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Polymetallic sulfides have attracted considerable attention as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batterw1ies (SIBs) due to their excellent cycling stability and electrochemical performance. However, in the field of anode materials, despite the high theoretical capacity and good conductivity of these transition metal sulfides, several key challenges remain in practical applications, such as structural damage caused by volume expansion during charge/discharge cycles, slow insertion/extraction kinetics of lithium and sodium ions, and insufficient interfacial stability. In this study, we designed an Sb/Fe2S3material and composite by combining it with acetylene black via a ball-milling process. The Sb/Fe2S3anchored on acetylene black (Sb/Fe2S3–C) not only improved the material’s conductivity but also provided a stable framework structure for the composite, which buffers volume expansion and enhances cycling performance. The ball-milling process further facilitated the uniform distribution of Sb/Fe2S3and acetylene black, enhancing the efficiency of electron and ion transport. The results showed that as an anode material for LIBs, the reversible capacities of Sb/Fe2S3–C reached 1170.6, 1007.1, 963.6, 877.2, 783.2, 656.3, 511.2, 428.3, and 345.3 mA h g–1at current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 A g–1, respectively. As an anode material for SIBs, Sb/Fe2S3–C remained stable at a high sodium storage capacity of 501.6 mA h g–1after 80 cycles at 1 A g–1. This study provides a more economical and sustainable solution for achieving high-performance LIBs/SIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.

A core challenge in survival analysis is to model the distribution of time-to-event data, where the event of interest may be a death, failure, or occurrence of a specific event. Previous studies have showed that ranking and maximum likelihood estimation loss functions are widely-used learning approaches for survival analysis. However, ranking loss only focus on the ranking of survival time and does not consider potential effect of samples’ exact survival time values. Furthermore, the maximum likelihood estimation is unbounded and easily subject to outliers (e.g., censored data), which may cause poor performance of modeling. To handle the complexities of learning process and exploit valuable survival time values, we propose a time-adaptive coordinate loss function, TripleSurv, to achieve adaptive adjustments by introducing the differences in the survival time between sample pairs into the ranking, which can encourage the model to quantitatively rank relative risk of pairs, ultimately enhancing the accuracy of predictions. Most importantly, the TripleSurv is proficient in quantifying the relative risk between samples by ranking ordering of pairs, and consider the time interval as a trade-off to calibrate the robustness of model over sample distribution. Our TripleSurv is evaluated on three real-world survival datasets and a public synthetic dataset. The results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and exhibits good model performance and robustness on modeling various sophisticated data distributions with different censor rates.

Osteoporosis and hypertension are frequently co-occurring disorders which cause significant challenges to the public health. According to some researches, adult persons with hypertension often have low bone mass density (BMD). However, there are discrepancies in the reported results. Thus, the primary objective of our meta-analysis is to explore the potential link between low BMD and hypertension in adults.

The migration characteristics of nanoplastics (NPs) in the natural freezing process are complex and have attracted increasing attention in simulating natural freezing in recent years. However, simulated freezing conditions often fall short of replicating natural freezing processes, and studies on the vertical distribution of NPs remain inadequate. This study established a more realistic simulation of the natural freezing process in surface water by controlling both the air temperature (T1) and the water temperature (T2). Additionally, we introduced a new parameter, the local distribution coefficient (Kiw1), to compare with the effective distribution coefficient (Kiw2). The values of Kiw1and Kiw2for PS-500 nm were 0.18 and 0.21, respectively, at T1= −20 °C and T2= 1 °C. The results revealed the NPs concentration differed in ice, near-ice liquid, and far-ice liquid. Both properties of NPs and environmental factors could regulate the vertical distribution of NPs. The findings underscored the importance of freezing temperature regulated by T1and T2, elucidating the roles of various influencing factors on the vertical distribution characteristics of NPs and unraveling the mechanisms of NPs distribution in the ice–water system. This study can provide valuable insights for understanding the migration of NPs in surface water in cold regions.

