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Purpose: Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod (MCGR) allows frequent outpatient rod lengthening when treating Early Onset Scoliosis (EOS) patients. But there is lack of expert consensus on the optimal MCGR lengthening interval. EOS 24-Item Questionnaire (EOSQ) is validated for assessing health-related quality of life (HrQOL), family burden, and satisfaction. This is the first study assessing how MCGR lengthening intervals affects patient-perceived outcomes. Methods: This is a multicentred cohort study with subjects recruited from 2012 to 2018 and followed till fusion. EOS subjects who underwent MCGR surgeries were grouped into high, medium or low lengthening interval subgroups based on 16 and 20 week cut-offs. Repeated measure analysis was performed on EOSQ’s specified 12 domains. EOSQ results were taken: before index surgery, after index surgery, and prior to definitive treatment. Demographic, clinical and radiographic data were included in model adjustment. Results: 133 subjects with mean follow-up of 3.5 (± 1.3) years were included, with 60 males and 73 females; 45 idiopathic, 23 congenital, 38 neuromuscular, and 27 syndromic patients. Mean Cobb angle at surgery was 67° (± 22°) with mean age of 8.3 (± 2.5) years. Between groups, clinical and radiographic parameters were comparable. Higher EOSQ scores in medium lengthening interval subgroup was present in fatigue (p= 0.019), emotion (p= 0.001), and parental impact (p= 0.049) domains, and overall score (p= 0.046). Trendline contrast between subgroups were present in general health (p= 0.006) and physical function (p= 0.025) domains. Conclusion: Patient-perceived outcome improvements appear similar between lengthening interval subgroups. All MCGR lengthening intervals were tolerated by patients and family, with no negative impact observed. Level of evidence: Prognostic Level III.

The typical cross-sectional form of a submerged floating tunnel plays a significant role in the dynamic response of the tunnel itself, which directly affects the overall design. In this work, a series of experiments involving wave action on a submerged floating tube cross section is reported to study its hydrodynamic load characteristics. Two typical cross section tube cylinders, circular and rectangular, are chosen. Experiments are carried out in a wave flume with waves of relatively low Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) numbers. Three relative depths of submergence of 0, 0.25 and 0.5 are chosen. The measured wave forces in regular waves are used to analyze the horizontal force, vertical force and torque, and then the drag coefficient (Cd) and inertia coefficient (Cm) are derived. The results show that the drag coefficients at low KC numbers are large and decrease sharply with increasing KC number. The inertial coefficient Cmvalues in the vertical direction are about 70% larger than those in the horizontal direction. With an increase in aspect ratio (the ratio of the height to width of the structure), the ratio of inertia coefficient in the horizontal direction to that in the vertical direction increases remarkably. The inertia force coefficient is very sensitive to the submerged water depth and aspect ratio. The existing results may overestimate the actual force value.

Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN; NH3OH + NO3−), a green and non-toxic monopropellant, finds wide application in liquid and controllable solid propulsion. Gel propulsion enjoys advantages such as a high throttling capacity and encouraging operational safety. This study prepared three HAN-based gel propellant samples with gelling agent contents ranging from 2 to 4 wt%. Their decomposition processes were analyzed using thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS), and a microthruster was designed to investigate their combustion characteristics under varying voltages and flow rates. Results reveal the presence of three exothermic peaks in the HAN-based gel propellants at temperatures of 204, 306 °C and 441 °C. The gel propellants experienced violent decomposition between 100 °C and 400 °C, producing low-molecular-weight organics such as C3H8, C2H6, H2O, O2, and NH3. For the initial ignition, the flow rate exerts a greater effect of reducing the delay time than the voltage. The reignition exhibited a shorter delay time than the initial ignition, and increasing voltage led to a more significant decrease in the reignition delay time than increasing the flow rate. Under a gelling agent content of approximately 4 wt%, the reignition delay time decreased from 2.35 s to 0.65 s as the voltage increased from 150 V to 250 V, with the flame length and light intensity during the reignition greater than those in the initial ignition. At the end of combustion, the extinguishment delay time changed insignificantly under high voltage. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses, residues with numerous cavities emerged due to incomplete combustion and the severe agglomeration of the gel propellants, exhibiting a maximum chlorine content of up to 77.73%.

