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Right ventricular function is independently associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with various cardiovascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension (PH). The complex geometry and mode of contractility means the right ventricle (RV) inlet and outlet are not in line; hence, 2-dimensional echocardiography fails to accurately quantify RV volumes and function in such patients. Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) allows for reliable and reproducible quantification of RV volumes and function by overcoming these limitations of conventional echocardiography. This review focuses on the 3DE assessment of RV function in patients with PH and discusses the following points: (1) acquiring an RV data set for 3DE imaging, including details of all available 3DE systems and software utilized in daily practice; (2) the reliability and feasibility of RV remodeling measured with 3DE with different modalities in patients with PH; and (3) the prognostic value of 3DE-derived RV function in such patients.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, and TNBC patients often develop resistance to endocrine or molecular targeted therapy. Thus, a search for effective treatments is urgently required. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been verified to be a successful therapy for cancer. However, this treatment is oxygen-consuming, thus considerably limiting the PDT outcomes. The present study introduced a multistage drug delivery system to alleviate hypoxia and enhance PDT efficiency. Specifically, aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) TPE-Py was first introduced to achieve PDT properties, and natural naphthohydroquinone dimer Rubioncolin C (RC), a blocker of mitochondria-associated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and an NF-κB inhibitor, was applied to suppress the O2consumption of OXPHOS and mitigate hypoxia thereafter. Enhanced PDT efficiency was validated by in vitro and in vivo TNBC models. In terms of the mechanism, AIEgen-based PDT synergized with RC could induce a fatal burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, this combination promoted the effectiveness of PDT by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. All of these results demonstrated that the administration system not only achieved a synergistic anti-TNBC effect but also expanded the clinical application of AIEgen-based PDT by overcoming hypoxia and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

•The numerical calculation method of fluid-thermal-solid coupling is used.•The influence of cooling process on temperature and thermal stress of the structure is considered.•The effects of blowing ratios and structural parameters on temperature and stress are coupled.•This work and its results will guide the design of turbine blade cooling structures.