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Residual feed intake (RFI) is a metric that provides a more accurate measure of feed efficiency. The lower the RFI, the higher the feed efficiency. The changes in the host microbiome and metabolome contribute to the greater feed efficiency of low RFI (LRFI) animals. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in rumen microorganisms, rumen metabolites and plasma metabolites of Hu sheep with differing RFI through the microbiome and metabolome. A total of 80 Hu sheep were used. The experiment consisted of a 15-d pretrial period and a 128-d experimental period. The RFI in the experimental period was calculated for all sheep, and the sheep were screened into high RFI (HRFI, n = 8) and LRFI (n = 8) groups. The HRFI and LRFI sheep did not differ in their initial and final body weights, average daily gain and body measurements, but the dry matter intake of LRFI sheep was significantly decreased (28.4%, P < 0.001). The sheep with LRFI had higher digestibility of crude protein (P = 0.010) and ether extract (P = 0.010) compared to HRFI group. The concentrations of acetate (P = 0.036), propionate (P = 0.010), valerate (P = 0.027) and total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.048) in rumen of LRFI group were higher compared to HRFI group. The results of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that the sheep with LRFI had higher proportions of Prevotellagenus in rumen liquid (P = 0.031). The rumen metabolome and plasma metabolome results showed that the citrate cycle, pyruvate metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism processes were more active for sheep in LRFI group, which provided more energy substrate such as malic acid, oxoglutaric acid and citric acid. In conclusion, sheep with LRFI can utilize feed more efficiently, and the more active energy metabolism pathway and the production of energy substances may account for the higher feed efficiency.

In comparison to laser additive manufacturing, metal droplet deposition technology presents substantial cost benefits by obviating the necessity for costly metal powders and high-power lasers. Nonetheless, prevalent metal droplet deposition methodologies often grapple with challenges such as intricate drive architectures, substantial droplet volumes, and diminished jetting frequencies. This paper proposes an ultrasonic vibration micro-jet ejection technique and constructs a prototype for metal additive manufacturing. Utilizing ultrasonic vibration of a tool rod, the technique generates a high-frequency acoustic pressure field within the crucible, which facilitates the ejection of molten metal from the nozzle. The study explores two operational modes: continuous jet and on-demand jet. It was determined that the tool rod's amplitude must exceed a certain threshold to initiate metal ejection. As the amplitude further increases, the droplet jetting behavior transitions from uniform to non-uniform ejection states. To enhance formability quality, the study examined the influence of various process parameters on single-pass and three-dimensional forming. The examination of jetted parts revealed that both uniform and non-uniform jets provide satisfactory formability and mechanical performance. This research presents a new direction for achieving efficient metal droplet jetting forming.

The reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate requires an understanding of the relationships between surface pollen assemblages and modern vegetation and climate. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages across different vegetation zones in the Tianshan Mountains. Using surface pollen analysis and vegetation sample surveys at 75 sites on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, we determined the correlation between the percentage of dominant pollen types and the corresponding vegetation cover. Redundancy analysis was used to investigate the relationships between surface pollen assemblages and environmental factors. Our results show that the Tianshan Mountains contain several distinct ecological regions, which can be divided into five main vegetation zones from low to high altitudes: mountain desert zone (Hutubi County (HTB): 500–1300 m; Qitai County (QT): 1000–1600 m), mountain steppe zone (HTB: 1400–1600 m; QT: 1650–1800 m), mountain forest zone (HTB: 1650–2525 m; QT: 1850–2450 m), subalpine meadow zone (HTB: 2550–2600 m; QT: 2500–2600 m), and alpine mat vegetation zone (HTB: 2625–2700 m; QT: 2625–2750 m). The surface pollen assemblages of different vegetation zones can accurately reflect the characteristics of the mountainous vegetation patterns on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains when excluding the widespread occurrence of Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and Piceapollen. Both average annual precipitation (Pann) and annual average temperature (Tann) affect the distribution of surface pollen assemblages. Moreover, Pannis the primary environmental factor affecting surface pollen assemblages in this region. A significant correlation exists between the pollen percentage and vegetation cover of Picea, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and Asteraceae. Moreover, Picea, Chenopodiaceae, and Artemisiapollen are over-represented compared with their corresponding vegetation cover. The Asteraceae pollen percentage roughly reflects the distribution of a species within the local vegetation. These results have important implications for enhancing our understanding of the relationship between surface pollen assemblages and modern vegetation and climate.

