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Pterygium is a vision-threatening conjunctival fibrovascular degenerated disease with a high global prevalence up to 12 %, while no absolute pharmacotherapy has been applied in clinics. In virtue of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique, our study investigated underlying pathogeneses and potential therapeutic targets of pterygium from the cellular transcriptional level.

Few earth-abundant catalysts can catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid with satisfactory durability, due to the significant dissolution of transition metals. Disclosing the deactivation mechanism is the prerequisite for the rational design of durable OER electrocatalysts. Here, we establish the link between catalytic deactivation and the crystal facet's evolution of an archetypical acidic OER catalyst of spinel Co3O4, by correlating electrochemical response with facet evolution during electrolysis. We establish a complete picture of the crystal facet's evolution throughout the whole course. Low-index crystal facets of {110}, {100}, and {211} are prone to dissolve, whereas the high-index ones including {311} and {402} emerge along with the concurrent transition of the catalytic mechanism. Combining electrochemical analysis, facet probing, and theoretical calculation, we unveil that the etching of the most unstable {110} facets (only medium active) significantly accelerates the dissolution of the most active {100} facets and the most durable {111} facets adjacent to them. Our discovery highlights the destructive effect of unstable facets with only moderate activity, which has always been overlooked before. Additionally, the decoupling of the most active facets from the most stable ones suggests that the activity–durability tradeoff could be addressed by facet engineering.

Introduction: To report the first case of severe corneal complications in a patient with Sjögren syndrome after receiving erlotinib treatment.Case description: A 51-year-old woman with Sjögren syndrome presented with persistent corneal epithelial defects, which did not respond to conservative therapies. She had been diagnosed with lung cancer and was being treated with erlotinib, a kind of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, for over 2 years. Cornea stromal melting and perforation were not avoided and a total of four penetrating keratoplasties were performed. Stable corneal surface was achieved after the erlotinib treatment was paused.Conclusion: This report, to the best of our knowledge, is the first description of severe ocular complications present in a patient with Sjögren syndrome after receiving the EGFR inhibitor. The underlying ocular or system diseases that were thought to be irrelevant upon receiving the EGFR inhibitors might negatively influence the tumor patients planning to take these kinds of targeted medication. Therefore, it is important to have eye examinations before and during the EGFR inhibitors treatment and supplement the relative contraindications (such as Sjögren syndrome) to EGFR inhibitor treatments as necessary.

In this article, the inkjet printing technique is demonstrated for the stacking of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanosheets for flexible all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors. The ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate/graphene oxide ((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O/GO) aqueous inks are facilely printed on polymide (PI) film and transformed to RGO/MoO3hybrids via thermal treatments at air atmosphere. The compound inks are water-based, inkjet-printable, and nontoxic for inkjet printing to form two-dimensional crystal materials. The physical properties of aqueous inks are optimized within a printable range characterized by the Ohnesorge number of 1 < Z< 14. The inkjet-printed symmetric micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-H2SO4gel electrolyte possess a wide voltage window of 0–0.8 V, excellent flexibility, a high volumetric specific capacitance of 22.5 F cm–3at 0.044 A cm–3, as well as good cyclic stability due to the synergistic effect of RGO and MoO3. Furthermore, the inkjet-printed composite MSCs delivered a maximum energy density of 2 mWh cm–3and a power density of 0.018 W cm–3, and the capacity retention rate of inkjet-printed MSCs is still retained 82% even after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles, indicating good electrochemical properties. Above all, the as-designed inkjet printing technique shows potential for flexible and wearable energy storage electronics.

The heading date is an important fundamental trait in rice, which determines the length of growing duration and influences final yield. The traditional method to measure rice heading date involves frequent field work based on manual observations, which is slow, often subjective and feasible only in small areas. In this study, a Random Forest model was used to remotely estimate rice full heading (FH) date by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging over the study sites throughout rice growing periods. The model using time-series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge index (NDRE), retrieved from UAV multi-spectral images, was able to accurately estimate FH date for more than 1000 rice cultivars with root mean square errors below 4 days. The developed model was applied to map rice FH date variations under different environments. The results showed that most rice cultivars tend to heading later in response to colder temperatures while heading earlier at higher planting density, which has the sounded biological background. This study shows the great potential of using remote sensing method to assist in breeding studies, which is easy to implement across many fields and seasons, evaluating and comparing the crop trait for the large number of cultivars with high efficiency at low cost.