Safety issues associated with thermal runaway (TR) in batteries have attracted extensive research attention. However, understanding and predicting TR encounter significant challenges due to the complexities of chemical reactions, venting events, thermal stratification, multiphase interactions, and variable boundary conditions. These challenges are further complicated by intrinsic battery degradation, a phenomenon often insufficiently characterized and governed by multiple mechanisms. These primarily include the depletion of electrolyte and active materials, thickening of the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI), and formation of lithium plating and dendrites. Such degradation alters the battery's materials and structure, directly causing electrochemical performance penalties and potentially affecting its TR behavior. This study examines the TR behavior of commercial 18,650 cells with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes, focusing on degradation associated typical usage scenarios: long-term cycling, low-temperature cycling, dynamic cycling with calendar aging. We employ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to probe internal changes in the electrochemical properties of aged cells compared to fresh counterparts. The EIS results reveal pronounced SEI impedance and substantially increased charge transfer impedance in long-term cycled cells. TR tests were conducted using an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (EV+ ARC, Thermal Hazard Technology) following the heat-wait-seek (HWS) strategy. Our findings indicate a significant impact of aging mechanisms on second-life battery safety. Specifically, cells subjected to low-temperature cycling demonstrated a considerably lower onset temperature for exothermic reactions, and shorter TR delay time, despite all aged cells showing similar state of health (SOH). Furthermore, the temperature corresponding to the cell voltage drop is consistently much lower for aged cells with dynamic cycling and calendar aging.

In this study, an integrated crystal plasticity and cellular automaton (CA) model has been developed and employed to investigate the processes of cold rolling and annealing in ferritic stainless steel. Crystal plasticity simulates the deformation microstructure, deformation texture and corresponding dislocation density distribution in the cold rolled ferritic stainless steel. Meanwhile, CA predicts the microstructural evolution originating from nucleation and growth. The resolution of the crystal plasticity model has been improved using a newly developed remeshing technique, which allows for the capture of the grain substructure in the deformation microstructure. The developed model has been validated by experimental measurements with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in terms of comparing the orientation distribution functions (ODFs), misorientation, local substructures, and grain size. The good agreement between simulations and experiments indicates that the developed crystal plasticity with CA model is reliable and efficient for predicting the microstructure and texture evolutions during cold rolling and subsequent annealing.

Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) affect millions of patients globally. Decellularized extracellular matrix materials (dECM) have components, microstructure and mechanical properties similar to healthy cardiac tissues, and can be manufactured into various forms of implantable biomaterials including injectable hydrogels or epicardial patches, which have been extensively reported to attenuate pathological left ventricular remodeling and maintain heart function. Recently, dECM medical devices for ICM treatment have been approved for clinical use or studied in clinical trials, exhibiting considerable translation potential. Cells, growth factors and other bioactive agents have been incorporated with different dECM materials to improve the therapeutic outcomes. In addition, more detailed aspects of the biological effects and mechanisms of dECM treatment are being revealed. This review summarized recent advances in dECM materials from variable sources for cardiac repair, including extraction of extracellular matrix, cell integration, smart manufacturing of injectable hydrogels and cardiac patch materials, and their therapeutic applications. Besides, this review provides an outlook on the cutting-edge development directions in the field.

Identity in sports forms a key stage in which globalization is both constituted and resisted and where various contentions and nuanced dynamics remain to be unpacked. In this paper, we examined the media’s ability, from China and the US separately, to construct and deconstruct the national identity of a naturalized athlete, Eileen Gu (Gu Ailing), an American-born Chinese athlete, during the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games. By combining frame analysis with critical discourse analysis (CDA), salient differences were found in terms of the media frames and discourses used by China and the US in their adoption and interpretations of “sports role”, “ethnic role”, “social role”, and “entertainment role”. Furthermore, we pointed out that the national media from both countries simultaneously attempt to legitimize their stance on Gu’s national identity and stress the maximization of each nation’s own interest. The findings shed light on our existing understanding of the complex identity of naturalized athletes in the context of globalization and argue that media discourses, as constructed by the two countries, remain deeply rooted in an overdetermined East-West binary.

Due to the complex underwater environment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) may fail due to unknown obstacles in the process of performing tasks. Therefore, studying the real-time obstacle detection and avoidance methods for AUVs based on forward-looking sonar is very important. This article proposes a set of obstacle avoidance algorithms based on the images collected by the multibeam forward-looking sonar carried by AUVs. First, a new obstacle detection network based on a dual-path feature network based on a vision transformer (ViT-DPFN), which combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformer, is proposed to detect obstacles in sonar images quickly and accurately. Then, combined with the current attitude data of AUVs, the obstacle position collected by the sonar image is corrected. Finally, using the fixed obstacle size and position data, the cost function is established based on the model predictive control (MPC) method, the constraint conditions are designed, and the external collision avoidance constraint is established so that AUVs can avoid obstacles in the trajectory tracking process. The simulation and field experiment results show that the proposed method improves the obstacle detection accuracy and processing speed and ensures the navigation safety of AUVs in complex obstacle environments, proving the proposed method’s advancement and effectiveness. The underwater acoustic target detection (UATD) dataset is available at https://github.com/zhenghaotianHEU/UATD-sonar-dataset.

