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Asprosin, coiled-coil domain-containing 80(CCDC80) and angiopoietin-like 4(ANGPTL4) are newly discovered adipocytokine that affects glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this study was to investigate if a relationship exists among asprosin, CCDC80 and ANGPTL4 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fifty subjects with newly diagnosed IBD and fifty healthy individuals were enrolled. Patients were treated with standard therapies for 3 months. Plasma asprosin, CCDC80 and ANGPTL4 levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High resolution ultrasound was used to measure brachial artery diameter at rest, after reactive hyperemia (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) and after sublingual glyceryltrinitrate. Compare with healthy individuals, plasma CCDC80, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, respectively), whereas plasma asprosin, ANGPTL4 levels and FMD were significantly lower in both UC and CD patients (p < 0.05). Plasma CCDC80 levels were significantly higher in patients with CD (p < 0.05), while plasma asprosin and ANGPTL4 levels were lower (pP < 0.05) as compared with those in patients with UC. Standard therapies increased plasma asprosin, ANGPTL4 levels and FMD in both UC and CD (p < 0.05), UC and CD patientswhile decreased plasma CCDC80, ESR, CRP levels and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). The changes in HOMA-IR and FMD were correlated with the changes in plasma asprosin, CCDC80 and ANGPTL4 levels over the study period (p < 0.05). Plasma asprosin, CCDC80 and ANGPTL4 levels may be applied as a significant marker for early stage of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in IBD, especially of CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial number of studies have revealed that a growing list of cancers might be influenced by obesity. In this regard, one of the most prominent and well-characterized cancers is breast cancer, the leading cause of cancer death among women. Obesity is associated with an increased risk for the occurrence and development of breast cancer particular in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the relationship between adiposity and breast cancer risk is complex, with associations that differ depending on when body size is assessed (eg, premenopausal vs postmenopausal obesity) and when breast cancer is diagnosed (ie, premenopausal vs postmenopausal disease). Obesity is mainly due to excessive fat accumulation in the regional tissue. Adipocytes in obese individuals produce endocrine, inflammatory, and angiogenic factors to affect adjacent breast cancer cells. Adipocytokines, are biologically active polypeptides that are produced either exclusively or substantially by adipocytes, play a critical and complex role, and act by endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways in the malignant progression of breast cancer. Furthermore, the increased levels of leptin, resistin, and decreased adiponectin secretion are directly associated with breast cancer development. And there are also many studies indicating that adipocytokines could mediate the survival, growth, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer cells by different cellular and molecular mechanisms to reduce the survival time and prompt the malignancy. In present review, we discuss the correlations between several adipocytokines and breast cancer cells in obesity as well as the underlying signaling pathways to provide the novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the impact of high-intensity aerobic training on weight loss, fat oxidation, and cardiovascular disease has been explored to a great extent, long run consequences of the exercise training on bone tissue require more investigations. Design: Case-control study. Methods: To investigate the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic training (HIIT) on Osteocalcin and Adiponectin levels fourteen overweight and inactive young females, aged 23 ± 2.5 yrs., and BMI = 29 ± 2 kg/m2 were selected. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups (7 participants each) i.e. HIIT and Control group/no training. HIIT performed 3-day per week training with intensity of 80-90 % V02ra„ continued for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken 3 times, before training, in 4"' week and in 8"' week. Results: The Repeated-Measurements ANOVA showed that neither groups demonstrated a significant alteration in body mass (-1 vs. +0.43% p > 0.05) nor fat percentage (-1.44 vs. +0.5% p > 0.05). After 8 weeks training, Adiponectin level in training group increased (P = 0.039) and showed a rather further significant variation comparing to control group (+14.1 vs. +0.1% p = 0.027). Whereas, during this period, Osteocalcin level decreases (-27.8% p = 0.047). Besides Osteocalcin alterations were reducing to a significant level from 411 week to 8'h week (p = 0.003). Conclusions: HIIT was associated with a considerable increase in adiponectin after 8 weeks training without reducing body and fat masses. However carboxylated osteocalcin level decreased during this period. Apparently high-intensity aerobic training may improve bone formation via carboxylated osteocalcin decrease and adiponectin increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the omentin induced vasodilation in rat isolated blood vessels. Omentin, is an adipocytokin that plays anti-inflammatory roles in vascular endotheliar and smooth muscle cells. The study found that omentin alone did not alter the blood pressure of Wistar rats, but omentin inhibited noradrenaline (NA; 2 microgram/kilogram)-induced increases in systolic BP and mean BP.

