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Advanced n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) play an important part in bioelectronics, facilitating the booming of complementary circuits-based biosensors. This necessitates the utilization of both n-type and p-type organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) exhibiting a balanced performance. However, the observed subpar electron charge transport ability in most n-type OMIECs presents a significant challenge to the overall functionality of the circuits. In response to this issue, we achieve high-performance OMIECs by leveraging a series of fused electron-deficient monodisperse oligomers with mixed alkyl and glycol chains. Through molecular ordering manipulation by optimizing of their alkyl side chains, we attained a record-breaking OECT electron mobility of 0.62 cm2/(V s) and μC* of 63.2 F/(cm V s) for bgTNR-3DT with symmetrical alkyl chains. Notably, the bgTNR-3DT film also exhibits the highest structural ordering, smallest energetic disorder, and the lowest trap density among the series, potentially explaining its ideal charge transport property. Additionally, we demonstrate an organic inverter incorporating bgTNR-3DT OECTs with a gain above 30, showcasing the material’s potential for constructing organic circuits. Our findings underscore the indispensable role of alkyl chain optimization in the evolution of prospective high performance OMIECs for constructing advanced organic complementary circuits.

An organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) is an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) that utilizes light to toggle between ON and OFF states. The current response to light and voltage fluxes in aqueous media renders the OPECT ideal for the development of next-generation bioelectronic devices, including light-assisted biosensors, light-controlled logic gates, and artificial photoreceptors. However, existing OPECT architectures are complex, often requiring photoactive nanostructures prepared through labor-intensive synthetic methods, and despite this complexity, their performance remains limited. In this study, we develop aqueous electrolyte-compatible optoelectronic transistors using a single n-type semiconducting polymer. The n-type film performs multiple tasks: (1) gating the channel, (2) generating a photovoltage in response to light, and (3) coupling and transporting cations and electrons in the channel. We systematically investigate the photoelectrochemical properties of a range of n-type polymeric mixed conductors to understand the material requirements for maximizing phototransistor performance. Our findings contribute to the identification of crucial material and device properties necessary for constructing high-performance OPECTs with simplified design features and a direct interface with biological systems.

Due to the limited concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tumor microenvironment, peroxidase (POD)-mimicking nanozyme-mediated catalytic therapy usually cannot completely eliminate tumor issues. In this study, we report an H2O2-responsive nanozyme constructed by loading 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) into POD-like Fe-porphyrin covalent organic frameworks (COFs) (Fe-DhaTph). The resulting ABTS@Fe-DhaTph can function as a multifunctional therapeutic nanoagent for combination therapy of catalytic therapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the tumor microenvironment, ABTS@Fe-DhaTph can catalyze the decomposition of endogenous H2O2to produce highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for in situtumor catalytic therapy. Meanwhile, the loaded ABTS is oxidized by H2O2with the assistance of ABTS@Fe-DhaTph, and the resulting oxABTS, with strong near-infrared absorbance, can enable the H2O2-dependent PTT. Besides Fe-DhaTph-induced PDT, the generated oxABTS with glutathione (GSH)-depletion ability can synergistically enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species, thereby improving catalytic therapy and PDT. To the best of our knowledge, ABTS@Fe-DhaTph is the first COF-based nanozyme to serve as a cascade-amplified synergistic therapeutic nanoagent for cancer treatment.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for skin-like bioelectronics require mechanical stretchability, softness, and cost-effective large-scale manufacturing. However, developing intrinsically stretchable OECTs using a simple and fast-response technique is challenging due to limitations in functional materials, substrate wettability, and integrated processing of multiple materials. In this regard, we propose a fabrication method devised by combining the preparation of a microstructured hydrophilic substrate, multi-material printing of functional inks with varying viscosities, and optimization of the device channel geometries. The resulting intrinsically stretchable OECT array with synaptic properties was successfully manufactured. These devices demonstrated high transconductance (22.5 mS), excellent mechanical softness (Young’s modulus ∼ 2.2 MPa), and stretchability (∼30%). Notably, the device also exhibited artificial synapse functionality, mimicking the biological synapse with features such as paired-pulse depression, short-term plasticity, and long-term plasticity. This study showcases a promising strategy for fabricating intrinsically stretchable OECTs and provides valuable insights for the development of brain-computer interfaces.