Fog harvesting plays a pivotal role in harnessing atmospheric water resources and holds significant promise for alleviating global water scarcity. Nonetheless, enhancing harvesting efficiency remains a persistent challenge, especially concerning the rapid detachment of droplets from surfaces. In this study, we discovered that the trichomes of Sarracenianot only efficiently harvest and transport liquid but also quickly drain harvested liquid. We have elucidated the augmentation mechanism behind effective fog harvesting and drainage within the lid of Sarracenia. The trichomes facing the counterflow can enhance fog harvesting efficiency by 80% through air-flow-assisted spreading of liquid film. The wedge corner generated by the interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, coupled with the reduction of cross-sectional angles, diminishes the adhesive force of liquid droplets, fosters droplet spheroidization, and substantially facilitates droplet detachment. In addition, the quantitative detachment of droplets can be achieved by adjusting the cross-sectional angle and wetting gradient. This integrated structure combining efficient condensation and detachment has diverse applications in cooling towers and seawater desalination.

The design of a scaffold that can regulate the sequential differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) according to the endochondral ossification (ECO) mechanism is highly desirable for effective bone regeneration. In this study, we successfully fabricated a dual-networked composite hydrogel composed of gelatin and hyaluronic acid (termed GCDH-M), which can sequentially release chondroitin sulfate (CS) and magnesium/silicon (Mg/Si) ions to provide spatiotemporal guidance for chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. The fast release of CS is from the GCDH hydrogel, and the sustained releases of Mg/Si ions are from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres embedded in the hydrogel. There is a difference in the release rates between CS and ions, resulting in the ability for the fast release of CS and sustained release of ions. The dual networks between the modified gelatin and hyaluronic acid via covalent bonding and host–guest interactions render the hydrogel with some dynamic feature to meet the differentiation development of BMSCs laden inside the hydrogel, i.e., transforming into a chondrogenic phenotype, further to a hypertrophic phenotype and eventually to an osteogenic phenotype. As evidenced by the results of in vitroand in vivoevaluations, this GCDH-M composite hydrogel was proved to be able to create an optimal microenvironment for embedded BMSCs responding to the sequential guiding signals, which aligns with the rhythm of the ECO process and ultimately boosts bone regeneration. The promising outcome achieved with this innovative hydrogel system sheds light on novel scaffold design targeting bone tissue engineering.

We propose a dielectric laser acceleration scheme based on the inverse Cherenkov effect, which utilizes a pair of dielectric prisms with customized surfaces for accelerating subrelativistic electrons. This scheme enables the continuous acceleration of subrelativistic electrons by adaptively adjusting the phase velocity of the acceleration wave along its propagation direction in response to the increasing velocity of electrons. The resulting synchronization between the electrons and the acceleration wave ensures that the electrons are continuously accelerated to higher energies without significant phase slippage. We introduce a design method for this acceleration structure based on the adiabatic approximation and provide an example to verify this method through simulations. Simulation results show that a 100- $\mu \text{m}$ -long structure can continuously accelerate electrons from an initial energy of 100–143.2 keV, and the energy gain far exceeds the maximum energy gain of 9 keV of the nontapered scheme under the same condition. It is worth mentioning that the scheme has the potential to continuously accelerate electrons from an initial energy of 100 keV to near-relativistic energies (>1 MeV). By using mature electron beam lithography, the tapered structure can be integrated into a chip for megaelectronvolt-level tabletop ultrafast electron diffraction.

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging technique for determining magnetic nanoparticle distributions in biological tissues. Although system-matrix (SM)-based image reconstruction offers higher image quality than the X-space-based approach, the SM calibration measurement is time-consuming. Additionally, the SM should be recalibrated if the tracer’s characteristics or the magnetic field environment change, and repeated SM measurement further increase the required labor and time. Therefore, fast SM calibration is essential for MPI. Existing calibration methods commonly treat each row of the SM as independent of the others, but the rows are inherently related through the coil channel and frequency index. As these two elements can be regarded as additional multimodal information, we leverage the transformer architecture with a self-attention mechanism to encode them. Although the transformer has shown superiority in multimodal fusion learning across several fields, its high complexity may lead to overfitting when labeled data are scarce. Compared with labeled SM (i.e., full size), low-resolution SM data can be easily obtained, and fully using such data may alleviate overfitting. Accordingly, we propose a pseudo-label-based progressive pretraining strategy to leverage unlabeled data. Our method outperforms existing calibration methods on a public real-world OpenMPI dataset and simulation dataset. Moreover, our method improves the resolution of two in-house MPI scanners without requiring full-size SM measurements. Ablation studies confirm the contributions of modeling SM inter-row relations and the proposed pretraining strategy.

