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Nine new oligophenalenone dimers, adpressins A–G (1–9), together with nine known compounds (10–18), were isolated from the fungus Talaromyces adpressus. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and mass spectral analyses. Their relative and absolute configurations were identified by 1H and 13C NMR calculations followed by DP4+ analyses, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and ECD spectra comparison with related compounds. Compound 1is the first example of a duclauxin derivative featuring an unusual 6/6/6/5/6/6/6 ring system, while compounds 6and 7contained a novel pyrrolidine ring. Compounds 5, 9, and 18exhibited moderate inhibition against LPS-induced B lymphocyte proliferation with IC50values ranging from 1.6 to 8.6 μM. Additionally, compounds 9and 18exhibited moderate inhibition against Con A-induced T lymphocyte proliferation with IC50values of 9.3 and 2.6 μM, respectively.

The interaction effects between the main components (proteins (P), carbohydrates (C), and lipids (L)) of protein-rich biomass during microwave-assisted pyrolysis were investigated in depth with an exploration of individual pyrolysis and copyrolysis (PC, PL, and CL) of model compounds. The average heating rate of P was higher than those of C and L, and the interactions in all copyrolysis groups reduced the max instant heating rate. The synergistic extent (S) of PC and PL for bio-oil yield was 16.78 and 18.24%, respectively, indicating that the interactions promoted the production of bio-oil. Besides, all of the copyrolysis groups exhibited a synergistic effect on biochar production (S= 19.43–28.24%), while inhibiting the gas generation, with Sranging from -20.17 to -6.09%. Regarding the gaseous products, apart from H2, P, C, and L primarily generated CO2, CO, and CH4, respectively. Regarding bio-oil composition, the interactions occurring within PC, PL, and CL exhibited a significantly synergistic effect (S= 47.81–412.96%) on the formation of N-heterocyclics/amides, amides/nitriles, and acids/esters, respectively. Finally, the favorable applicability of the proposed interaction effects was verified with microalgae. This study offers valuable insights for understanding the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of protein-rich biomass, laying the groundwork for further research and process optimization.

Mercury is a threatening pollutant in food, herein, we developed a Tb3+-nucleic acid probe-based label-free assay for mix-and-read, rapid detection of mercury pollution. The assay utilized the feature of light-up fluorescence of terbium ions (Tb3+) via binding with single-strand DNA. Mercury ion, Hg2+induced thymine (T)-rich DNA strand to form a double-strand structure (T-Hg2+-T), thus leading to fluorescence reduction. Based on the principle, Hg2+can be quantified based on the fluorescence of Tb3+, the limit of detection was 0.0689 μmol/L and the linear range was 0.16 μmol/L. Due to the specificity of T-Hg2+-T artificial base pair, the assay could distinguish Hg2+from other metal ions. The recovery rate was ranged in 98.71 %101.34 % for detecting mercury pollution in three food samples. The assay is low-cost, separation-free and mix-to-read, thus was a competitive tool for detection of mercury pollution to ensure food safety.