Electronic transport plays a pivotal role in the electrolysis of semiconducting electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), while it is mostly underestimated and largely unexplored. Here, by investigating the electronic transport behavior of seven archetypical crystalline Co/Ni/Fe-based (oxy)hydroxides (unary, binary, and ternary) under OER potential, we study how and the extent to which it affects the apparent catalytic performances. The electronic transports of unary metal (oxy)hydroxides follow the order of Co > Ni > Fe, and their binary or ternary compounds can generally impose one order of magnitude higher electrical conductivity. By studying the dependence of catalytic performances on electrical conductivities, we further unveil that charge transportability not only determines the electronic accessibility of catalytic nanoparticles but also, to our surprise, regulates the reaction kinetics of the electronically accessible active sites. Remarkably, the regulation extent of reaction kinetics correlates with the electrical conductivities of electrocatalysts, suggesting that the electrocatalytic process is strongly coupled with electronic transport. The work presents an overview of electronic transports of crystalline (oxy)hydroxides under OER potentials and highlights their pivotal role in unfolding catalytic potential, holding both fundamental and technical implications for the screen and design of efficient electrocatalysts.

To report the clinical and histopathologic characteristics and prognoses of three ocular juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) cases.

The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), a public-private enterprise, is a new time-domain survey employing a dedicated camera on the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt telescope with a 47 deg2field of view and an 8 second readout time. It is well positioned in the development of time-domain astronomy, offering operations at 10% of the scale and style of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) with a single 1-m class survey telescope. The public surveys will cover the observable northern sky every three nights in gand rfilters and the visible Galactic plane every night in gand r. Alerts generated by these surveys are sent in real time to brokers. A consortium of universities that provided funding ("partnership") are undertaking several boutique surveys. The combination of these surveys producing one million alerts per night allows for exploration of transient and variable astrophysical phenomena brighter than r? 20.5 on timescales of minutes to years. We describe the primary science objectives driving ZTF, including the physics of supernovae and relativistic explosions, multi-messenger astrophysics, supernova cosmology, active galactic nuclei, and tidal disruption events, stellar variability, and solar system objects.

Background. It is unclear if the availability of new techniques for removal of large colonic polyps has affected the use of segmental colon resection. We sought to evaluate the characteristics of polyps undergoing surgical resection, including involvement of therapeutic gastroenterologists (TG). Methods. 484 patients had a colonic resection; 165 (34%) were identified from the pathology database with polyp, adenoma, or mass in the clinical history field; these charts were reviewed. Results. 128 patients (mean age 68 yrs, 72% male) were included. The mean polyp size was 2.9 cm (0.4 cm–12.0 cm). Adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 50 (39.1%). 97 (75.8%) patients had a polyp that was felt to be unresectable by EMR, and 31 (24.2%) underwent successful EMR followed by surgery for adenocarcinoma (n=29). The indication for surgery in those with unresectable polyps was variable and was not clearly documented in 51 (52.6%); only 17 of these patients (17.5%) had a TG involved. Conclusion. A high proportion of polyps managed by segmental resection did not contain adenocarcinoma. This data suggests that even in a tertiary care center where advanced endoscopic techniques are easily available, they are not always utilized. Educational endeavors to ensure that ideal pathways of intervention are utilized require implementation.

Scott: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Inventor on a patent that NanoString has licensed.

Background:

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Despite its improved outcome with R-CHOP chemotherapy, 40% of patients still suffer with relapsed or refractory disease. Further investigation is needed to understand the complexity of DLBCL. Time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) is a recently developed technology that combines traditional flow cytometry with mass spectrometry and supports analysis of up to 30-40 parameters simultaneously at the single cell level with minimal spectral overlap (Bendall et al, Science 2011). In this study, we sought to develop a CyTOF method for phenotypic analysis of DLBCL to obtain high resolution profiles of the malignant clone(s) represented in individual tumor samples and resolve any underlying population substructure that might be informative in understanding the clinical and biologic heterogeneity of this disease.