Abstract: Background: Chemerin is an adipocytokine that is expressed in different fat deposits and has been shown to play an important role in adaptive and innate immunity due to its activity as a chemoattractant. Chemerin acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine - like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Chemerin has been shown to regulate the development and metabolic function of adipocytes, liver and muscle tissue. Objective: There is evidence indicating that several adipocytokines play an important role in placenta. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of chemerin in rat and human placentas throughout gestation. Design and setting: Chemerin was examined in rat and human placentas using immunohistochemistry. The chemerin expression pattern in the placenta and adipose tissue of female Sprague Dawley rats on days 12, 16, 19 and 21 of gestation (each of these days represents a group of 12 rats) was determined using TaqMan probe-based quantitative real-time PCR. Rat chemerin serum levels were analyzed with ELISA on days 8, 12, 16, 19 and 21 and compared to virgin controls. Results: Chemerin expression was detected in the cytoplasm of rat placental trophoblastic cells and third trimester human placental cytotrophoblast and Hofbauer’s cells. The serum chemerin levels of rats decreased significantly as gestation progressed. Furthermore, placental chemerin mRNA levels rose significantly at day 16 of gestation and decreased significantly towards the end of the gestation period. Conclusion: Taken together, this data suggests that chemerin may be an important regulator of maternal-fetal metabolism and metabolic homeostasis during pregnancy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: High-molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin is an active multimer for insulin sensitivity and anti-inflammatory reactions. We compared the ratio of serum total and HMW-adiponectin with brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and other adipocytokines in normal pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Effect of BNP on the secretion of adiponectin from cultured adipocytes was also examined. Methods: The three study groups consisted of 44 non-pregnant women, 40 normal (healthy) pregnant women over 28weeks gestation and 29 patients with severe PIH. Adiponectin (protease-pretreated for HMW), BNP-N-terminal, leptin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were measured with ELISA. Pre-adipocytes were differentiated to matured adipocytes and cultured with recombinant-BNP addition. Results: HMW-to-total adiponectin ratio (HMW-ratio) was lower in normal pregnancy than in non-pregnant, and significantly higher in PIH than normal pregnancies. BNP-N-terminal showed positive correlation with HMW-adiponectin and HMW-ratio. Leptin and MCP-1 showed positive correlation with HMW-adiponectin, but not with HMW-ratio. Adiponectin in the supernatant of adipocyte cultures and intracellular cyclic-GMP was increased in dose-dependent manner in response to BNP. Conclusion: The observed increase in the HMW-adponectin ratio in subjects with PIH may reflect a functional increase of adiponectin in the pathophysiology of PIH. Additionally, this increase seemed to be related to BNP via stimulation of adipocytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Adiponectin has been proposed as an important regulator of glucose metabolism influencing obesity and insulin resistance, which are important risk factors for the outcome of critically ill patients. Moreover, experimental models of inflammation suggest protective anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin. We therefore investigated the potential pathogenic role and prognostic value of circulating adiponectin levels in critical illness. Materials and methods: One hundred seventy critically ill patients (122 with sepsis and 48 without sepsis) were prospectively studied at admission to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) and compared with 60 healthy controls. Patients'' survival was followed for approximately 3 years. Results: Adiponectin serum concentrations did not differ between healthy controls and critically ill patients, neither in patients with nor in patients without sepsis. However, patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis had significantly elevated serum adiponectin levels. Likewise to non–critically ill subjects, ICU patients with preexisting diabetes or obesity displayed significantly reduced circulating adiponectin. Inflammatory cytokines did not correlate with serum adiponectin. Interestingly, low adiponectin levels at ICU admission were an independent positive predictor of short-term and overall survival. Conclusions: Although serum concentrations did not differ in critically ill patients from controls, low adiponectin levels at admission to ICU have been identified as an independent predictor of survival. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Resistin is a pro-inflammatory signaling molecule that is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis. We sought to evaluate whether resistin is predictive of worse cardiovascular outcomes among ambulatory patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods and Results: We measured baseline serum resistin in 980 participants with documented CHD. After a mean follow-up of 6.1 (range, 0.1 to 9.0) years, 358 (36.5%) were hospitalized for myocardial infarction or heart failure or had died. As compared with participants who had resistin levels in the lowest quartile, those with resistin levels in the highest quartile were at an increased risk of heart failure (hazard ratio [HR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–3.39) and death (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.11–2.18), adjusted for age, sex, and race. Further adjustments for obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and renal dysfunction eliminated these associations. Resistin levels were not associated with an increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction (unadjusted HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.68-2.05). Conclusions: Elevated serum resistin is associated with higher rates of mortality and hospitalization for heart failure. However, this appears to be explained by the association of resistin with traditional measures of cardiovascular risk. Thus, serum resistin does not add prognostic information among high-risk persons with established CHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The insulinmimetic adipocytokine visfatin has been related to obesity. The aim of this study was to examine whether weight loss could change visfatin concentrations in morbidly obese patients and its relationship with insulin resistance. Material and Methods: This was an interventional study analyzing a population of 41 morbidly obese patients. A biochemical analysis was realized before and after 2 months on a hypocaloric diet. Results: After weight loss (average 4.41%), BMI, weight, fat mass, fat free mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, serum glucose, total cholesterol, insulin and HOMA decreased. The serum concentrations of visfatin did not decrease (43.5+30.8 vs. 47.1+38.1 ng/ml). In the multivariate analysis visfatin concentrations as a dependent variable, only C reactive protein remained as an independent predictor in the model before diet, with an increase of 1.82 ng/ml (CI95%:0.02-3.61) basal visfatin concentrations with each increase of 1 mg/dl of CRP. Only HOMA remained as an independent predictor in the model after diet, with an increase of 11.4 ng/ml (CI95%:1.76-21.11) post-treatment visfatin concentrations with each increase of 1 unit HOMA. Conclusion: Weight reduction after a 2 months on a hypocaloric diet is not associated with a significant change in circulating visfatin in morbidly obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the role of plasma adiponectin (APN) for cardioprotection mechanism of rosiglitazone (RSG) against ischemic heart injury. The study conducted daily RSG treatment for adult male APN knockdown (APN+/-) and knockout (APN-/-) and wild-type mice. Result shows RSG-induced cardiac developments on WT mice; however, there is no improvement noted for knockdown/knockout mice. It suggests that despite APN benefits, it also had harmful side.