This article presents a self-adjustable branch-and-bound algorithm for globally solving a class of linear multiplicative programming problems (LMP). In this algorithm, a self-adjustable branching rule is introduced and it can continuously update the upper bound for the optimal value of LMP by selecting suitable branching point under certain conditions, which differs from the standard bisection rule. The proposed algorithm further integrates the linear relaxation program and the self-adjustable branching rule. The dependability and robustness of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by establishing the global convergence. Furthermore, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is estimated. Finally, numerical results validate the effectiveness of the self-adjustable branching rule and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.

Few studies have examined factors that might explain or affect the relationship between psychological flexibility and university students’ COVID-19 burnout. The present study tested a moderated mediation model with perceived COVID-19 stress as the mediator and social support, a moderator, among 2377 Chinese college students. After controlling for gender, age, family location, and year of study (freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors), psychological flexibility was significantly associated with COVID-19 burnout, and this link was mediated by perceived COVID-19 stress. Social support buffered the adverse effects of perceived COVID-19 stress on psychological flexibility, as well as the correlation between perceived COVID-19 stress and burnout.

We applied stable carbon isotopes, ultraviolet-visible absorption (UV-Vis), fluorescence excitation-emission matrices spectroscopy (EEMs), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) to investigate the chemical composition and sources of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in both the water column and pore water in Xiangshan Bay, a representative semi-enclosed and eutrophic bay in Zhejiang Province, China. One protein-like fluorescent component (C1) and two humic-like fluorescent components (C2 and C3) were identified by PARAFAC modeling. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the relative intensities of C2, C3, and black carbon-like compounds are all negatively correlated with salinity, indicating that there is a dilution effect of terrestrial signals by seawater in Xiangshan Bay. The differences in light penetration ability of Xiangshan Bay cause different degrees of photo-degradation, which may play an important role in the transformation of organic matter in Xiangshan Bay. The weak correlation between the C1 fluorescent component and salinity indicates that autochthonous sources cannot dominate the protein-like FDOM in the Xiangshan Bay drainage area. Multiple sources (such as anthropogenic inputs and release of pore water) also affect the distribution of the protein-like fluorescent component under eutrophication conditions. The relative proportion of the protein-like fluorescent component in Xiangshan Bay is on a medium level in China and anthropogenic inputs may be a significant source of DOM in coastal bays.

The precise and effective generation of micron-sized droplets is one of the most common and important issues for droplet-based microfluidics. Active droplet generation makes use of additional energy input in promoting interfacial instabilities for droplet generation. Here, we report a new technique for the active generation of femtoliter droplets in microfluidic systems using confined interfacial vibration (CIV). The CIV is formed at the orifice of a traditional inkjet nozzle first by pushing the liquid out and then pulling it back. Droplets are pinched off during the withdrawal process, and this is different from the current active droplet generation techniques, which only monodirectionally push the liquid out. Droplets with radius ranging from ca. 1 to 28 μm can be actively generated by CIV at an orifice with radius 30 μm, distinguishing from conventional active generation techniques in which the droplets are always comparable or slightly bigger than the orifice. Experimental results showed that the droplet volume can be customized by controlling the intensity of the CIV. The inherent digital nature of the inkjet technique enables easy and precise regulating of the droplet volume, making it seamlessly compatible with the digital microfluidic systems.

Fraxinellone, a furanoid, is one of the bioactive and potentially hepatotoxic constituents from Dictamnus dasycarpusTurcz, which is extensively spread throughout Asian countries. This herb was reported to cause liver injury in clinical application. However, the mechanism behind is still not fully understood. This study mainly focused on the hepatotoxicity of fraxinellone and the underlying mechanism. The current study demonstrated that fraxinellone resulted in a significant elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in a dose-dependent manner in mice after oral administration. Pretreatment with ketoconazole for three successive days could significantly alleviate the hepatotoxicity of fraxinellone. Considering that fraxinellone has a structural alert of furan ring, it is believed that the hepatotoxicity caused by fraxinellone required cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation. Bioactivation studies were subsequently carried out in vitro and in vivo. Fraxinellone was metabolized into cis-enedial intermediate, an electrophile that was prone to react with glutathione or N-acetyl-lysine through 1,2- or 1,4-addition to form stable conjugates. Ketoconazole significantly inhibited the formation of the glutathione conjugates (M1 and M2) in microsomal incubation and similar finding was obtained in vivo. Phenotyping study indicated that CYP3A4 was the principal enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of fraxinellone. This study suggested that CYP3A4-mediated bioactivation plays an indispensable role in fraxinellone-induced hepatotoxicity. The work performed herein enables us to better understand the hepatotoxicity of fraxinellone as well as the mechanism behind.