A 3D elastic-plastic FE model for simulating the force controlled stretch-bending process of double-cavity aluminum profile was established using hybrid explicit−implicit solvent method. Considering the computational accuracy and efficiency, the optimal choices of numerical parameters and algorithms in FE modelling were determined. The formation mechanisms of cross-section distortion and springback were revealed. The effects of pre-stretching, post-stretching, friction, and the addition of internal fillers on forming quality were investigated. The results show that the stress state of profile in stretch-bending is uniaxial with only a circumferential stress. The stress distribution along the length direction of profile is non-uniform and the maximum tensile stress is located at a certain distance away from the center of profile. As aluminum profile is gradually attached to bending die, the distribution characteristic of cross-section distortion along the length direction of profile changes from V-shape to W-shape. After unloading the forming tools, cross-section distortion decreases obviously due to the stress relaxation, with a maximum distortion difference of 13% before and after unloading. As pre-stretching and post-stretching forces increase, cross-section distortion increases gradually, while springback first decreases and then remains unchanged. With increasing friction between bending die and profile, cross-section distortion slightly decreases, while springback increases. Cross-section distortion decreases by 83% with adding PVC fillers into the cavities of profile, while springback increases by 192.2%.

Current trackers only rely on a fixed target template to localize the target in each frame, which is however prone to fail in case of fast appearance changes or the presence of distractor objects. Having some historical knowledge about the tracked targets as well as their surrounding scenes can be highly beneficial for robust tracking. This historical information can be propagated through the sequence and used to timely perceive the change in target appearance and explicitly avoid distractor objects. In this work, we propose a Spatial-Temporal Context Attention (STCA) model which utilizes the appearance and state information of previously tracked targets as well as their surrounding scenes to more accurately localize the real target in the current frame. We embed an improved position encoder into the STCA, which enables the target template, context template and search patch to perform extensive interactional fusion through simultaneously self-attention and cross-attention calculation. By embedding the STCA module into Transformer, we construct a target-aware based online tracking network (named TATrack) that has a backbone to extract features better suited to the tracking task, a neck to further suppress distractors and highlight target, and a classification-regression head to make the tracking scores consistently reflect the quality of the bounding boxes. In addition, we also design a simple yet effective online updating approach to select high-quality context templates. Our tracker reaches the latest level on several benchmarks, including LaSOT, TrackingNet, GOT10k, OTB100 and UAV123. The code and trained models are available at https://github.com/hekaijie123/TATrack.

Stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis of neural networks have become popular topics in recent years. In this paper, a large-scale fractional ring neural network with multiple time delays is considered. The model comprises three rings that share a single node. The effects of time delay and fractional order on its stability and Hopf bifurcation have been investigated. Firstly, the characteristic equation is obtained by using the Laplace transform. Then, the time delay and fractional order are set as a bifurcation parameter respectively. Correspondingly, the local stability and Hopf bifurcation conditions are derived by analyzing the characteristic equations. Finally, two examples are given to support the theoretical analysis. In fact, this article provides an effective method for analyzing the stability and Hopf bifurcation of fractional ring neural networks.

Artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers have been widely regarded as an effective protection for lithium (Li) metal anodes. In this work, an artificial SEI film consisting of dense Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12(LLZTO) nanoparticles and polymerized styrene butadiene rubber is designed, which has good mechanical and chemical stability to effectively prevent Li anode corrosion by the electrolyte. The LLZTO-based SEI film can not only guide Li to uniformly deposit at the interface but also accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics due to its high Li+conductivity. In particular, the high Young’s modulus of the LLZTO-based SEI will regulate e–distribution in the continuous Li plating/stripping process and achieve uniform deposition of Li. As a consequence, the Li anode with LLZTO-based SEI (Li@LLZTO) enables symmetric cells to demonstrate a stable overpotential of 25 mV for 600 h at a current density of 1 mA cm–2for 1 mA h cm–2. The Li@LLZTO||LFP (LiFePO4) full cell exhibits a capacity of 106 mA h g–1after 800 cycles at 5 C with retention as high as 90%. Our strategy here suggests that the artificial SEI with high Young’s modulus effectively inhibits the formation of Li dendrites and provides some guidance for the design of higher performance Li metal batteries.