Objective: To observe the effects of sparrow-pecking moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) and Guanyuan (CV4) on the writhing reaction and score, the temperature and blood flow perfusion of moxibustion point area and uterus, the serum levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP), prostaglandin (PG) F2α, and thromboxane (TX) B2in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) due to cold-dampness stagnation, and to explore the possible mechanism of sparrow-pecking moxibustion in treating PD. Methods: Thirty-two healthy non-pregnant female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, an ibuprofen group, and a sparrow-pecking moxibustion group, with 8 rats in each group. Except for the normal group, the other three groups were subjected to modeling with cold water bath combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin injection. Rats in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group were treated with sparrow-pecking moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) and Guanyuan (CV4) on the 8th day of modeling, 30 min/time, once a day for 3 d; those in the ibuprofen group were treated with 0.8 mL ibuprofen solution (a specification of 125 mg in 10 mL) on the 8th day of modeling, once a day for 3 d; those in the normal group and the model group were given 0.8 mL normal saline, once a day for 3 d. On the 11th day, rats in each group were intraperitoneally injected with oxytocin (2 U/rat), and the writhing incubation period and writhing score in 20 min were observed; the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque (CV8), Guanyuan (CV4), and uterus in vivowere detected; the serum levels of AVP, PGF2α, and TXB2were determined. Results: The writhing incubation period was significantly longer (P<0.01) and the writhing score was significantly lower (P<0.01) in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group and the ibuprofen group than in the model group; compared with the ibuprofen group, the writhing incubation period was prolonged (P<0.01) and the writhing score was decreased (P<0.01) in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group; compared with the normal group, the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque (CV8), Guanyuan (CV4), and uterus were significantly decreased, while the serum PGF2α, AVP, and TXB2levels were significantly increased (P<0.01) in the model group; compared with the model group, the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque (CV8), Guanyuan (CV4), and uterus were significantly increased, and the serum levels of PGF2α, AVP, and TXB2were significantly decreased in the ibuprofen group and the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group (P<0.05 or P<0.01); compared with the ibuprofen group, the temperature and the blood perfusion of Shenque (CV8), Guanyuan (CV4), and uterus were significantly increased (P<0.05), the serum AVP and TXB2levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the serum PGF2αlevel had no statistical difference in the sparrow-pecking moxibustion group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Sparrow-pecking moxibustion had a remarkable analgesic effect on the rats with PD due to cold-dampness stagnation, and the mechanism may be related to the increased temperature and blood perfusion of the moxibustion point area and uterus, as well as the decreased serum PGF2α, AVP, and TXB2levels.

Purpose: Despite service downgrades' undisputed practical relevance, service downgrades (e.g. customers shifting the price tier downward) have received surprisingly little attention from scholars. Previous studies have focussed on either the public policy issue of tiered pricing or optimal pricing by the service provider. Only a few studies have examined why customers shift across different price tiers and how such activities indicate their future behaviour. Design/methodology/approach: Based on customer data collected from a major telecommunications company, the authors use a logistic regression model to investigate how two service modification levers (i.e. transaction- and relationship-level factors) influence the likelihood of service downgrade. The authors apply a survival model to study how service downgrades affect customer churn. Findings: Transaction-level factors such as service usage (e.g. the frequency and recency of underuse experiences) are positively associated with the likelihood of a downgrade. However, relationship-level factors (e.g. relationship duration and customer status) are negatively associated with the likelihood of downgrades. Customers engaging in downgrades are more likely to churn in the future. Originality/value: The authors focus on downgrade behaviour, which can be perceived as customers' choice to move down the price tier, which likely ruins the service provider's performance. The authors conceptualise two fundamental driving forces behind a service downgrade: the misfits between the actual usage and the service plan chosen and the deteriorating relationships. The authors' empirical findings on the factors influencing downgrades provide insights for service providers seeking to prevent such behaviour.

Objective: To observe the effects of ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) and Guanyuan (CV4) on the expression levels of endocrine-related molecules and their receptors in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) due to cold-dampness stagnation, thus to explore their analgesic mechanisms. Methods: Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into a normal group, a model group, a ginger-partitioned moxibustion group, and a Western medicine group according to the random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. Except for rats in the normal group, all other rats were treated with oxytocin combined with ice-water bath to establish the rat models of PD due to cold-dampness stagnation. After successful modeling, rats in the normal group and the model group did not receive treatment; rats in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group received treatments with ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) and Guanyuan (CV4); rats in the Western medicine group received ibuprofen by intragastric administration. The writhing response of rats was compared among groups, and the serum levels of prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α), estrogen (estradiol, E2), progesterone (P), and the mRNA expression of PGF2αand E2receptors in the uterine tissues were detected. Results: No writhing behavior was observed in the normal group; compared with the normal group, the serum PGF2αand E2levels in the model group were increased (P<0.01), while the P level was decreased (P<0.01), and the mRNA expression levels of the uterine PGF2αand E2receptors were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the writhing behavior latency was prolonged, and the writhing response score was decreased in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group and the Western medicine group (P<0.01); the serum PGF2αand E2levels in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group and the Western medicine group were decreased, while the P level was increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the mRNA expression levels of the uterine PGF2αand E2receptors in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group and the Western medicine group were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the Western medicine group, the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group showed a prolonged writhing behavior latency, reduced writhing response score (P<0.05), and decreased serum E2level (P<0.05), while no statistical differences in the serum PGF2αand P levels, or the mRNA expression levels of uterine PGF2αand E2receptors (P>0.05). Conclusion: The analgesic effect of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on PD due to cold-dampness stagnation may be related to regulating the mRNA expression levels of PGF2αand E2receptors in the uterine tissues.