The development of high-performance n-type semiconducting polymers remains a significant challenge. Reported here is the construction of a coplanar backbone viaintramolecular hydrogen bonds to dramatically enhance the performance of n-type polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Specifically, glycolated naphthalene tetracarboxylicdiimide (gNDI) couples with vinylene and thiophene to give gNDI-Vand gNDI-T, respectively. The hydrogen bonding functionalities are fused to the backbone to ensure a more coplanar backbone and much tighter π–π stacking of gNDI-Vthan gNDI-T, which is evidenced by density functional theory simulations and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, these copolymers are fabricated as the active layer of the aqueous-based electrochromic devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). gNDI-Vexhibits a larger electrochromic contrast (ΔT= 30%) and a higher coloration efficiency (1988 cm2C−1) than gNDI-Towing to its more efficient ionic–electronic coupling. Moreover, gNDI-Vgives the highest electron mobility (0.014 cm2V−1s−1) and μC* (2.31 FV−1cm−1s−1) reported to date for NDI-based copolymers in OECTs, attributed to the improved thin-film crystallinity and molecular packing promoted by hydrogen bonds. Overall, this work marks a remarkable advance in the n-type polymeric mixed conductors and the hydrogen bond functionalization strategy opens up an avenue to access desirable performance metrics for aqueous-based electrochemical devices.

Functionalized polymeric mixed ionic–electronic conductors (PMIECs) are highly desired for the development of electrochemical applications, yet are hindered by the limited conventional synthesis techniques. Here, we propose a “graft-onto-polymer” synthesis strategy by post-polymerization functionalization (GOP-PPF) to prepare a family of PMIECs sharing the same backbone while functionalized with varying ethylene glycol (EG) compositions (two, four, and six EG repeating units). Unlike the typical procedure, GOP-PPF uses a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction for the facile and versatile attachment of functional units to a pre-synthesized conjugated-polymer precursor. Importantly, these redox-active PMIECs are investigated as a platform for energy storage devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in aqueous media. The ion diffusivity, charge mobility and charge-storage capacity can be significantly improved by optimizing the EG composition. Specifically, g2T2-gBT6containing the highest EG density gives the highest charge-storage capacity exceeding 180 F g−1among the polymer series, resulting from the improved ion diffusivity. Moreover, g2T2-gBT4with four EG repeating units exhibits a superior performance compared to its two analogues in OECTs, associated with a high μC* up to 359 F V−1cm−1s−1, owing to the optimal balance between ionic–electronic coupling and charge mobility. Through the GOP-PPF, PMIECs can be tailored to access desirable performance metrics at the molecular level.

Nutrition poverty alleviation is an effective measure to improve the nutritional status of economically disadvantaged individuals, fundamentally improving their health and reducing poverty. Based on the Entitlement Theory and using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data, this paper examines the relationship between farmers’ nutritional intake, production structure and regional market conditions. Results show that farmers with diversified production have better nutritional intake than those who specialize. Furthermore, the correlation between regional market conditions and nutritional intake varies between economically disadvantaged and non-economically disadvantaged households. Market conditions significantly influence the carbohydrate and fat intake of economically disadvantaged households and are positively associated with the dietary structure and nutritional intake of non-economically disadvantaged ones. Moreover, income is positively correlated with the nutritional intake of non-economically disadvantaged households but not with economically disadvantaged ones.

Small-molecule semiconductors used as the channel of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been rarely reported despite their inherent advantages of well-defined molecular weight, convenient scale-up synthesis, and good performance reproducibility. Herein, three small molecules based on perylene diimides are readily prepared for n-type OECTs. The final molecules show preferred energy levels, tunable backbone conformation, and high film crystallinity, rendering them good n-type dopability, favorable volumetric capacities, and substantial electron mobilities. Consequently, the OECTs afford a record-low threshold voltage of 0.05 V and a normalized peak transconductance of 4.52 × 10–2S cm–1, as well as impressive long-term cycling stability. Significantly, the OECTs utilized for hydrogen peroxide sensing are further demonstrated with a detection limit of 0.75 μM. This work opens the possibility of developing nonfullerene small molecules as superior n-type OECT materials and provides important insights for designing high-performance small-molecule mixed ion-electron conductors for OECTs and (bio)sensors.

Porous morphologies have shown great potential in optimizing the capacitance and charge carrier transport for semiconducting polymers in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Nevertheless, it remains arduous and time-consuming to obtain such desired microstructures due to the requirement of rigorous humidity control and templates/additives. Herein, three new glycolated conjugated polymers based on a fused-ring cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) skeleton are developed, which feature readily obtained large-area porous thin films via spin-casting from binary solvent mixtures under ambient conditions. These polymers afford fascinating capacitances reaching a maximum of 353 F cm–3, which is the highest value reported to date for p-type OECT materials. The optimal combination of volumetric capacitance and hole mobility in a representative polymer enables the fabrication of OECTs with a high μC* value up to 476 F cm–1V–1s–1and a current retention of 98% upon 600 switching cycles. Moreover, the corresponding flexible OECTs exhibit exceptional mechanical stability at various bending radii down to 5 mm and under repetitive bending cycles. This work provides a simple yet effective binary solvent strategy to fabricate porous conjugated polymers for high-performance OECTs and flexible devices, which will further advance the development of organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors in OECT research fields and beyond.