The all-fused-ring acceptor (AFRA) is a success for nonfullerene materials and has attracted considerable attention as its high optical and chemical stability expected to reduce energy loss, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) approaching 15% in constructed all-small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, the intrinsic role of the structure of AFRA F13and the reason for its high PCE were revealed by comparison with those of typical fused acceptors IDT-ICand Y6. An increased degree of conjugation in F13leads to broader and red-shifted absorption peaks, facilitating enhancement of the short-circuit current. Multiple charge-transfer mechanisms are mainly attributed to the higher Frenkel exciton (FE) state due to the multiple transition ways for acceptors in the C1–CN:F13system. The increased number of atoms contributing to the charge-transfer (CT) state facilitated the existence of more superior stacking patterns with easy formation of CT and FE/CT states and a high charge separation rate. It was found using the AFRA is an effective strategy to enhance end-group stacking, enhancing the borrowing of oscillator strength to promote multiple CT mechanisms in the complexes, explaining the high performance of this OSC device. This work is promising to guide designing an efficient AFRA in the future.

The 2195 Al-Li alloy was processed by under-aging (UA), peak-aging (PA), double-aging (DA) and retrogression re-aging (RRA) treatments, and the microstructure, intergranular corrosion (IGC), exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors were observed and discussed. The results show that the sequence of IGC and EXCO resistance is: RRA > UA > DA > PA. The low corrosion resistance of PA and UA is mainly caused by the continuous precipitation of T1phases at grain boundaries to form continuous corrosion channels, while the interruption of corrosion channels caused by coarse and discontinuous T1phases and wider precipitate free zone is the reason for the best corrosion resistance of RRA. The RRA alloy exhibits the best SCC resistance, and the order of SCC resistance is: RRA > DA > UA > PA. The discontinuous precipitation of intergranular T1phases promotes the propagation of corrosion cracks across grain boundaries, thereby improving the SCC resistance.

As the capacity of lithium-ion batteries gradually reaches its limit, the high-capacity characteristics of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) make them one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage devices currently. However, uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth can cause poor cell performance and severe safety issues, seriously slowing down the commercialization of LMBs. Transition metals (TMs) are lithiophilic materials that effectively stabilize lithium metal anode (LMA) and inhibit dendrite growth. Herein, the growth of lithium dendrites and the performance of TMs in stabilizing lithium metals are comprehensively discussed in this review. First, we elucidated the formation mechanisms of lithium dendrite, and we put forward several strategies to suppress lithium dendrite formation based on the understanding of these mechanisms. Then, the application of TMs and their compounds to stabilize LMA and their corresponding mechanisms are comprehensively clarified. Last, further research perspectives of TMs in stabilizing LMA are emphasized in detail.

As part of a program to discover novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides, a series of new pyrazole acyl(thio)urea compounds containing a diphenyl motif were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, HRMS, and single X-ray crystal diffraction analysis. Most of these compounds possessed excellent activity against 10 fungal plant pathogens at 50 μg mL–1, especially against Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, and Cercospora arachidicola. Interestingly, compounds 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-((3′,4′,5′-trifluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9b, EC50= 0.97 ± 0.18 μg mL–1), 1,3-dimethyl-N-((3′,4′,5′-trifluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9a, EC50= 2.63 ± 0.41 μg mL–1), and N-((4′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9g, EC50= 1.31 ± 0.15 μg mL–1) exhibited activities against S. sclerotiorumthat were better than the commercial fungicide bixafen (EC50= 9.15 ± 0.05 μg mL–1) and similar to the positive control fluxapyroxad (EC50= 0.71 ± 0.11 μg mL–1). These compounds were not significantly phytotoxic to monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) are discussed by substituent effects/molecular docking, and density functional theory analysis indicated that these compounds are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Formamidinium (FA)-based perovskites with an ideal tolerance factor still face structure stability challenges because of corner-sharing and face-sharing octahedra competition. This seriously limits the long-term operational stability of FA-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we demonstrate a subsurface lattice reconstruction strategy by simultaneously tuning the position of Pb2+and I−planes. The reconstructed lattice configuration favors corner-sharing octahedra and makes the crystal lattice more stable, ultimately stabilizing FA-based perovskites. Additionally, the subsurface modification reduces defects and simultaneously tunes the valence band alignment, thereby increasing the charge carrier lifetime and improving carrier-selective transfer. Consequently, the resultant PSCs achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of ∼25%. Moreover, these PSCs exhibit excellent stability, retaining 96% initial efficiency after 6,000 h of storage in a dry box with ∼20% relative humidity at 25°C and 95% of their initial efficiency after over 3,000 h maximum power point test under simulated AM1.5 illumination.