In order to predict the lifetime of InP Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) devices and related circuits in the space radiation environment, a novel model including gamma radiation effects is proposed in this paper. Based on the analysis of radiation-induced device degradation effects including both DC and AC characteristics, a set of empirical expressions describing the device degradation trend are presented and incorporated into the Keysight model. To validate the effective of the proposed model, a series of radiation experiments are performed. The correctness of the novel model is validated by comparing experimental and simulated results before and after radiation.

The mechanical properties and interface damage characteristics of hot-rolled bonded stainless steel/carbon steel (SS/CS) clad plate with thin cladding were investigated. The focus is on mechanical property-microstructure relationships in shear deformation. In detail, the mechanical response of the cladding components and clad plate were characterized. Then a hybrid numerical–experimental identification procedure for the cohesive zone model (CZM) in the simulation of heterogeneous SS/CS interface using finite element (FE) method was developed. A mixed-mode bilinear CZM, considering the anisotropy of the thin cladding was coupled FE model, showing a high accuracy for predicting the shear deformation behavior. The results showed obvious differences in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the SS and CS layers and the formation of an inhomogeneous interfacial layer. Additionally, the bond strength and delamination position of SS/CS clad plate are highly dependent on the interfacial oxide distribution and elemental diffusion behavior. Interestingly, the thin cladding is subjected to bending moments in shear deformation, resulting in delamination of the interface that is not completely dominated by one shear mode. And these abrupt interfacial failures could be clarified via stress-strain state and local damage analysis of the well-reproduced FE model of cladding material.

ABSTRACTHome Health Care Routing and Scheduling Problem (HHCRSP) has been widely investigated in operations research. In this paper, a model based on the Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is proposed, which is able to deal with daily HHCRSPs. Human factors are considered in our formulation of the problem and we seek a balance between the different stakeholders’ satisfaction criteria. The considered temporal constraints are soft and controlled by the stakeholders’ personalised tolerance and satisfaction rates. We will explain how this new Satisfaction-Oriented HHCRSP (SOH2CRSP) model is built and solved by using an open-source solver: the OptaPlanner. In order to examine the impact of human factors, a study will estimate the added value provided when satisfaction is considered in the problem formulation. The comparison is based on a use case derived from the dataset of an existing HHC organisation. The numerical results will show the benefits of our approach.

The dielectric laser accelerator (DLA) based on the inverse Cherenkov effect has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation desktop or even on-chip particle accelerators. To achieve a high acceleration gradient, the width of the bunch channel is typically in the subwavelength scale, which essentially limits the accelerated beam current. To overcome this limitation, here we put forward a novel acceleration structure featuring multiple bunch channels, which is composed of a set of dielectric prisms and a series of dielectric slabs. The introduction of slab boundaries redistributes the laser-induced surface wave in the bunch channel. By adjusting the thicknesses of the slabs, the same field distributions can be obtained in all channels, enabling simultaneous acceleration of multiple electron beams and enhancing the output current intensity by several times. Detailed theoretical analysis, combined with full-field and particle tracking simulations, verify the effectiveness of our approach. This proposed scheme has great potential in developing high-current DLAs for practical applications.

Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease that is diagnosed on the basis of the presence of nemaline rods on skeletal muscle biopsy. Although NM has typically been classified by causative genes, disease severity or prognosis cannot be predicted. The common pathologic end point of nemaline rods (despite diverse genetic causes) and an unexplained range of muscle weakness suggest that shared secondary processes contribute to the pathogenesis of NM. We speculated that these processes could be identified through a proteome-wide interrogation using a mouse model of severe NM in combination with pathway validation and structural/functional analyses. A proteomic analysis was performed using skeletal muscle tissue from the Nebconditional knockout mouse model compared with its wild-type counterpart to identify pathophysiologically relevant biological processes that might impact disease severity or provide new treatment targets. A differential expression analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Core Analysis predicted perturbations in several cellular processes, including mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in energetic metabolism and stress-related pathways. Subsequent structural and functional studies demonstrated abnormal mitochondrial distribution, decreased mitochondrial respiratory function, an increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and extremely low ATP content in Nebconditional knockout muscles relative to wild type. Overall, the findings of these studies support a role for severe mitochondrial dysfunction as a novel contributor to muscle weakness in NM.