No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Patients with DLBCL can be divided into prognostic subgroups according to the cell of origin (COO) of the lymphomas that are characterized as the germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB) and the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subgroup (Alizadeh et al Nature 2000:403:503-511). While Gene Expression Profile (GEP) is the “gold standard” method for defining COO in DLBCL, to perform GEP routinely on clinical cases would incur both financial and logistical pressures that would be challenging to overcome in many centers. As a result, several groups have endeavored to devise immunohistochemical (IHC) staining panels that recapitulate GEP results, but have met with variable success. In contrast with the inherently subjective nature of IHC result interpretation and the limited number of IHC-stained cells that can be assessed visually, flow cytometry is a widely available,mature and robust methodology that achieves quantitative measurement of multiple simultaneous antibody staining parameters on tens to hundreds of thousands of individual cells in a matter of minutes. In this study, we sought to devise a flow cytometric method for determining COO in DLBCL from freshly disaggregated patient lymph node biopsy specimens.Six GCB cell lines (OCI-Ly1, SU-DHL-10, SU-DHL-4, SU-DHL-8, Karpas 422 and Pfeiffer) and 6 ABC cell lines (SU-DHL-9, NU-DUL-1, OCI-Ly3, HBL-1, MD903 and OCI-Ly10) were stained with eight cell surface markers (CD45, CD19, CD10, CD27, CD38, CD138, CD44 and CD34), two intracellular markers (BCL6 and IRF4), and a viability dye simultaneously using a single-tube, 11-color assay and analyzed on a 4-laser BD LSRFortessa flow cytometer. Antibodies were chosen to include known GCB (CD10, CD27, CD38 and BCL6) and ABC (CD138, CD44 and IRF4) markers based on prior studies. CD45 and CD19 were included to assist in identifying the malignant B cell population and CD34 was included as an investigational marker. FCS file data were analyzed using FlowJo software.Evaluation of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values and their corresponding standard deviations for 40,000-190,000 viable events for each sample revealed CD27 and BCL6 to be expressed at significantly higher levels in GCB cell lines, and CD44 and IRF4 to be significantly higher in ABC cell lines. CD10 and CD34 tended toward higher expression in GCB and ABC cell lines, respectively, but these differences did not reach statistical significance according to the Student’s t-test. Analysis of all 10 fluorescence parameters simultaneously (i.e. 10-dimensional data projection) requiring more sophisticated bioinformatic tools is currently in progress. According to the serial univariate COO decision algorithm outlined by Hans et al (Blood 2004;103:275-282), our flow cytometry results correctly assigned 5 out of 6 GCB and 4 out of 6 ABC cell lines (cell line COO designations as defined by GEP).In this study, we assessed the performance of a flow cytometry-based assay for determining COO in DLBCL. Our results demonstrated that most GCB and ABC DLBCL cell lines can be correctly assigned with initial 10-color flow panel; however, some markers were highly informative while others were less or not informative at all in COO discrimination. Further development will be needed to improve the antibody panel design to the point they are able to replicate GEP results faithfully. Although flow cytometry cannot be performed on archival pathology material (i.e. formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue), most community and academic pathology departments have either their own flow cytometry instrumentation on site or established local referral centers and thus fresh tissue can usually be allocated for multidimensional flow analysis. Our results support the usefulness of flow cytometry for COO determination in DLBCL. However, further optimization of the panel design and testing on patient biopsy samples is needed.No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Patients with DLBCL can be divided into prognostic subgroups according to the cell of origin (COO) of the lymphomas that are characterized as the germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB) and the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subgroup (Alizadeh et al Nature 2000:403:503-511). While Gene Expression Profile (GEP) is the “gold standard” method for defining COO in DLBCL, to perform GEP routinely on clinical cases would incur both financial and logistical pressures that would be challenging to overcome in many centers. As a result, several groups have endeavored to devise immunohistochemical (IHC) staining panels that recapitulate GEP results, but have met with variable success. In contrast with the inherently subjective nature of IHC result interpretation and the limited number of IHC-stained cells that can be assessed visually, flow cytometry is a widely available,mature and robust methodology that achieves quantitative measurement of multiple simultaneous antibody staining parameters on tens to hundreds of thousands of individual cells in a matter of minutes. In this study, we sought to devise a flow cytometric method for determining COO in DLBCL from freshly disaggregated patient lymph node biopsy specimens.