Search

The aim of this study was to provide insight into the role of camel's saliva in protecting enamel against erosion and to evaluate the levels of salivary sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate ions among 2 groups of camels, those with low-grade tooth surface loss and those with high-grade tooth surface loss. Twenty-eight healthy camels, 5 males and 23 females, aged 20 months to 10 years, were divided into 2 groups. Group I comprise camels with "low-grade tooth surface loss" and Group 2 with "high-grade tooth surface loss." Unstimulated saliva was collected by a draining method. The samples were then analyzed for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations using automated chemistry analysis. Data were then statistically analyzed using the unpaired Student's t- test and Pearson correlation coefficient test. The study found the salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations were significantly lower in the "high-grade" erosion group, in comparison with the other group (P <.0001 and P =.0257, respectively). The results also revealed that the more extensive the tooth surface loss, the more carious lesions the subject had (P =.023), and that caries are more common in the anterior teeth, particularly the incisors. The authors conclude that alterations in inorganic elements of saliva, particularly the calcium and phosphate ions, play a major role in the development of resistance to tooth surface loss. This work may represent a direction for future research to develop custom-made preventive supplements, which can protect camelid teeth against tooth surface loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological quality of dried and salted camel meat, a traditional product of the inhabitants of southern Algeria. A total of 8 test samples of dried and salted camel meat from three regions in southwestern Algeria, against two other control samples (i.e 10 samples in total), were subjected to a series of analyses for some physicochemical and biochemical parameters (pH, sodium chloride content, total solid content, moisture content, ash content, waterholding capacity, protein content, fat content, total sugar content, and detection of antibiotic residues), and microbiological parameters (TAMF, fungal flora, total and fecal coliforms, fungal flora, SRC, Bacillus spp, and pathogenic bacteria such as coagulase-positive staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp, and Salmonella spp), following official and reference methods. The physicochemical results showed that the pH and titratable acidity of the dried and salted camel meat samples were acidic with values ranging from 5,14 to 5,72; and 3g/L to 3,63g/L, respectively. The analyzed samples had sodium chloride content ranging from 0,09g/L to 3,31g/L, (6,46% to 25,34%) moisture content, (3,86% to 38,58%) ash content, (162,5% to 267,7%) water-holding capacity, against (0,15g/L; 0,12g/L); (25,34%; 76,75%); (5,78%; 4,73%); (162,52%; 99,33%) for the control samples, which are laboratory-prepared dried camel meat, and fresh camel meat sold in Bechar city, respectively. However, biochemical parameters showed a protein content ranging from 21,7% to 36%, (4,9% to 23,3%) fat content, and (20mg/L to 76,51mg/L) total sugar content, with no antibiotic residues. The microbiological results showed a TAMF load ranging from 4,02 to 6,46 Log10 CFU/g, and 2,48 to 5,21 Log10 CFU/g for total coliforms, where 33% of the samples were contaminated with fecal coliforms. All samples analyzed were free of pathogenic bacteria, namely coagulase-positive staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp, and Salmonella spp. Bacillus cereus was detected in one sample (C), while the isolated CoNS species were identified as follows: S. saprophyticus, and S. epidermidis. From previous studies revealing various recipes for preparing dried and salted meat in the southwestern regions studied, this meat by-product presents very interesting physicochemical, biochemical, and hygienic characteristics at the nutritional level compared to fresh meat, which not only contributes to its preservation but also improves its sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel urine has traditionally been used to treat multiple human diseases and possesses the most beneficial effects amongst the urine of other animals. However, scientific review evaluating the anticancer, antiplatelet, gastroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of camel urine is still scarce. Thus, this scoping review aimed to provide scientific evidence on the therapeutic potentials of camel urine. Three databases were searched to identify relevant articles (Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus) up to September 2020. Original articles published in English that investigated the effects of camel urine in various diseases were included. The literature search identified six potential articles that met all the inclusion criteria. Three articles showed that camel urine possesses cytotoxic activities against different types of cancer cells. Two studies revealed camel urine's protective effects against liver toxicity and gastric ulcers, whilst another study showed the role of camel urine as an antiplatelet agent. All studies demonstrated significant positive effects with different effective dosages. Thus, camel urine shows promising therapeutic potential in treating human diseases, especially cancer. However, the standardised dosage and potential side effects should be determined before camel urine could be offered as an alternative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi , is a re-emerging animal trypanosomosis, which is of special concern for camel-rearing regions of Africa and Asia. Surra decreases milk yield, lessens animal body condition score and reduces market value of exported animals resulting in substantial economic losses. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study of dromedary camels was conducted in Algeria, and major risk factors associated with infection were identified by collecting data on animal characteristics and herd management practices. The seroprevalence of T. evansi infection was determined in sera of 865 camels from 82 herds located in eastern Algeria using an antibody test (card agglutination test for Trypanosomiasis – CATT/ T. evansi). Individual and herd seroprevalence were 49.5% and 73.2%, respectively, indicating substantial exposure of camels to T. evansi in the four districts studied. Five significant risk factors for T. evansi hemoparasite infection were identified: geographical area, herd size, husbandry system, accessibility to natural water sources and type of watering. There was no association between breed, sex or age with T. evansi infection. Results of this study provide baseline information that will be useful for launching control programmes in the region and potentially elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplasmaphagocytophilum infects a wide variety of wild and domestic animals and causes an emerging zoonotic tick-borne disease. There are no available data regarding the presence of A. phagocytophilum in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of A. pagocytophilum in Iranian camels. Whole blood of 207 camels from five geographical regions of Iran was tested for A. phagocytophilum using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and specific nested PCR based on 16S rRNA. The overall prevalence of infection in tested animals was 34.2% (71/207). Sex was not identified as a risk factor for A. phagocytophilum infection, but analysis revealed significant differences in age and region. In conclusion, Iranian camels can be potential reservoirs for A. phagocytophilum, and Iran must be considered an enzootic area for this infection as indicated by the high subclinical infection rate in camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fermented camel milk was prepared using proteolytic Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC 5945 (NS4), which was analyzed for X-prolyl-dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The growth conditions (inoculation rate and incubation time) for the production of peptides were optimized using OPA method. Fractionated 3 kDa, 5 kDa and 10 kDa permeate and retentate samples were further analyzed for ACE-inhibitory activity under the optimized growth conditions. Furthermore, 3 kDa and 10 kDa permeate with highest ACE-inhibitory activities and highest percentage of peptides production were subjected to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and peptide identification using MASCOT software. Novel peptides were identified from fermented camel milk using homology sequence searching in BlastP (NCBI), and Protein information resource database (PIR). The novelty (ACE-inhibitory activity or Antihypertensive activity) of peptides was also confirmed using novelty search in the database of antihypertensive peptides (AHTPDB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 11-yr-old dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius) at a zoo in south Florida presented with diarrhea while being treated with enrofloxacin and dexamethasone for a chronic skin condition. Three weeks after initiation of therapy with dexamethasone, the camel developed diarrhea, which worsened despite treatment with antibiotics. The animal became increasingly debilitated, developed hemorrhagic diarrhea, declined rapidly over the next 3 days, and died despite aggressive fluid therapy and supportive care. Histologic examination revealed intralesional protozoal tissue cysts consistent with Toxoplasma gondii in the intestines, lungs, and liver, as well as lymphoid depletion of the spleen suggesting immunosuppression. To the author's knowledge this is the first reported case of disseminated toxoplasmosis that clinically manifested as hemorrhagic enterocolitis in a camel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the serum level of fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E in clinically healthy lactating female camel (Camelus dromedarius) and suckling calf > one-year-old during winter and summer seasons in five main regions of Saudi Arabia. 60 sera samples were collected and tested for vitamins A, D and E levels and the results were statistically analyzed. The statistical mean value of vitamin A was within the reported range but for D and E, there were minor variations. The effect of season was insignificant (p > 0.05) for vitamins A and E in the combined results of the dam and newborn together. This seasonal effect was highly significant in dam serum (p < 0.05). Region effect was significant for vitamin A in the northern area (p < 0.05) and for vitamin E in the southern region (p < 0.05). Correlations analysis revealed significant results in the season vs vitamin A and E p < 0.05. Mean values of vitamins A, D and E in dam and newborn did not observe significant variations however, in the season and regions there were significant variations which can be attributed to the climate difference, availability of balanced rations and camel management in each location of the five main regions of Saudi Arabia. There is a great need for further studies and the consequent development of supplementation programs and camel feed manufacturers awareness of such results is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire is the property of Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on a study of an acute leptospirosis disease in adult dromedary camel. It states that after diagnostic check up it revealed that camel was suffering from lethargy and partial anorexia, decrease fecal production, neutrophilia and renal azotemia. It mentions that it was treated with antimicrobial treatment with ceftiofur crystalline free acid injections. It highlights that animal keeper staff was instructed to wear gloves and follow hand washing once the disease is detected.