The integration of distributed generation (DG) into active distribution networks poses significant challenges to traditional protection schemes due to altered power flow directions and the impact on short-circuit fault currents. This paper proposes a novel multi-layered protection scheme based on fault current components to address these challenges. The scheme incorporates pilot protection, DG active islanding protection, and traditional three-stage overcurrent protection, leveraging the amplitude ratios and phase differences of positive and negative sequence current components. A compensation mechanism is introduced to adjust the protection setting, enhancing the sensitivity and reliability of the protection criteria. Through MATLAB/Simulink simulations on a 10 kV active distribution network model, the proposed scheme demonstrates robust performance under various fault conditions, providing comprehensive and reliable protection. This scheme advances the state-of-the-art by integrating multiple fault characteristics and optimizing sensitivity, offering a new approach to enhance the protection of future active distribution networks.

Background and Objectives: Driving under the influence of diazepam is increasing in China. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites, especially the glucuronide metabolites, are helpful in the identification of diazepam use by drivers. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites (nordazepam, oxazepam, oxazepam glucuronide and temazepam glucuronide) in the blood of Chinese people, and to provide basic data for identifying diazepam use and estimating the time of last diazepam ingestion. Methods: A total of 28 participants (14 men, 14 women) were recruited and each person received 5 mg diazepam orally. Whole blood was collected at 0 h (pre-dose), and 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h, and at 2 days, 3 days, 6 days, 12 days, and 15 days post-dose. Analytes of interest were extracted via solid-phase extraction and analyzed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method operated in a positive multiple response monitoring mode. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by a pharmacokinetic software DAS according to the non-compartment model. The time of last diazepam use was estimated using the concentration ratios of diazepam to metabolites and metabolites to metabolites from controlled drug administration studies. Results: The respective time of maximum concentration, the maximum concentration and the elimination half-life of diazepam were 1.04 ± 1.00 h, 87.37 ± 31.92 ng/mL and 129.07 ± 75.00 h; of nordazepam were 133.14 ± 109.63 h, 3.80 ± 1.75 ng/mL, and 229.73 ± 236.83 h; of oxazepam were 100.29 ± 87.16 h, 1.62 ± 2.64 ng/mL, and 382.86 ± 324.58 h; of temazepam glucuronide were 44.43 ± 55.41 h, 2.08 ± 0.88 ng/mL, and 130.53 ± 72.11 h; and of oxazepam glucuronide were 66.86 ± 56.33 h, 1.10 ± 0.41 ng/mL, and 240.66 ± 170.12 h. A good correlation model was obtained from the concentration ratio of diazepam to nordazepam and the time of diazepam use, and the prediction errors were less than 20%. Conclusions: This study provides a sensitive method to identify diazepam ingestion by monitoring diazepam and its metabolites including glucuronides, as well as to infer the time following oral consumption.

Sandstones exhibit a complex, stress-dependent behavior characterized by nonlinearity and inelasticity. This study delves into the mechanical properties of sandstone through two distinct triaxial compression experiments: monotonic and cyclic tests, under confining pressures ranging from 0 to 20 MPa. Based on plastic strain analysis, two stress-dilatancy models were developed to describe nonlinear plastic dilatation behaviors. The introduction of the “plastic dilatancy line” concept, derived from comparing plastic dilatancy stresses with crack damage strengths, marks a significant advancement in understanding sandstone’s inelastic models. It was found that the plastic flow directions are not perpendicular to the yield surfaces marked by the characteristic strengths. This indicated that the non-associated flow rule is suitable to describe the macroscopic plastic deformations of sandstone. Furthermore, it was identified confining pressure as the dominant influence on sandstone failure, with cyclic loading modes playing a secondary role. An increase in confining pressure shifts the macroscopic failure modes from splitting-tension to mixed shear-tension, and ultimately to shear failure. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses indicated that loading–unloading (L–U) cycles induce more significant mineral grain fragmentation compared to monotonic testing, thereby markedly decreasing sandstone’s failure strength due to accumulated damage from grain-crushing. Additionally, the dip angles of dominant fractures in samples subjected to cyclic tests are typically smaller than that in monotonic tests. This investigation not only sheds light on the complex mechanical behaviors of sandstones but also provides a vital theoretical and practical framework for future research in this field.

CsPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted intense research interest since the inorganic absorber layer has better thermal stability compared with hybrid perovskites. However, CsPbI3suffers from structural instability due to an easily induced phase transition from the photoactive phase to the photoinactive phase. Introducing (CH3)2NH2I (dimethylammonium iodide [DMAI]) into the CsPbI3precursor solution stabilizes the tetragonal (β-phase) of CsPbI3, but there is still debate about whether DMA+is incorporated in the perovskite structure. Here, we report unambiguous evidence for the formation of tetragonal (β-) (DMA, Cs)PbI3by substituting the small ionic radius Cs+with the large organic cation DMA+. The organic-inorganic hybrid β-(DMA, Cs)PbI3shows a better optoelectronic properties than inorganic orthorhombic (γ-phase) CsPbI3. Consequently, PSCs based on β-(DMA, Cs)PbI3exhibit a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.76%. These observations suggest that hybrid β-(DMA, Cs)PbI3, with a dominant inorganic composition, is preferable compared with inorganic γ-CsPbI3for efficient and stable PSCs.

Although interlocked three-dimensional molecules display unique properties associated with their spatial structures, their synthesis and study of their host–guest properties remain challenging. We report the formation of a novel [2]catenane, [Et4N]@[(Tp*WS3Cu3Cl)2(cis-bpype)3]2(OTf)5([Et4N][1](OTf)5), by self-assembly of the cluster node [Tp*WS3Cu3Cl]+and the organic linker (Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene (cis-bpype). Single-crystal X-ray and NMR analyses established that [1]4+is formed by the interpenetration of two cluster-organic cages. Unique cation-in-cation host–guest complexes were observed with this catenane. The crystalline, empty catenane was formed by taking advantage of the electrostatic repulsion-induced weak binding of the host. Encapsulation experiments also reveal that the empty catenane can adaptively encapsulate cations such as [Et4N]+and [Pr4N]+in the cross cavity but is unable to encapsulate [Bu4N]+and [Me4N]+, although the size of the latter is compatible with that of the cavity. Theoretical calculations and volume analysis allow to unravel the ingenious role of catenane structures and the interplay between electrostatic repulsion and attractive noncovalent interactions for size-specific recognition behavior in host–guest systems involving species with similar electric charges.

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases. Neferine is used as a traditional Chinese medicine with many pharmacological effects, including antitumor properties; however, it has not been reported whether neferine plays an anticancer role by causing pyroptosis in NSCLC cells. We used two typical lung cancer cell lines, A549 and H1299, and 42 lung cancer tissue samples to investigate the regulatory effects of neferine on TGF‐β and MST1. We also treated lung cancer cells with different concentrations of neferine to study its effects on lung cancer cell survival, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as on pyroptosis. Lentivirus‐mediated gain‐of‐function studies of TGF‐β and MST1 were applied to validate the roles of TGF‐β and MST1 in lung cancer. Next, we used murine transplanted tumor models to evaluate the effect of neferine treatment on the metastatic capacity of lung cancer tissues. With increasing neferine concentration, the viability, migration, invasion, and EMT capacity of A549 and H1299 cells decreased, whereas pyroptosis increased. Neferine repressed TGF‐β expression to modulate the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by MST1. Overexpression of TGF‐β in either in vitro or mouse‐transplanted A549 cells restored the inhibitory effect of neferine on tumor development. Overexpression of MST1 clearly enhanced pyroptosis. Neferine contributed to pyroptosis by regulating MST1 expression through downregulation of TGF‐β to induce ROS formation. Therefore, our study shows that neferine can serve as an adjuvant therapy for NSCLC patients.

Alkyl boronic acids and their derivatives constitute vital building blocks in organic synthesis and are important motifs identified in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we present a phototriggered, CuCl2-catalyzed radical hydroalkylation and hydrosilylation of vinylboronic esters to alkylboronic esters. This approach exhibits mild reaction conditions, utilization of easily accessible reagents, and scalability up to a gram scale. Further synthetic transformations of the hydrosilylation products and mechanistic studies are also demonstrated.

Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing and portable intelligent electronic products have received increasing attention. In the present work, nanocellulose-gated indium tin oxide neuromorphic transistors are fabricated. The device exhibits good electrical performance. Short-term synaptic plasticities were mimicked, including excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and dynamic high-pass synaptic filtering. Interestingly, an effective linear synaptic weight updating strategy was adopted, resulting in an excellent recognition accuracy of ∼92.93% for the Modified National Institute of Standard and Technology database adopting a two-layer multilayer perceptron neural network. Moreover, with unique interfacial protonic coupling, anxiety disorder behavior was conceptually emulated, exhibiting “neurosensitization”, “primary and secondary fear”, and “fear-adrenaline secretion-exacerbated fear”. Finally, the neuromorphic transistors could be dissolved in water, demonstrating potential in “green” electronics. These findings indicate that the proposed oxide neuromorphic transistors would have potential as implantable chips for nerve health diagnosis, neural prostheses, and brain-machine interfaces.