ACTA1encodes skeletal muscle-specific α-actin, which polymerizes to form the thin filament of the sarcomere. Mutations in ACTA1are responsible for approximately 30% of nemaline myopathy (NM) cases. Previous studies of weakness in NM have focused on muscle structure and contractility, but genetic issues alone do not explain the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in patients with NM or NM mouse models. To identify additional biological processes related to NM phenotypic severity, proteomic analysis was performed using muscle protein isolates from wild-type mice in comparison to moderately affected knock-in (KI) Acta1H40Yand the minimally affected transgenic (Tg) ACTA1D286GNM mice. This analysis revealed abnormalities in mitochondrial function and stress-related pathways in both mouse models, supporting an in-depth assessment of mitochondrial biology. Interestingly, evaluating each model in comparison to its wild-type counterpart identified different degrees of mitochondrial abnormality that correlated well with the phenotypic severity of the mouse model. Muscle histology, mitochondrial respiration, electron transport chain function, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were all normal or minimally affected in the TgACTA1D286Gmouse model. In contrast, the more severely affected KI.Acta1H40Ymice displayed significant abnormalities in relation to muscle histology, mitochondrial respirometry, ATP, ADP, and phosphate content, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential. These findings suggest that abnormal energy metabolism is related to symptomatic severity in NM and may constitute a contributor to phenotypic variability and a novel treatment target.

Stress graphitization is a unique phenomenon at the carbon nanotube (CNT)–matrix interfaces in CNT/carbon matrix (CNT/C) composites. A lack of fundamental atomistic understanding of its evolution mechanisms and a gap between the theoretical and experimental research have hindered the pursuit of utilizing this phenomenon for producing ultrahigh-performance CNT/C composites. Here, we performed reactive molecular dynamics simulations along with an experimental study to explore stress graphitization mechanisms of a CNT/polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon matrix composite. Different CNT contents in the composite were considered, while the nanotube alignment was controlled in one direction in the simulations. We observe that the system with a higher CNT content exhibits higher localized stress concentration in the periphery of CNTs, causing alignment of the nitrile groups in the PAN matrix along the CNTs, which subsequently results in preferential dehydrogenation and clustering of carbon rings and eventually graphitization of the PAN matrix when carbonized at 1500 K. These simulation results have been validated by experimentally produced CNT/PAN-based carbon matrix composite films, with transmission electron microscopy images showing the formation of additional graphitic layers converted by the PAN matrix around CNTs, where 82 and 144% improvements of the tensile strength and Young’s modulus are achieved, respectively. The presented atomistic details of stress graphitization can provide guidance for further optimizing CNT–matrix interfaces in a more predictive and controllable way for the development of novel CNT/C composites with high performance.

Mass spectrometry-based dereplication and prioritization led to the discovery of four multi-N-methylated cyclodecapeptides, auyuittuqamides E–H (1–4), from a soil-derived Sesquicilliumsp. The planar structures of these compounds were elucidated based on analysis of HRESIMS and NMR data. Absolute configurations of the chiral amino acid residues were assigned by a combination of the advanced Marfey’s method, chiral-phase LC-MS analysis, and J-based configuration analysis, revealing that 1–4contain both d- and l-isomers of N-methylleucine (MeLeu). Differentiation of d- and l-MeLeu in the sequence was achieved by advanced Marfey’s analysis of the diagnostic peptide fragments generated from partial hydrolysis of 1. Bioinformatic analysis identified a putative biosynthetic gene cluster (auy) for auyuittuqamides E–H, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed. These newly identified fungal cyclodecapeptides (1–4) displayed in vitrogrowth inhibitory activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeciumwith MIC values of 8 μg/mL.