The autotransplantation of third molars to replace missing teeth is gaining attention. This study aimed to analyze factors influencing the success, survival, and inflammatory root resorption (IRR) of autotransplanted third molars with completely formed roots.

•A water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion dielectric is proposed to meet the requirement of sustainable electrical discharge machining.•The increase of 44.64 % in MRR, the decrease of 40.33 % in REWR are obtained in W/O nanoemulsion instead of conventional kerosene.•Compared with kerosene, using W/O nanoemulsion can significantly reduce the types of toxic and harmful gases generated in sinking EDM.

Dismantling abandoned oil wellheads is a central aspect of the decommissioning of production facilities. A wellhead consists of multiple layers of conductive oil casing nested with nonconductive cement rings. Plasma-arc cutting is expected to be used in abandoned wellhead demolition owing to its high processing efficiency for conductive materials. Currently, no reports are available on the operating parameters of plasma-arc cutting in oil wellhead dismantling. This study experimentally investigated the penetration parameters of an underwater plasma arc in abandoned wellheads. The stand-off distance, penetration angle, nozzle diameter, plasma arc current, and gas flow rate were considered as the main factors affecting the penetration effect. A composite workpiece consisting of 10 mm thick mild steel and 30 mm thick cement blocks was used to simulate a small segment of an oil wellhead. The penetration depth, removal volume, penetration specific energy, and nozzle loss were used as comprehensive evaluation indicators for optimizing the penetration parameters. Based on the results, the experimental phenomena during penetration were explained and recommended values of the underwater plasma arc processing parameters were provided. This study may advance the development of plasma arc cutting for the demolition of abandoned wellheads.

Foam is one special colloid dispersion system and has been widely used in foods. This work aims to improve the foam properties of sodium caseinate (Cas) through the electrostatic complexation of Cas and type-A gelatin (GE), in which GE is one cheap and widely sourced basic protein. Turbidity and zeta potential measurements indicate that mass ratio (r = GE/Cas) was critical to the solubility of protein complexes at pH 6.0 and that soluble and insoluble complexes were respectively formed at low mass ratios (r = 0.25, 0.5 and 1) and high mass ratios (r = 2 and 4). All soluble and insoluble complexes exhibited better foaming capacity than that of Cas and GE, while only soluble complexes significantly improved the foam stability of Cas. Particularly, the foam half-time of GE/Cas mixture at r = 0.25 was 5525.2 ± 405.7 s and 2.1 times that of Cas. Surface dilatational rheology shows that the adsorption behavior of soluble and insoluble complexes was respectively similar to that of Cas and GE. Soluble complexes formed more viscoelastic interface films than Cas, which could explain the better foam stability of soluble complexes. Transmission electron microscopy shows that electrostatic complexation of GE/Cas destroyed the micelle structure of Cas to varying degree but produced new networks. GE/Cas heteroprotein complexes have the potential to be used as excellent foaming agents in food industry.

In this study, a new kind of ultra-high-speed combined machining of electrical discharge machining and arc machining was developed. A rotating graphite electrode and a workpiece were connected to the negative and positive poles of the power supply, which consisted of a pulse generator and direct current power. Efficient electrode injection flushing and side flushing yielded a noncontinuous arc and achieved a maximum material removal rate of 12,688 mm3/min at a relative electrode wear ratio of 2.3% during quenched mold steel machining. The characteristics of the combined machining process were determined by studying the effects of flushing, rotation, peak current, and peak voltage on process performance, such as on the material removal rate and relative electrode wear ratio. The recast layer and surface defects were also investigated. The result shows that the novel combined machining process has great potential to reduce machining time.

Water-in-oil emulsion has been proposed as the working fluid of die-sinking electrical discharge machining in our previous research. Compared with the traditional mineral oil–based working fluid, the water-in-oil emulsion was more environmentally benign and efficiency. This study presents a new method of die-sinking electrical discharge machining that uses oxygen-mixed water-in-oil emulsion as the working fluid. Experimental results showed that the material removal rate can be highly improved, and the relative electrode wear ratio can be significantly reduced by mixing oxygen into the water-in-oil emulsion. The recast layer was much thinner with this oxygen-assisted machining method.

