical properties of legume proteins. [Display omitted] • Legumes, rich in protein, are key ingredients in various food products. • Modifying proteins improves their properties and food industry applications. • Ultrasound effectively modifies legume protein properties. • Ultrasound enhances protein digestibility and functional properties. • Ultrasound is an alternative to conventional protein modification methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]