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Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contract in the trade sector was a means to regulate the exchange of rights and obligations between producers and consumers that were binding on both parties. However, in some cases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, an incident known as a breach of contract occurred due to delayed delivery of products to consumers. For this reason, the primary goal of this research was to determine the legal limits of force majeure and the consequences of breach of contract during the pandemic to the loss of products due to delays in delivery from produce. This research was normative juridical research. The approach processes were carried out by examining secondary data using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials related to particular symptoms in answering the problems studied. This study used the concept of breach of contract, in normal and force majeure. This research showed that the COVID-19 pandemic condition fulfilled the element of force majeure to demand compensation, but producers cannot use force majeure as an excuse to avoid obligations. Thus, the breach of contract of products to consumers was the liability of producers for the losses suffered by consumers. For this reason, during the pandemic era, the reason for the breach of contract due to force majeure did not cancel the contract because it was a relative force majeure. Finally, this research contributed to a legal settlement solution in resolving the force majeure of breach of contract issues from delays in the delivery of products from produces in the future and can be used as a reference for further research as well as the implications and suggestions at the end of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between intentional breaches and stipulated damages in a real estate purchase agreement in Louisiana, with topics including information on the state's law of damages and remedies, and critique of state's Supreme Court analyses.

The article analyses the High Court of Australia's recent decision: Ancient Order of Foresters in Victoria Friendly Society Ltd v Lifeplan Australia Friendly Society Ltd ('Ancient Order'). It reasons that in light of the analysis in Ancient Order, rules of remoteness are the most principled way of explaining how the court limits the extent of a fiduciary's liability to disgorge gains. It proposes a model to circumscribe what circumstances should influence when gains may be too remote. The model consists of four propositions: rules of remoteness will operate when a breach does not involve misusing trust property; intended gains resulting from deliberate breach will never be too remote save to the extent that some gains exceed that which were intended; nondeliberate and unintended gains may be too remote if they are not reasonably foreseeable by a person in the fiduciary's position at the time of breach; and a correlation between the gain and the plaintiff's loss will generally suggest that the gains are not too remote (though not always). The article develops the propositions and concludes by assessing its potential ramifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the impact of psychological contract breach on counterproductive work behavior mediated by organizational trust and work engagement in state civil apparatus in West Sulawesi Province. The samples of this research were 288 state civil apparatus (ASN) in West Sulawesi Province. The sampling technique used was proportionate sampling with the help of the applications of SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) and SPSS on the Sobel test operated through the AMOS software. The results of the present study were as follow: 1) Psychological contract breach had a positive and significant impact on counterproductive work behavior; 2) Psychological contract breach had a negative and significant impact on organizational trust; 3) Psychological contract breach had a negative and significant impact on work engagement; 4) Organizational trust had a negative and significant impact on counterproductive work behavior; 5) Work engagement had a negative and significant impact on counterproductive work behavior; 6) Organizational trust directly mediated the correlation between psychological contract breach and counterproductive work behavior; 7) Work engagement directly mediated the correlation between psychological contract breach and counterproductive work behavior. These research results were expected to reduce counterproductive work behavior by increasing organizational trust and work engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the responsibilityfor the provision of, financial services, particularly imestment services, from the perspective ofEuropean regulatory private law blurring the conventional dichotomy between public and private law. The contract between the provider and the customer is analysed. Finally, the article examines the remedies for breaches ofcontractual obligations, taking Spanish law as the main reference, to conclude thal the predictability of the consequences of breaches in the provision of investment services is an essential element of legal certainty and that it is the. judge who determines due diligence, in accordance with contract law, using the conduct of business rules as a guideline criterion. Case law is contributing to the creation ofajinancial services contract law that complements the generalframeworkof obligations and contracts with financial market conduct rules. The complementary model of European regulatory private law that preserves the autonomy of contract law in the judicial enforcement of conduct of business rules applies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica Piélagus is the property of Universidad Surcolombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bitcoin is among the highest rated digital crypto-currency in financial investment markets. This technology relies on a backbone of distributed data architecture and peer-to-peer networking model called Blockchain. Unlike the current digital economy, which is governed centrally by financial institution or governments, Blockchain is fully autonomous without any third-party involvement. The exorbitant success of Bitcoin has attracted investors, scholars as well as organizations to peek into this lucrative technology for the possible application to other areas apart from crypto-currency. Blockchain can adopt Smart Contracts, which are digitally enabled contracts that can be executed and enforced fully or partially using pre-defined notions. The aim of this research is to investigate the synergy between Smart Contract and Blockchain to propose a digital framework for an academic paper publication model that has the capability to automate the entire process and challenge the existing system. It can also bring together all the stakeholders under the same system. The proposed model can further hold the stakeholders accountable for breach of contracts and/or reward them for executing the successes of terms pre-configured in the Smart Contract. The proposed model, called Digital Smart Publication or DSP (as referred in the document), is highly secure and ensures balance in distributing rewards to the involved stakeholders while keeping data integrity and security as paramount features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Price discrimination often results in negative emotional experiences for price-disadvantaged