To understand the shale gas reservoirs in the first member of the Permian Maokou Formation (Mao 1 Member) in Nanchuan area of the Sichuan Basin, we used outcrops, cores, mineralogical and geochemical datas, thin-section analysis, and argon-ion-polishing scanning electron microscopy results with logging and seismic attribute prediction techniques to study the sedimentary facies, source rocks, reservoir properties and types. The geological characteristics and enrichment model of shale gas reservoirs of the Mao 1 Member were revealed and are summarized as follows: (1) the Maokou Formation can be divided into four members from bottom to top. The Mao 1 Member is located in the relatively deep-water gentle slope of a carbonate platform, comprising well-developed dark-gray/grayish-black carbonaceous mudstone, calcareous mudstone, argillaceous limestone, and bioclastic limestone. Carbonaceous and calcareous mudstones, with a relatively high total organic carbon content (TOC0.5–5.1%) and moderate thermal maturity (Ro: 2.0–2.3%), are potentially good hydrocarbon source rocks with possibly new type of atypical shale gas reservoir; (2) organic pores, dissolution pores, grain margin fractures, and shrinkage fractures are developed in the Mao 1 Member and may form a reservoir of a complex “pore–fracture–network,” which is beneficial to gas storage and migration; (3) the shale gas in the Mao 1 Member has the accumulation and enrichment model of “integrated source and reservoir, continuous distribution, and structure-fracture dual reservoir control” with a continuous distribution area exceeding 500 km2and a geological resource volume exceeding 70 billion cubic meters; therefore, it has great exploration potential for shale gas. The research results are crucial in improving the understanding of new type of shale gas geology and guide shale gas exploration in southeastern Sichuan.

An effective dual-mode microfluidic paper-based analysis device (μPAD) was proposed via Bi2S3@MoS2nanoflowers combined with octahedral CeO2for ultrasensitive miRNA-141 bioassay. To obtain the amplified electrochemical signal, Bi2S3@MoS2nanoflowers were first in situ grown onto the surface of cellulose fibers to promote the reduction of H2O2. The prism-anchored octahedral CeO2nanoparticles with a great catalytic function on the reduction of H2O2were linked up to the functionalized cellulose fibers through the hybridization chain reaction to further enhance the electrochemical signal. By means of the catalysis effect of Bi2S3@MoS2nanoflowers and octahedral CeO2nanoparticles, the obtained signal was amplified, thereby achieving ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of the target. With the help of duplex specific nuclease, the octahedral CeO2could be released from the electrochemical detection area and flow to the color channel through capillary action, which could initiate the oxidation reaction of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine in the existence of H2O2to generate a blue visual band, avoiding the error of distinguishing color depth caused by the naked eye and thus improving the accuracy of the visual method. Under the optimal conditions, satisfactory prediction and accurate detection performance were achieved in the range of 10 fM–1 nM and 0.5 fM–1 nM, respectively, by measuring the length of the blue product and the electrochemical signal intensity. The electrochemical/visual detection limits of the proposed μPAD for miRNA-141 were as low as 0.12 and 2.65 fM (S/N = 3). This work provides great potential for the construction of low-cost and high-performance dual-mode biosensors for the detection of biomarkers.