Non-isothermal Creep Age Forming (CAF), including loading, heating, holding, cooling and springback stages, is an advanced forming technique for manufacturing high performance large integral panels at short production period and low cost. However, the creep deformation and aging precipitation during heating stage is often neglected in experiments and modeling, leading to low forming precision. To achieve shape forming and property tailoring simultaneously, a deep understanding of the non-isothermal creep aging behavior and the establishment of predictive models are urgently required. A new five-stage creep feature of Al-Cu-Li alloy during the non-isothermal creep aging is observed. The microstructural interactions between the dislocations, solute atoms, Guinier Preston zones (GP zones) and T1precipitates are found to dominate the five-stage creep aging behavior. The physical-based model considering temperature evolution history is established to describe the five-stage creep feature. The springback and yield strength of non-isothermal creep age formed plates with different thicknesses are predicted and compared by non-isothermal CAF experiments and corresponding simulations. The CAF experiments show that the springback and yield strength of the non-isothermal creep age formed plate are 62.1% and 506 MPa, respectively. Simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed model broadens the application of traditional CAF models that mainly focus on isothermal conditions.

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The ultrashort terahertz (THz) pulse with a broad frequency spectrum has important applications in THz spectroscopy and imaging. Previous THz-pulse generating methods are restricted by either low power or high cost. Here, we propose a novel scheme for generating ultrashort THz pulses, which uses a low-energy sheet electron beam to drive an inclined array of size-graded grooves. The diffraction radiation (DR) from each groove is successively generated and coherently superimposed at a specified direction via the Cherenkov effect. A single-cycle THz pulse with a spectrum band covering the region from 0.1 to 1 THz can be realized. In addition, using several arrays of grooves, a train of ultrashort THz pulses can be further obtained. The radiation power, which depends on the beam current, reaches as high as several kilowatts by using available electron beams. It affords an effective way of generating ultrashort THz pulses with broad application prospects.

Dielectric laser accelerator (DLA) is a promising candidate for next-generation on-chip particle accelerator. However, practical applications of DLA to date have been restricted due to low accelerated bunch charge and low energy gain, especially for subrelativistic particles. To break through these limitations, here we propose a multistage DLA scheme with inverse Cherenkov effect. The first stage, formed by a pair of symmetric dielectric prisms, is to prebunch a long (tens to hundreds of laser-wavelengths) electron beam with relatively high bunch charge (several to tens of femto-coulombs) via velocity bunching. The subsequent stages, consisting of pairs of dielectric prism stacks, are to fulfill cascade acceleration of the prebunched beam. The synchronization of subrelativistic particles with laser field is realized via adjusting the prism angles in each stack. With theoretical analyses and simulations, we obtain an energy gain of more than 400 keV for an electron beam with initial energy of 100 keV. Compared with that of a non-prebunched beam, the accelerated bunch charge of a prebunched beam is more than four times higher. This proposed scheme affords an effective way of developing an on-chip particle accelerator with high energy gain and high bunch charge.

In this study, single-walled carbon nanoangles/carbon nanofibers (SWCNHs/CNFs) were synthesized by electrospinning, followed by annealing in a N2atmosphere. The synthesized composite was structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical sensor was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for luteolin detection, and its electrochemical characteristics were investigated using differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and chronocoulometry. Under optimized conditions, the response range of the electrochemical sensor to luteolin was 0.01–50 μM, and the detection limit was 3.714 nM (S/N = 3). The SWCNHs/CNFs/GCE sensor showed excellent selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility, thus enabling the development of an economical and practical electrochemical method for the detection of luteolin.

The dielectric laser accelerator (DLA) based on the inverse Cherenkov effect (ICR) is one of the promising options for developing next-generation desktop or even ON-chip particle accelerators. In order to realize efficient acceleration and to counteract bunch deflection in the tiny-size bunch channel, especially in the subrelativistic region, the available inverse-Cherenkov DLAs exclusively resort to the double-side driven scheme, which uses two identical laser beams to simultaneously and symmetrically drive a mirror dual-prism structure. This complicates the optical system and increases the difficulty of implementation in practice. Here we propose a novel inverse-Cherenkov DLA scheme that uses a single-side laser beam to drive a dielectric prism-slab structure. The laser-induced fields are reflected on both sides of the dielectric slab, which changes the field distribution in the bunch channel. By properly choosing the thickness of the slab and the laser wavelength, the fields in the bunch channel can be symmetrically distributed, which is just like that in the double-driven scheme. So the single-side driven model can realize the same acceleration gradient and focusing effects as the double-driven scheme, which doubles the acceleration efficiency and simplifies the optical system in practice. Detailed theoretical analyses are performed, the results of which are verified by full-field and particle-tracking simulations. This proposed scheme is of significance for developing miniaturized inverse-Cherenkov DLAs.