consumers. Building on affective events theory, the impact of different pricing agents (algorithms vs. humans) on the negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) was investigated for price-disadvantaged consumers through seven experiments (n = 2080) and a single-paper meta-analysis. The findings revealed that algorithmic pricing led to lower NWOM among consumers. Further analysis suggested that the impact occurs through the sequential mediation of psychological contract violation and cynicism psychology. Additionally, relationship norms and implicit personality moderated the influence of pricing agents on NWOM. This research provides marketing communication strategies for tourism enterprises utilizing algorithmic pricing to mitigate consumer NWOM when implementing price discrimination strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary aim of this study is to examine the impact of organizational change (OC) on the psychological contract breach (PCB) of employees in Pakistan's private banking sector. The study highlights the key role of the transformational leadership approach, particularly when a bank experiences OC and PCB. Using a cross-sectional research design and a sample of 288 private bank employees, we carry out simple linear regression and a hierarchical regression analysis. The study also investigates the mediating mechanism of PCB in relation to OC, employee turnover intention (ETI) and organizational identification (OD) and examines the moderating role of transformational leadership in the banking sector. Our findings support the study's hypotheses. We conclude that transformational leadership plays a key role in motivating employees and channeling their energies in the direction of OC, while PCB plays a mediating role between OC and ETI and OD. Given the dearth of studies on PCB in South Asian banks, the study contributes to the literature by targeting the private banking sector in Pakistan, emphasizing employees' reactions to OC and PCB in commercial banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The environmentally responsible behavior of employees at the workplace can benefit business organizations in particular and society in general. According to previous studies, positive psychological capital has been used frequently for predicting employees' work attitudes and behaviors. In this article, we are seeking to understand whether people with a higher (lower) level of positive psychological capital − hopeful thinking, optimism, and resilience − engage more (less) in environmentally responsible behaviors in the workplace especially when they perceived a high (low) level of environmental justice To test the study hypotheses, we collected survey data from 196 randomly selected employees working in 35 private small-sized businesses in Bangladesh. This study showed that employees with higher levels of positive psychological capital engage more in environmentally responsible behaviors at the workplace. The results showed that when employees are treated fairly in the workplace, those with a high level of hopeful thinking and resilience are more likely to engage in environmentally responsible behaviors at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries of the global south, Governments have recently encouraged neoliberal economic policies which have seen large corporations controlling more of the production process. Some studies have welcomed these interventions, arguing they provide enhanced welfare and income prospects for local farmers. Others have been more cautious, arguing they provide new landscapes of economic hardship for small farming communities, both for those contracted to the corporate chains and those that are not. This paper provides a case study of the impacts of the expansion of contract farming by PepsiCo on small-scale farmers in a small village in West Bengal, India. Through a series of detailed focus group and subsequent one-to-one interviews, we explore whether these local farmers are financially better off when tied to contracts with larger firms, whether they benefit from enhanced training and knowledge about better farming methods and whether they feel they are involved in genuine partnerships and the consequent implications for relationships around status, power and trust. The paper concludes that there are many concerns over contract farming some of which have not been discussed in the literature to date. The paper also reports on different types of coping mechanisms operated by small or marginal farmers, which in some cases, breaches the contracts made with PepsiCo. • Contract farmers have greater income security and insurance against market risk. • Small-scale farmers have increased debt and use of moneylenders with contracts. • Small-scale farmers have greater anxiety over quality controls imposed by contracts. • Marginal farmers remain locked out of contract systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Claims and disputes had become endemic in the construction industry and, in spite of the continuous developments of the standard forms of contracts and consensual dispute resolution schemes from the past years, there is no indication that the incidence of claims and disputes is decreasing. Traditionally it is considered that the most often contractual disputes result from inappropriate or unclear risk allocation in the contract, or from breach of contract. However, recent studies suggest that these are only the apparent causes of disputes, the most profound one being the improper behavior of the parties involved in the contract determined by their asymmetric information and conflicting interests regarding the contract. This paper analyzes the most popular disputes avoidance methods and techniques currently used in construction industry, the most common causes of construction disputes, the behavioral risk as the main source of construction disputes, and how the available information and digital technologies would be embraced in the near future to prevent the disputes in construction contracts in an efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sales contract entails reciprocal and interrelated obligations on the shoulders of both the seller and the buyer, because it is a binding contract for both sides, as the corresponding obligations entail, that the breach of one of the contracting parties gives the other the right to abstain upon the execution of his obligation. The other party also has the right to demand the obligation of the breaching contractor to execute forcibly what he committed. The Iraqi Law has organized the provisions of the guarantees which protects the seller against the buyer's breaching the execution of his obligation arising from the sale contract. When these guarantees are effective, their effectiveness needs to be probed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to deal with these guarantees and explain their effectiveness in achieving the best protection for the seller in the price fulfillment. This results in an unjustified repetition of these provisions. With the multiplicity of the legal guarantees that are granted by the Law to the seller in order to fulfill the price due to be paid, this study found that the effectiveness of these guarantees may narrow or expand according to the circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Copyright infringement" in the UK is defined as the doing of a restricted act without the licence of the owner of the copyright. It can also amount to an infringement of copyright if a person does have the licence of the copyright owner but violates its terms. When a contractual licensee violates a term of the contractual licence, it does not automatically become a copyright infringement. While there are terms the violation of which results in an action for copyright infringement, there are also those that result only in an action for breach of contract-a classic example of the latter being the term stipulating the payment of a licencefee. However, this general distinction between these causes of action has an honourable exception. The violation of a term which may otherwise have resulted only in breach of contract results also in copyright infringement if there is a repudiatory breach. This article explores this relatively obscure area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This conceptual paper focuses on a common observation in the implementation stage of rewardbased crowdfunding (RBC) - entrepreneurs' failures and delays in delivery of rewards to investors, which, in turn, may be perceived as violations of reward delivery obligations. Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on entrepreneurial personality theory and psychological contract theory, this paper develops propositions and identifies factors related to both entrepreneurs (overconfidence and narcissism) and factors related to investors (types of motivators and psychological contracts) that may explain the perceived violations of reward delivery obligations. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed. Findings - The theoretical analysis, by wielding two independently developed literatures, has demonstrated that it is important to investigate factors that are related to both investors and entrepreneurs in understanding issues and challenges at different stages of the RBC model. The authors believe that the current analysis provides an integrated understanding and a solid foundation for researchers to further examine these issues by empirically testing these propositions. Originality/value - The authors examined two previously understudied psychological factors in the context of RBC - entrepreneurial traits, mainly overconfidence and narcissism, and the type of psychological contracts formed between investors and entrepreneurs, both of which, according to McKenny et al. (2017), need greater attention from researchers studying crowdfunding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Juridical Science Series is the property of Universitatea Constantin Brancusi din Targu-Jiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and purpose: In recruitment and selection, job applicants do not only base their justice judgment on the actual experience but also compare what happens and what they expect. This study, therefore, investigates applicants' reaction to procedural justice in recruitment selection through the lens of psychological contract framework. Psychological contract theory highlights the role of expectations, discrepancies between perception and expectation, and perceived contract breach on individual outcomes. Methodology: Two surveys were conducted with job seekers in Vietnam, one before and one after the selection process. Printed questionnaires were administered to job seekers in the first survey, while the second used online survey. Structural Equation Modeling technique was adopted to analyze the data. Results: Data from a sample of 232 job seekers indicated that previous job experience and source of candidates were significantly related to justice expectations. In addition, perceived unmet expectations were found to predict procedural contract breach, which in turn negatively influenced job acceptance intention and recommendation intention. Conclusion: The research highlights the role of unmet justice expectation, the perceived discrepancy between what happened and what was supposed to be, in predicting intention to accept offer and to recommend others. The results suggest that firms should provide updated and official information regarding the selection process to all parties such as internal employees, recruitment agency and job search website to reduce over-expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Horticultural fanners, especially vegetable producers are characterized by poor access to inputs such as credit and operate in unreliable inputs and outputs markets. Empirical evidence shows that contract farming can potentially solve these constraints. However, contract violation is evident among smallholder farmers in many developing countries. This study assessed the main drivers of recent transformations in AIVs value chains including the emerging forms of and drivers of contract violation among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya. Results from analysis of data from a focused group discussion and key informant interviews showed that climate change and technology are among the key drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological contract breach as it is perceived by employees, the comprehensiveness of silence and the moderating effect that abusive supervision has on the relationship between psychological contract breach, silence, and indirectly on employee well-being. This study revealed support for the negative relationship between psychological contract breach and employee well-being. Quiescent silence was found to mediate the negative relationship between psychological contract breach and employee well-being. Abusive supervision was found to be a strengthening moderator in the negative relation between psychological contract breach and quiescent silence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological contract breach as it is perceived by employees, the comprehensiveness of silence and the moderating effect that abusive supervision has on the relationship between psychological contract breach, silence, and indirectly on employee well-being. This study revealed support for the negative relationship between psychological contract breach and employee well-being. Quiescent silence was found to mediate the negative relationship between psychological contract breach and employee well-being. Abusive supervision was found to be a strengthening moderator in the negative relation between psychological contract breach and quiescent silence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trustees are subject to two important rules which do not attract frequent attention. First, a trustee must not purchase trust property and second, a trustee must not purchase a beneficiary’s beneficial interest in the trust. These rules are known, respectively, as the “self-dealing” rule and the “fair-dealing" rule. This article begins with a brief introduction to those rules. The focus of this article, however, concerns the limitation period for claims based on contraventions of those rules by an express trustee. Surprisingly, this issue has not been the subject of any Australian decision until recently. The article concludes by suggesting that an action for breach of the self-dealing rule is likely to have either no statutory limitation period, or a 12-year limitation period, depending on the jurisdiction (except in Western Australia where the limitation period is likely to be six years), whereas an action for breach of the fair-dealing rule, in the absence of fraud, is likely to have a six-year limitation period (except in the Northern Territory where the limitation period is likely to be three years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)