• Mixed proton electron conductor hybrid neuromorphic transistor is proposed. • Pseudo-diode operation mode is observed. • The device demonstrates optical-electronic synergetic coupling. • Non-associative learning is demonstrated, including habituation and sensitization. With inherent ionic priorities, mixed ion and electron conductor hybrid devices have been proposed for brain-inspired neuromorphic system applications, demonstrating interesting neuromorphic functions. Here, mixed proton and electron conductor (MPEC) hybrid oxide neuromorphic transistor is proposed by adopting aqueous solution-processed mesoporous silica coating (MSC)-based electrolyte as gate dielectric. With optical and electrical synergetic coupling behaviors, the device demonstrates typical synaptic responses and transition between short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity. With unique field-configurable proton self-modulation behaviors, a pseudo-diode operation mode is demonstrated on the MPEC hybrid transistor. Moreover, the device demonstrates interesting non-associative learning, including habituation and sensitization behavior. The results show that the proposed MPEC hybrid oxide neuromorphic transistor has great potential in the field of neuromorphic engineering and would have potential in the bionic visual perception platform. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTBackgroundGuselkumab is an IL−23 inhibitor widely used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Our study aimed to characterize the profile of adverse events (AEs) associated with guselkumab from the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS).MethodsDisproportionality analysis including the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and the multiitem gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms were used to assess the signals of guselkumab related AE.ResultsA total of 22,950,014 reports were collected from the FAERS database, of which 24,312 reports regarding guselkumab as the ‘primary suspected (PS)’ AEs were identified. AEs induced by guselkumab were distributed in 27 organ systems. In this study, 205 significant disproportionality preferred terms (PTs) that matched four algorithms simultaneously were obtained for analysis. Unexpected significant AEs such as onychomadesis, malignant melanoma in situ, endometrial cancer, and erectile dysfunction were observed.ConclusionThe clinical observed AEs, along with potential new AE signals associated with guselkumab were identified based on the analysis of FAERS data, which could provide valuable evidence for clinical monitoring, risk identification, and further safety studies of identification.

Precise manipulation of cancer cell death by harnessing reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a promising strategy to defeat malignant tumors. However, it is quite difficult to produce active ROS with spatial precision and regulate their biological outcomes. We succeed here in selectively generating short-lived and lipid-reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) adjacent to cancer cell membranes, successively eliciting lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. DiFc-K-pY, a phosphorylated self-assembling precursor that consists of two branched Fc moieties and interacts specifically with epidermal growth factor receptor, can in situproduce membrane-bound nanofibers and enrich ferrocene moieties on cancer cell membranes in response to alkaline phosphatase. Within the acidic tumor microenvironment, DiFc-K-pY nanofibers efficiently convert tumoral H2O2to active •OH around the target cell membranes via Fenton-like reactions, leading to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis with good cellular selectivity. Our strategy successfully prevents tumor progression with acceptable biocompatibility through intratumoral administration.

The microstructural evolution during homogenization treatment and the recrystallization behavior caused by Al3Zr precipitate in 2195 alloy were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The severe dendrite segregation in the as-cast alloy was removed during homogenization, but the process was limited by the slower dissolution of Al–Cu phases. Moreover, the Al3Zr dispersoids precipitated in the sample homogenized by ramp heating rate of 30 °C/h (H30) were finer and denser compared to the samples subjected to other homogenization treatments (single-step, double-step, and ramp heating rate of 60 °C/h). The movement of dislocations and (sub)grain boundaries was resisted by the stronger Zener drag of finer and denser Al3Zr dispersoids. Thus, a higher recrystallization resistance during the hot compression and subsequent solution treatment was achieved for H30 sample. This work can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the heat treatment parameters of the as-cast 2195 Al alloy.