Despite advances in sequencing technologies, assembly of complex plant genomes remains elusive due to polyploidy and high repeat content. Here we report PolyGembler for grouping and ordering contigs into pseudomolecules by genetic linkage analysis. Our approach also provides an accurate method with which to detect and fix assembly errors. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that our approach is of high accuracy and outperforms three existing state-of-the-art genetic mapping tools. Particularly, our approach is more robust to the presence of missing genotype data and genotyping errors. We used our method to construct pseudomolecules for allotetraploid lawn grass utilizing PacBio long reads in combination with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, and for diploid Ipomoea trifidaand autotetraploid potato utilizing contigs assembled from Illumina reads in combination with genotype data generated by single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genotyping by sequencing, respectively. We resolved 13 assembly errors for a published I. trifidagenome assembly and anchored eight unplaced scaffolds in the published potato genome.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a life-threatening, adverse reaction to certain drugs. The onset and extent of DILI can vary drastically in different patients using identical drugs. Association studies suggested that subtle differences in DNA methylation may help explain the individual differences in DILI. However, there are very few experimental methods to confirm such associations. In this study, we established a novel DNA methylation functional detection system in human hepatocytes, using CRISPR/dCas9 for targeted modification of DNA methylation, and set four parameters to indicate the liver injury by cell model. Using this system, we validated the association of hypermethylation of CYP2D6and CYP2E1with rifampin-induced DILI. Our results revealed that, following treatment of HepaRG cells with rifampin, the methylation levels of CYP2D6and CYP2E1were inversely proportional to cell viability and glutathione content, and directly proportional to caspase 3/7 activity. We expect that our methylation detection system will serve as a useful tool in validating correlations between DNA methylation and DILI in other in vitro systems. Our results establish a foundation for future investigations to better understand the mechanisms underlying DILI and may aid in advancing personalized DILI medicine.

Postoperative recurrence and metastasis are still the main challenges of cancer therapy. Tumor vaccines that induce potent and long-lasting immune activation have great potential for postoperative cancer therapy. However, the clinical effects of therapeutic tumor vaccines are unsatisfactory due to immune escape caused by the lack of immunogenicity after surgery and the local fibrosis barrier of the tumor which limits effector T cell infiltration. To overcome these challenges, we developed an injectable hydrogel-based tumor vaccine, RATG, which contains whole tumor cell lysates (TCL), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist imiquimod (R837) and an antifibrotic drug ARV-825. TCL and R837 were loaded onto the hydrogel to achieve a powerful reservoir of antigens and adjuvants that induced potent and lasting immune activation. More importantly, ARV-825 could be slowly and sustainably released in the tumor resection cavity to downregulate α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen levels, disintegrate fibrosis barriers and promote T cell infiltration after immune activation to reduce immune escape. In addition, ARV-825 also directly acted on the remaining tumor cells to degrade bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) which is a critical epigenetic reader overexpressed in tumor cells, inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion. Therefore, our injectable hydrogel created a powerful immune niche in postoperative tumor resection cavity, significantly enhancing the efficacy of tumor vaccines. Our strategy potently activates the immune system and disintegrates the fibrotic barrier of residual tumors with immune microenvironment remodeling in situ, showing anti-recurrence and anti-metastatic effects, and provides a new paradigm for postoperative treatment of tumors.

Two isomeric pyrenodithiophenediones and their triisopropylsilyl(TIPS)-ethynyl-functionalized derivatives were synthesized and characterized. With treatment of excess lithium TIPS-acetylide, the isomeric diones could undergo Michael and carbonyl additions to form three derivatives with four, three, and two TIPS-ethynyl groups, respectively. The isomeric TIPS-ethynyl-functionalized derivatives show different physicochemical properties. The single-crystalline transistors based on TIPS-ethynyl-functionalized derivatives exhibit a promising p-type transport behavior, with hole mobilities up to 0.51 cm2V–1s–1.