Abstract: Insulating ceramics are applied to modern manufacturing industries for their improved material properties. But they are the difficult-to-machine materials because of their high rigidity, high brittleness and non-electrical conductivity. A new method which employs a high energy capacitor for electric discharge machining of insulating ceramics efficiently is presented in this paper, and the single discharge experiments have been carried out. The process uses the high voltage, large capacitor and high discharge energy, it is able to effectively machine insulating ceramics, and the single discharge crater volume of insulating ceramics can reach 17.63 mm3. The effects of polarity, peak voltage, capacitance, current-limiting resistance, tool electrode feed, tool electrode section area and assisting electrode thickness on the process performance such as the single discharge crater volume, the tool wear ratio and the assisting electrode wear ratio have been investigated. The microstructure of the discharge crater is examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the discharge craters have sputtering appearance, the insulating ceramic materials are mostly removed by spalling, in the center region of the discharge some materials are removed by melting and vaporization, and the material removal is enhanced with the machining parameters increasing.

Abstract: Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic has been widely used in modern industry. However, the beneficial properties of SiC ceramic make machining difficult and costly by conventional machining methods. This paper proposes a new process of machining SiC ceramic using end electric discharge (ED) milling. The process is able to effectively machine a large surface area on SiC ceramic at low cost and no environmental pollution. The effects of emulsion concentration, emulsion flux, milling depth, copper electrode number, and copper electrode diameter on the process performance such as the material removal rate, electrode wear ratio, and surface roughness have been investigated. In addition, the microstructure of the machined surface is examined with a scanning electron microscope, and the material removal mechanism of SiC ceramic during end ED milling is obtained.

A working memory selection task combining directed-forgetting and memory-scanning paradigms was used to test the hypothesis that difficulty in selecting target from distractor items in working memory depends on the competition between target and distractor representations, as is commonly assumed in perceptual selection research. Participants memorized two trigrams and were then cued to select one as the new memory set and forget the other. They later saw a test letter and made judgment as to whether the letter was in the selected trigram, i.e., the new memory set. Selection difficulty was examined by manipulating the type of selection cues and the time the cue could be utilized. While re-presenting the targets in the cue display facilitated selection, re-presenting distractors did not impede selection. The results suggest that working memory selection may depend more on the activation from representations of the target than of the distractor.

Target-derived neurotrophins signal from nerve endings to the cell body to influence cellular and nuclear responses. The retrograde signal is conveyed by neurotrophin receptors (Trks) themselves. To accomplish this, activated Trks may physically relocalize from nerve endings to the cell bodies. However, alternative signaling mechanisms may also be used. To identify the vehicle wherein the activated Trks are located and transported, and to identify associated motor proteins that would facilitate transport, we use activation-state specific antibodies in concert with immunoelectron microscopy and deconvolution microscopy. We show that the activated Trks within rat sciatic nerve axons are preferentially localized to coated and uncoated vesicles. These vesicles are moving in a retrograde direction and so accumulate distal to a ligation site. The P-Trk containing vesicles, in turn, colocalize with dynein components, and not with kinesins. Collectively, these results indicate activated Trk within axons travel in vesicles and dynein is the motor that drives these vesicles towards the cell bodies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 302–312, 2002

Background: Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a unique source for future clinical application in dentistry such as periodontology or endodontics. However, DPSCs are prone to apoptosis under abnormal conditions. Taxifolin is a natural flavonoid and possesses many pharmacological activities including anti-hypoxic and anti-inflammatory. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of taxifolin protects DPSC under hypoxia and inflammatory conditions.Methods: DPSCs from human dental pulp tissue was purchased from Lonza (cat. no. PT-5025. Basel, Switzerland)) and identified by DPSC’s biomarkers. DPSC differentiation in vitrofollowing the manufacturers’ instructions. ARS staining and Oil red staining verify the efficiency of differentiation in vitroafter 2 weeks. The changes of various genes and proteins were identified by Q-PCR and western-blot, respectively. Cell viability was determined by the CCK-8 method, while apoptosis was determined by Annexin V/PI staining.Results: DPSC differentiation in vitroshows that hypoxia and TNF-α synergistically inhibit the survival and osteogenesis of DPSCs. A final concentration of 10 μM Taxifolin can significantly reduce the apoptosis of DPSCs under inflammation and hypoxia conditions. Taxifolin substantially increases carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) expression but not HIF1a, and inhibitions of CA9 expression nullify the protective role of taxifolin under hypoxia and inflammatory condition.Conclusion: Taxifolin significantly increased the expression of CA9 when it inhibits DPSC apoptosis and taxifolin synergistically to protect DPSCs against apoptosis with CA9 under hypoxia and inflammatory conditions. Taxifolin can be used as a potential drug for clinical treatment of DPSC-related diseases.