The article presents a study on the administration of anesthesia on free-ranging dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) by remote injection from a helicopter in rangelands of Western Australia and South Australia. It discusses evaluations of camels based on anesthetic data such success of anesthesia, induction of anesthesia, and recovery time as well as physiological data of combinations of medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol.

Summary: A 9-year-old castrated male dromedary camel developed weakness and ataxia, progressing to sternal recumbency and hindlimb paralysis. Necropsy revealed multiple liver tumours and a mass in the 3rd lumbar vertebra, compressing the spinal cord. The hepatic and vertebral masses consisted of uniform sheets of primitive cells, with perivascular pseudorosettes and small numbers of neuroblastic Homer-Wright rosettes. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells were uniformly positive for vimentin and variably positive for neuron-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings indicated a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) exhibiting neuroblastic, glial and ependymomatous differentiation, probably reflecting the tumour''s primitive multipotential neuroepithelial nature. To the authors'' knowledge, this is the first reported case in the camel of a pPNET, presumably intraosseous in origin with hepatic metastasis, and morphologically similar to Ewing''s sarcoma in man. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents information on a study which investigated the efficacy of vaginal electrical resistance (VER) measurement for evaluating the follicular activity in Camelus dromedarius. A brief overview is given on the use VER measurement in farm animals to determine the most appropriate time of insemination for improving the conception rate and fertility index. It describes the methodology of VER measurements. It reveals the utero-ovarian observation and VER in she camels. It also reveals that the use of heat detector for measurement of VER in dromedary camel failed to provide significantly different values.

Summary: Two sheep and five dromedaries were inoculated with a highdose of a cattle-passaged type O strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The sheep developed typical FMD. The inoculated camels, which were placed in contact with five further dromedaries and four sheep, showed no visible signs of illness or vesicular lesions. However, one of them had a raised body temperature at 3 days post-inoculation (pi) and a viraemia from days 2 to 10; probang samples from this animal were negative for infectious virus, but a low level of FMDV RNA was detected in a sample taken on day 6 pi, five other samples taken from days 3 to 28 being negative. Examination of mouth swabs indicated a low level of FMDV RNA at days 1–5 pi in four of the five inoculated camels, but no infectious FMDV or FMDV RNA was detected in serum, probang or mouth swab samples from contact-exposed animals (camels and sheep). All the contact-exposed camels and sheep and two of the inoculated camels were serologically negative for FMD when tested up to day 28. In contrast, the camel with viraemia became serologically positive from day 14, and the other two inoculated camels (which had been exposed to FMDV in an earlier experiment) became serologically positive from day 10. The experiment suggested that dromedaries (1) are of low susceptibility to FMDV serotype O, (2) do not transmit infection, even by close contact, and (3) are unlikely to play a significant epidemiological role in FMD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: In a field outbreak of brucellosis in 21 camels mixed with cattle, sheep and goats, five camels, three of which showed clinical signs, were serologically positive. In a subsequent abattoir survey of apparently healthy camels, six animals were seropositive, albeit with titres that tended to be lower than those found in the field outbreak. Of the six seropositive slaughtered camels, five were shown to have lymph nodes (prescapular and supramammary) infected with brucellae (Brucella melitensis biovar 3, two camels; Brucella abortus biovar 6, three camels). Infection of camels with B. abortus biovar 6 had not previously been reported. Infection of the supramammary lymph nodes presents a potential hazard to those who consume raw camels'' milk, a common practice in nomadic camel owners. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case study of one adult and two young camels with anorexia and chronic diarrhea. Topics discussed include Trichuris spp. infection in fecal smear examination, administration of fenbendazole drug, and oral dose administration. Also mentioned are development of continuous bloody mucoid diarrhea in adult camel, full recovery of young camels, and postmortem examination of adult camel revealing numerous whipworms in large intestine.

The article presents a study conducted in India regarding minerals, cholesterol and protein in post-parturient female camels. Twenty-one dromedary camels were used and females were mated by a male. Blood samples were collected from all camels on mating day and serum was separated. No significant difference was found in serum levels of iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and protein between camels conceived and not conceived from early breeding. Calcium/phosphorus ratio was found to be wider in non-pregnant camels.

A rare case of laminitis was recorded in an adult camel that was kept in confinement without giving any exercise and fed daily with considerable quantity of pearl millet grains (Pennisetum typhoideus) for more than five months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]