The article presents a study that aims to find the effects of obesity on inflammation of periadventitial adipose tissue and lesions on vascular injury. It utilized mice as subject of the study and were given with diet high in fat and sucrose. It finds that high in fat and sucrose diet causes inflammation to periadventitial adipose tissue and decreases adiponectin and removal of fat increases neointima formation. Moreover, it notes that obesity leads to pathological vascular remodeling.

This study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise in combination with resistance training on the adipocytokine, glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy elderly women. Fourteen healthy elderly women (training group = 8, control group = 6) participated in this study [mean age (SD) 64.8 (4.7) ] . Aerobic exercise in combination with resistance training was performed two times per week for the training group. For the aerobic exercise, an ergometer was cycled for 30 minutes. Resistance exercise was selected to stress the major muscle groups. In the training group, the concentration of plasma leptin and the body fat were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and fat free mass was significantly increased compared with before training (p<0.05) . The concentration of leptin was significantly decreased (p<0.05)without decreasing body mass. These results suggest that aerobic exercise in combination with resistance training decreases the concentration of leptin by improving body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance is associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and promotes atherosclerosis. Although insulin resistance is associated with adipocytokines, little is known about the association in patients with stroke without diabetes mellitus. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship among insulin resistance, visceral fat area, and adipocytokines in patients with stroke. This study design was cross-sectional in a university hospital. We studied 60 patients with stroke and no history of diabetes mellitus who had hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia or reduced fasting plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We measured insulin resistance, the plasma level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, adiponectin, and the visceral fat area. Insulin resistance was defined by the homeostasis model assessment and the level of insulin at 120 minutes after consuming oral glucose. We classified two groups (insulin sensitive or insulin resistant). In all, 21 of 60 patients (35.0%) had insulin resistance and 35 (58.3%) had hyperinsulinemia. Compared with insulin-sensitive patients with stroke (n = 18), insulin-resistant patients with stroke (n = 21) had significantly wider visceral fat areas and a high level of plasma TNF-α. The plasma level of adiponectin in insulin-resistant patients with stroke was similar to that in insulin-sensitive patients. Insulin-resistant patients with stroke in this study had a large amount of visceral fat and increased levels of TNF-α. We recommend that obese patients with stroke should be examined for insulin resistance to reduce the risk of the development of atherosclerosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Adipose tissue-produced hormones significantly affect the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates as well as numerous other processes in human body. It is generally accepted that endocrine dysfunction of adipose tissue may represent one of the causal links between obesity and insulin resistance/diabetes. Epidemiological studies underlined that obesity represents a significant risk factor for the development of cancer, although the exact mechanism of this relationship remains to be determined. Multiple recent studies have indicated that some of adipose tissue-derived hormones may significantly influence the growth and proliferation of tumorous stroma and malignant cells within. Here we review current knowledge about possible relationship of leptin and adiponectin to the etiopathogenesis of different malignant tumors. Most of the studies indicated that while leptin may potentiate the growth of cancer cells in vitro, adiponectin appears to have an opposite effect. Further studies are necessary to decide whether obesity-induced endocrine dysfunction of adipose tissue can directly influence carcinogenesis in different tissues and organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipocytes have recently been shown to secrete a variety of bioactive substances called ‘adipocytokines’, and have been recognized as endocrine cells. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-αα, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and heparin-binding epidermal-growth-factor-like growth factor (HBEGF) are among these adipocytokines, and they contribute to the development of vascular diseases. Visfatin is a visceral fat-specific protein that may be related to the development of obesity-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In contrast, adiponectin, an adipose-tissue-specific collagen-like protein, has recently been reported as an important anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic protein. Adipocytokine secretion may be regulated dynamically by the nutritional state. Visceral fat accumulation leads to dysfunction of adipocytes (including hypersecretion of TNF-αα, PAI-1 and HBEGF, and hyposecretion of adiponectin), which results in the development of a variety of metabolic and circulatory diseases. In this review, the importance of adipocytokines, including adiponectin, is discussed with respect to cardiovascular disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]