THE neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is expressed in sensory neurons. Expression of several neuropeptides is up-regulated in sensory neurons following inflammation. To examine whether also PACAP expression is regulated by inflammation, PACAP expression in L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was determined, using in situhybridization, after unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat paw. At 1 2 h and day 3, but not day 21, the percentage of neurons expressing PACAP mRNA was greater in the innervating L5 DRG. Similarly, PACAP mRNA expression in individual neurons was higher in the innervating L5 DRG at 12 h and day 3, but not day 21. Up-regulated PACAP expression following adjuvant injection suggests a role for PACAP in inflammation.

After unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation, expression of neuropeptides believed to be involved in the inflammatory response, e.g. substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is upregulated in innervating sensory neurons. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is structurally related to CGRP and constitutively expressed in sensory CGRP-containing neurons; the role of IAPP in sensory neurons is unknown. To examine whether IAPP could play a role in inflammation, IAPP expression in L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and its distribution in the dorsal horn were investigated after unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat paw and compared with CGRP, using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. At 12 h and day 3, but not day 21, the percentage of nerve cell profiles expressing IAPP and CGRP mRNA was greater in the ipsilateral L5 DRG; these changes paralleled the occurrence of edema around the tarsotibial joint and a slight limp. IAPP expression in individual nerve cell profiles was higher in the ipsilateral L5 DRG at 12 h, but not at days 3 and 21; the corresponding CGRP mRNA level was higher at days 3 and 21. At day 3, the higher expression of IAPP and CGRP on the ipsilateral side was accompanied by increased numbers of immunoreactive DRG neurons and fibers in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Largely, expression of IAPP and CGRP seems to be co-ordinately regulated by localized inflammation, although the rapid, but transient, upregulation in DRG neurons of IAPP mRNA expression and the slower, but sustained, upregulation of CGRP mRNA expression may indicate dissociated regulation of the peptides. Thus, IAPP could play a role in the initial phase of localized inflammation.

After unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation, expression of neuropeptides believed to be involved in the inflammatory response, e.g. substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is upregulated in innervating sensory neurons. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is structurally related to CGRP and constitutively expressed in sensory CGRP-containing neurons; the role of IAPP in sensory neurons is unknown. To examine whether IAPP could play a role in inflammation, IAPP expression in L5dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and its distribution in the dorsal horn were investigated after unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat paw and compared with CGRP, using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. At 12h and day 3, but not day 21, the percentage of nerve cell profiles expressing IAPP and CGRP mRNA was greater in the ipsilateral L5DRG; these changes paralleled the occurrence of edema around the tarsotibial joint and a slight limp. IAPP expression in individual nerve cell profiles was higher in the ipsilateral L5DRG at 12h, but not at days 3 and 21; the corresponding CGRP mRNA level was higher at days 3 and 21. At day 3, the higher expression of IAPP and CGRP on the ipsilateral side was accompanied by increased numbers of immunoreactive DRG neurons and fibers in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Largely, expression of IAPP and CGRP seems to be co-ordinately regulated by localized inflammation, although the rapid, but transient, upregulation in DRG neurons of IAPP mRNA expression and the slower, but sustained, upregulation of CGRP mRNA expression may indicate dissociated regulation of the peptides. Thus, IAPP could play a role in the initial phase of localized inflammation.

Copolymers of 1,5-dioxepan-2-one (DXO) and L- or D,L-dilactide have been synthesized and characterized. The molar ratio of the two monomers was around 20/80 of DXO and L- or D,L-lactide respectively. In vivo studies on rats revealed significant differences in tissue response between the semicrystalline DXO/L-LA copolymer and the amorphous DXO/D,L-LA copolymer. The materials were characterized pre- and post-implantation by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and light-microscopy. Degradation seems to follow an autocatalytic hydrolysis mechanism. The amorphous copolymer was degraded at a faster rate and gave a less pronounced foreign body reaction as compared to the semicrystalline one.