Early preimplantation embryos are extremely sensitive to dysregulation of cell volume, which can lead to developmental arrest. It was previously shown that mouse embryos at the two-cell stage respond to a cell volume decrease by quickly activating Na+/H+exchange via a signaling mechanism that involves the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). However, it was not known whether this mechanism is active at the one-cell stage, when embryos are most sensitive to perturbed cell volume. Na+/H+exchanger activity elicited by an induced cell volume decrease was significantly lower at the mid one-cell stage than at the late one-cell stage or during the two-cell stage. This activity could be completely blocked by the broad specificity tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein at either stage, but only at the two-cell stage was there a substantial component of activity that was sensitive to low concentrations of the JAK2-selective inhibitors TG101348 or ruxolitinib. Western blots to detect active JAK2 phosphorylated on tyrosine Y1007/8 revealed that JAK2 became substantially phosphorylated in response to a cell volume decrease at the mid two-cell, but not mid one-cell stage. Such cell volume decrease-induced JAK2 phosphorylation appeared by the late one-cell stage. At least in part this appears to be due to an increase in total JAK2 protein at the late one-cell stage. Furthermore, TG101348 impaired maintenance of cell volume at the two-cell, but not mid one-cell, stages. Thus, cell volume homeostasis requiring Na+/H+exchange signaled by JAK2 first becomes prominent during mouse embryonic development at the late one-cell stage.The major mechanism of acute recovery from decreased cell volume in somatic cells, activation of sodium hydrogen exchanger NHE1 (SLC9A1) by the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), first develops at the late one-cell stage of mouse embryo.

Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), the main source of extracellular matrix deposition, are key targets in liver fibrosis. However, no effective drug specific to aHSCs has been clinically applied due to poor drug delivery efficiency. Herein, we designed a CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-targeted reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive platform AMD-Dex-ROS-responsive-sorafenib (ARS) based on natural polysaccharide and thioctic acid frame, which can deliver anti-fibrosis drug represented by sorafenib specifically to aHSCs on account of CXCR4 over-expression on aHSCs, and smartly disassemble viaROS-responsive thioketal rupture relying on high intracellular ROS in HSCs, realized on-demand drug release and effective liver fibrosis reversion. Notably, in this platform, the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 not only enhanced aHSCs targeting efficiency of sorafenib but also effectively magnified the aHSCs elimination of sorafenib by blocking stroma cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4-induced aHSCs protection, resulting in synergistic anti-fibrosis effect. The platform provided a new approach for drug delivery system design and liver fibrosis treatment.

Inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), controlled by cyclin B1 proteolysis, orders events during mitotic exit. Here, we used a FRET biosensor to study Cdk1 activity while simultaneously monitoring anaphase II and pronuclear (PN) formation in live mouse eggs throughout fertilization. We find that Cdk1 inactivation occurs over two phases separated by a 3-h pause, the first induces anaphase II and the second induces PN formation. Although both phases require the inhibitory Cdk1 kinase Wee1B, only the first involves cyclin B1 proteolysis. Enforcing the 3-h pause is critical for providing the delay required for male PN formation and is mediated by spindle midzone-dependent sequestration of Wee1B between the first and second phases. Thus, unlike continuous Cdk1 inactivation driven by cyclin B1 proteolysis during mitotic exit, MII oocytes engineer a physiologically important pause during fertilization involving two different pathways to inactivate Cdk1, only the first of which requires proteolysis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) to produce viral proteins for replication and immune evasion. We apply long-read RNA and cDNA sequencing to in vitrohuman and primate infection models to study transcriptional dynamics. Transcription-regulating sequence (TRS)-dependent sgRNA upregulates earlier in infection than TRS-independent sgRNA. An abundant class of TRS-independent sgRNA consisting of a portion of open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) containing nsp1joins to ORF10, and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) upregulates at 48 h post-infection in human cell lines. We identify double-junction sgRNA containing both TRS-dependent and -independent junctions. We find multiple sites at which the SARS-CoV-2 genome is consistently more modified than sgRNA and that sgRNA modifications are stable across transcript clusters, host cells, and time since infection. Our work highlights the dynamic nature of the SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome during its replication cycle.