Developing practical optical materials with strong third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) responses attracts increasing attention. Efforts in this area extend to the activation of appropriate materials and the magnification of their low NLO responses. Herein, we propose a stepwise assembly-amplification strategy to enhance the NLO responses of low NLO-active metal sulfide clusters. Through a self-assembly process, W/Cu/S cluster-based tetrahedral and octahedral cages are successfully obtained, both exhibiting weak NLO responses in solution that are not apparent for the unassembled components. Their incorporation into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), followed by spin-coating, results in the formation of cluster@PVA composite membranes with controlled thicknesses. Remarkably, the effective nonlinear absorption coefficients βfor 12-layered membranes are 104times higher than those of the respective cage solutions. The octahedral cage delivers a stronger response than the tetrahedral cage, which likely reflects the higher degree of aggregation of the clusters. This work showcases a new approach for amplifying NLO responses, greatly facilitating the development of integrated photonic devices.

Cavitation noise around propellers has many adverse effects. It is still very limited nowadays to inhibit propeller cavitation noise in engineering. In this study, the cavitation noise around a PPTC propeller is simulated using the large eddy simulation (LES) coupled with the porous Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (PFW-H) equation. The investigation aims to find a strategy to suppress cavitation noise and analyze the noise suppression mechanism. The predicted hydrodynamic results agree well with the experimental data and are utilized in the hydroacoustic analysis. The hydroacoustic results indicate that the pseudo-thickness noise dominates the dominant frequency component of the total cavitation noise due to the effect of cavity evolution, which is one of the reasons why the pseudo-thickness noise dominates the total cavitation noise. A method is found to weaken the cavitation noise through ventilation at the generation location of the sheet cavity (SC). It is worth noting that ventilation inhibits the generation and development of SC by changing the pressure distribution on the suction surface of the blade and pushing away the cavities around the ventilation holes. Moreover, cavity evolution noise dominates the fluid volume evolution noise under the ventilated cavitating condition. Ventilation significantly attenuates the vapor volume pulsation and thus the cavity evolution noise, which leads to a reduction in pseudo-thickness noise and total cavitation noise. The ventilation mainly reduces noises at the dominant frequency of the pseudo-thickness noise and the total cavitation noise.

Tubular members subject to combined pitting corrosion and crack damage were numerically studied to clarify the reduction of ultimate strength and failure behavior, based on numerical models validated against available experiments. The effects of length, location and inclined angle of a crack under combined damage were studied to disclose the mechanism of interaction between the crack and corrosion pits. The methods, named as linear superposition directly accumulating the effects of solo crack and solo pitting damage, as well as crack projection transferring an inclined crack to a transverse one, were discussed and verified in the view of assessing ultimate strength of tubular members with combined damage. It was shown that the former is practical but complex while the next always overestimates the residual strength. Besides, the location and inclined angle of a crack have a subtle effect on the reduction of ultimate strength under combined damage, especially at higher level of pitting damage, due to the synergistic effect between corrosion pits and cracks. Such effect can lead to early occurrence of plasticity and local buckling by inducing stress interaction between crack tips and pits, and causing more significant strength reduction compared with a solo type of damage. A practical method was proposed to determine the loss ratio of cross-sectional area on the equivalent weakest section of a damaged member. Based on the loss ratio, a formula was presented to predict the ultimate strength of damaged members with combined damage, showing good applicability.

Objective: This study aims to quantify the uncertainties of CyberKnife Synchrony fiducial tracking for liver stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) cases, and evaluate the required planning target volume (PTV) margins. Methods: A total of 11 liver tumor patients with a total of 57 fractions, who underwent SBRT with synchronous fiducial tracking, were enrolled for the present study. The correlation/prediction model error, geometric error, and beam targeting error were quantified to determine the patient-level and fraction-level individual composite treatment uncertainties. The composite uncertainties and multiple margin recipes were compared for scenarios with and without rotation correction during treatment. Results: The correlation model error-related uncertainty was 4.3±1.8, 1.4±0.5 and 1.8±0.7 mm in the superior-inferior (SI), left-right, and anterior-posterior directions, respectively. These were the primary contributors among all uncertainty sources. The geometric error significantly increased for treatments without rotation correction. The fraction-level composite uncertainties had a long tail distribution. Furthermore, the generally used 5-mm isotropic margin covered all uncertainties in the left-right and anterior-posterior directions, and only 75% of uncertainties in the SI direction. In order to cover 90% of uncertainties in the SI direction, an 8-mm margin would be needed. For scenarios without rotation correction, additional safety margins should be added, especially in the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the correlation model error contributes to most of the uncertainties in the results. Most patients/fractions can be covered by a 5-mm margin. Patients with large treatment uncertainties might need a patient-specific margin.