Myelofibrosis (MF), Polycythemia Vera (PV) and Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) are 3 classic BCR ABL negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. MF is comprised of both primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and those with an antecedent PV or ET (Post PV and Post ET MF, respectively). The term secondary MF (SMF) when used sometimes includes those with histologic myelofibrosis without an MPN (i.e. secondary to another myeloid neoplasm or autoimmune conditions) as well as MPN associated MF (PMF and Post PV/ET MF). Limited published epidemiology data is available on these disorders. Literature reports MF incidence in the range of 0.4–1.4 per 100000. The objective of this study was to estimate prevalence and incidence using 2 real world US health insurance claims databases.The US IMPACT® (∼30M enrollees/year) and US MARKETSCAN (∼40M enrollees/year) were used to retrospectively identify unique patients with PMF, SMF, PV and ET between 1/1/08 and 12/31/10. These databases can track patients longitudinally over multiple years, are linked at the patient level by a unique identifier that is consistent across services, health plans, and time and shown to be representative of the US population. ICD9 CM codes were used to identify PMF, SMF, PV and ET. Any MF was defined as having a diagnosis of either PMF or SMF.Incident cohort was constructed by selecting patients who had their first MF (or PV or ET) in 2010 confirmed by absence of diagnosis 3 years prior. Prevalent cohort was constructed by identifying patients who had MF (or PV or ET) in a given year. From the MF cohort, post ET and post PV patients were identified as those who had any ET or PV diagnosis in the calendar year prior. Primary MF was defined as PMF diagnosis alone without prior PV or ET. Annual prevalence rates were calculated for each calendar year from 2008–10. Continuous enrollment was required during the time period being evaluated. Estimates were adjusted for age distribution from census data.About 8.5M enrollees from IMPACT and 17M from MARKETSCAN each year were included in prevalence estimates.Mean age of MF patients was 61 years in IMPACT and 67 in MARKETSCAN. Age adjusted incidence estimates of MF were about 2.4 per 100000 per year using IMPACT database, 1.7 per 100000 per year from MARKETSCAN. There is a slight increase in MF prevalence over time: from 4.9 to 5.6 in IMPACT, 3.6 to 4.2 in MARKETSCAN. Among MF patients, about 35–40% had PMF, 10% were post-PV patients, 15% were post-ET patients and the remaining had MF arising from myelodysplastic syndrome (∼30%), lupus (∼2%) and other heme and solid tumors (∼3%).Mean age of PV patients was 55 and 36% were female in IMPACT database. In MARKETSCAN, mean age was 58 with 35% being female. Using IMPACT, annual age adjusted prevalence for PV was 57 cases per 100000. Estimates using MARKETSCAN varied from 45 to 48 cases per 100000. Age adjusted incidence of PV ranges from 22 to 27 cases per 100000 patients per year.Mean age of ET patients was 53 and 57 years in each database. In both, 67% of patients were female. Using US IMPACT, annual age adjusted prevalence for ET was 54 to 56 cases per 100000. Estimates using MARKETSCAN varied from 39 to 44 cases per 100000. Age adjusted incidence of ET ranges from 22 to 31 cases per 100000 patients per year.This is the first study utilizing two large national US claims databases to estimate prevalence of MPN disorders. In the US, MF prevalence ranges from 3.6–5.7 per 100,000 patients. Incidence estimates of MF range from 1.7–2.4 per 100,000 patients. PV prevalence estimates range from 45–57 cases and ET prevalence ranges from 39–57 cases per 100,000 patients. PV tends to affect more males while ET affects more female. These data provide compelling evidence to suggest that prevalence and burden of MPN associated MF is higher than has been reported in the past. Additional research using other national databases and/or study designs is needed to substantiate these findings.Mesa: Incyte: Research Funding; Lilly: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; NS Pharma: Research Funding; YM Bioscience: Research Funding. Mehta:Sanofi: Employment. Wang:Sanofi: Employment, Equity Ownership. Iqbal:Sanofi: Employment, Equity Ownership. Neumann:Sanofi-aventis: Employment. Zhang:Sanofi-aventis: Employment.

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