In this paper, we target at improving the downlink user sum rate in satellite integrated terrestrial network (SITN). Wherein, the densely deployed low earth orbit (LEO) satellites provide backhaul to terrestrial base stations (TBSs) and TBSs serve the ground users (GUs) over different bands. Note that the user sum rate is dependent on the user association and backhaul capacity. Moreover, the backhaul capacity is determined by multi-connectivity feature between the TBSs and LEO satellites. However, the densification and high dynamics of SITN aggravate the inter-satellite interference, which degrades the backhaul capacity. To this end, we propose a joint interference management and user association (JIMUA) scheme, which exploits collaborative computing to enhance the backhaul capacity and satisfy the user demands. The service demands of GUs and dwell duration of LEO satellites can be captured by introducing a collaborative computing coefficient. With this aid, the TBSs can predict the highly dynamic trajectory of dense deployed LEO satellites. Accordingly, the searching space of satellites can be reduced, the interference can be mitigated and backhaul capacity can be improved with high time efficiency. Moreover, the user association is achieved by dividing GUs into different groups, while the required user demands can be satisfied. Considering the dense deployment of LEO satellites, the user sum rate of SITN could be enhanced by JIMUA compared with the benchmark. With the well tuned collaborative computing coefficient, the backhaul capacity can be increased over 12%. Consequently, the user sum rate can be improved over 7%. Moreover, with the increasing user density, the gap between the user sum rate of JIMUA and the optimal solution can be reduced to less than 4%.

Optical computing has potential advantages of light-speed parallel processing and low power consumption over electronic computing. Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of modern computing systems. In this work, two types of single-pixel imaging systems are investigated for performing a non-imaging task of optical logic gate operations for the first time. In the first scheme, the spatial light intensity distribution of object image and illumination pattern is encoded based on the input binary values. Then the logic gate output result is indicated by the maximum single-pixel intensity when the encoded object image is incoherently illuminated by a most matched pattern. In the second scheme, the light amplitudes in corresponding sub-regions are directly proportional to the binary input values. A universal linear approximation model in the complex-amplitude domain allows the detected light intensity of a single-pixel holography system representing the logic gate output result. Various logic gate operations such as AND, OR and XOR can be implemented by these two systems in an individual or compound manner.

Tea green leafhopper(TGL), Empoasca onukii, is of biological and economic interest. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms underlying its adaptation and evolution remain enigmatic. Here, we use previously untapped genome and population geneticsapproaches to examine how the pest adapted to different environmental variables and thus has expanded geographically. We complete a chromosome-level assembly and annotation of the E. onukiigenome, showing notable expansions of gene families associated with adaptation to chemoreception and detoxification. Genomic signals indicating balancing selection highlight metabolic pathways involved in adaptation to a wide range of tea varieties grown across ecologically diverse regions. Patterns of genetic variations among 54 E. onukiisamples unveil the population structure and evolutionary historyacross different tea-growing regions in China. Our results demonstrate that the genomic changes in key pathways, including those linked to metabolism, circadian rhythms, and immune system functions, may underlie the successful spread and adaptation of E. onukii. This work highlights the genetic and molecular basis underlying the evolutionary success of a species with broad economic impacts, and provides insights into insect adaptation to host plants, which will ultimately facilitate more sustainable pest management.

Tea green leafhopper(TGL), Empoasca onukii, is of biological and economic interest. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms underlying its adaptation and evolution remain enigmatic. Here, we use previously untapped genome and population geneticsapproaches to examine how the pest adapted to different environmental variables and thus has expanded geographically. We complete a chromosome-level assembly and annotation of the E. onukiigenome, showing notable expansions of gene families associated with adaptation to chemoreception and detoxification. Genomic signals indicating balancing selection highlight metabolic pathways involved in adaptation to a wide range of tea varieties grown across ecologically diverse regions. Patterns of genetic variations among 54 E. onukiisamples unveil the population structure and evolutionary historyacross different tea-growing regions in China. Our results demonstrate that the genomic changes in key pathways, including those linked to metabolism, circadian rhythms, and immune system functions, may underlie the successful spread and adaptation of E. onukii. This work highlights the genetic and molecular basis underlying the evolutionary success of a species with broad economic impacts, and provides insights into insect adaptation to host plants, which will ultimately facilitate more sustainable pest management.