In this work, we fabricated a novel origami paper-based analytical device (oPAD) assisted by the nanostructuring effect of in situ Pd decoration of Cu/Co-doped CeO2(CuCo-CeO2-Pd) nanospheres, functionalized with their strongly enhanced electrocatalytic properties to realize an electrochemical and visual signal readout system in oPAD, for highly sensitive detection of amyloid-β (Aβ). The CuCo-CeO2-Pd nanospheres were introduced as an enhanced “signal transducer layer” on account of the electron transfer acceleration caused by catalyzing glucose to produce H2O2for differential pulse voltammetry signal readout and further 3,3′5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation for colorimetric analysis. Meanwhile, for achieving superior performance of the proposed oPAD, in situ growth of urchin-like gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto cellulose fibers was adopted to improve “the recognition layer” in favor of immobilizing antibodies for targeting Aβ through specific antigen–antibody interactions. Combined with the delicate design of oPAD, exhibiting actuation of the conversion procedure between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity on paper tabs in the assay process, the oPAD successfully enabled sensitive diagnosis of Aβ in a linear range from 1.0 pM to 100 nM with a limit of detection of 0.05 pM (S/N = 3) for electrochemical detection, providing a reliable strategy for quantifying the Aβ protein in clinical applications.

An effective signal amplification strategy is essential to enhance the analytical performance of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for tracing biomarkers. Here, a simple but efficient approach with superior electrocatalytic performance of Pd@hollow Zn/Co core–shell ZIF67/ZIF8 nanoparticles for regulating the efficacious signal amplification process was utilized to realize the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). By rationally designing the core–shell structure of ZIF67/ZIF8 with hollow characteristics on the nanoscale and introducing the noble metal element Pd into the cavity, the diffusion limitation and porous confinement reduction of the obtained nanomaterials with uniform morphology and satisfactory chemical stability could be realized, which endowed it with better catalytic performance than solid metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and ensured effective signal amplification of H2O2reduction for achieving enhanced electrochemical signals. Moreover, with the assistance of signal probes, the remaining H2O2could flow to the color area to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine to form a colored product by changing the spatial configuration of the μPAD, thus realizing the visual detection of PSA. On the basis of this novel analytical device, dual-mode ultrasensitive detection of PSA could be achieved with a lower limit of detection of 0.78 pg/mL (S/N = 3) and a wider linear range from 5 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL. This work provided the opportunity of introducing the noble metal element Pd into the cavity of the MOF hollow structure to improve its electrocatalytic efficiency and construct a high-performance μPAD for clinical detection of other biomarkers.

We have previously demonstrated that an epididymis specific betadefensin, Bin1b, is important for the acquisition of sperm motility. To test whether Bin1b is important for fertility outcome in vivo, we undertook the present student to establish an animal model by immunization of male rats with Bin1b specific peptide. Wistar male rats were injected with Bin1b peptide or conjuvent control and their antibody level and fertility were evaluated. Histological studies showed no evidence of orchitis, epididymitis in Bin1b immunized animals. ELISA results revealed the presence of anti- Bin1B antibodies in serum and in epididymal and vas deferential fluids. Sperm recovered from the cauda and corpus epididymidis of the Bin1b-immunized animals exhibited a significant decrease in motility by CASA analysis. Immunization of Bin1b also caused a reduction (25%) in their fertility in mating experiment. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated that immunization with Bin1b peptide specifically interferes with sperm motility with compromised fertilizing capacity. (Supported by RGC of Hong Kong - CUHK4365/03M and CUHK4534/05M) (poster)