To date, many of the high-performance conjugated polymers employed as OECT channel materials make use of ethylene glycol (EG) chains to confer the materials with mixed ionic-electronic conduction properties, with limited emphasis placed on alternative hydrophilic moieties. While a degree of hydrophilicity is required to facilitate some ionic conduction in hydrated channels, an excess results in excessive swelling, with potentially detrimental effects on charge transport. This is therefore a subtle balance that must be optimised to maximise electrical performance. Herein a series of polymers based on a bithiophene–thienothiophene conjugated backbone was synthesised and the conventional EG chains substituted by their propylene and butylene counterparts. Specifically, the use of propylene and butylene chains was found to afford polymers with a more hydrophobic character, thereby reducing excessive water uptake during OECT operation and in turn significantly boosting the polymers’ electronic charge carrier mobility. Despite the polymers’ lower water uptake, the newly developed oligoether chains retained sufficiently high degrees of hydrophilicity to enable bulk volumetric doping, ultimately resulting in the development of polymers with superior OECT performance.

Conventional conjugated polymer synthesis involves costly transition-metal catalysts and even toxic reagents, causing serious environmental challenges around the world. The comonomer linkages of semiconducting polymers are mostly single bonds; charge delocalization and transport have been hindered due to rotation around these single bonds, leading to energetic and conformational disorders. Here, we have developed a novel programmable half-fused polymer library by introducing aldehyde chemistry to promote a very simple and cheap Lewis acid-mediated aldol condensation that affords conjugated polymers with continuous double bonds and single bonds as the linkages between the polymer repeat units, maintaining a coplanar conjugated backbone to eliminate rotation owing to the intramolecular noncovalent interactions. In addition, this innovative concept not only shows an excellent substrate generality but also affords unprecedented polymers with unique properties, allowing us to change the variable conjugated length and side-chain engineering of the backbone to modulate the optoelectronic properties and tune the delocalization of frontier molecular orbitals. These polymers also exhibit very high number-averaged molecular weights (Mn) while showing good solution processability, which makes them applicable as high-performance thin-film transistor materials with reduced conformational disorder. Herein, our results demonstrate that the half-fused design strategy can effectively extend the scope of semiconducting polymers. The low synthetic complexity can be utilized to design organic electronic materials for large-scale production and commercialization.

Because of their low-temperature processing properties and inherent mechanical flexibility, semiconducting materials are promising candidates for enabling flexible displays, renewable energy, biological sensors, and healthcare. Progress has been made in materials performance by developing judicious materials design strategies. For example, improvements in electron transport have required new electron-deficient aromatics. Among them, isoindigo (IID) is an important functional group utilized in conjugated aromatics, where the structure combines two sets of five-membered electron-withdrawing lactam rings, exhibiting enhanced solubility, excellent chemical and thermal stabilities, broad absorption, and intriguing electron affinity.

Donor–acceptor copolymers featuring electron-deficient isoindigo units and electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxy (EDOT) groups are presented as new materials for accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Grafting hybrid alkyl–ethylene glycol side chains on the isoindigo units of the copolymer leads to OECTs with outstanding substrate adhesion and operational stability in contact with an aqueous electrolyte, as demonstrated by their preserved performance after extensive ultrasonication (1.5 h) or after continuous on–off switching for over 6 h. Hybrid side chains outperform copolymers with alkyl only or ethylene glycol only side chains, which retain only 27% and 10% of the on currents after 40 min of on–off switching, respectively, under the same biasing conditions. These devices are promising candidates for in vitro and in vivo bioelectronics, applications where stability as well as robust adhesion of the conjugated polymer to the substrate are essential.

The “von Neumann bottleneck” is a formidable challenge in conventional computing, driving exploration into artificial synapses. Organic semiconductor materials show promise but are hindered by issues such as poor adhesion and a high elastic modulus. Here, we combine polyisoindigo-bithiophene (PIID-2T) with grafted poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to synthesize the triblock-conjugated polymer (PIID-2T-PDMS). The polymer exhibited substantial enhancements in adhesion (4.8–68.8 nN) and reductions in elastic modulus (1.6–0.58 GPa) while maintaining the electrical characteristics of PIID-2T. The three-terminal organic synaptic transistor (three-terminal p-type organic artificial synapse (TPOAS)), constructed using PIID-2T-PDMS, exhibits an unprecedented analog switching range of 276×, surpassing previous records, and a remarkable memory on–off ratio of 106. Moreover, the device displays outstanding operational stability, retaining 99.6% of its original current after 1600 write–read events in the air. Notably, TPOAS replicates key biological synaptic behaviors, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), short-term plasticity (STP), and long-term plasticity (LTP). Simulations using handwritten digital data sets reveal an impressive recognition accuracy of 91.7%. This study presents a polyisoindigo-bithiophene-based block copolymer that offers enhanced adhesion, reduced elastic modulus, and high-performance artificial synapses, paving the way for the next generation of neuromorphic computing systems.

Chemical bath deposition (CBD) of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films as an electron-transport layer (ETL) in a planar-heterojunction n–i–p organohalide lead perovskite and organic bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is reported. The amorphous SnO2(a-SnO2) films are grown from a nontoxic aqueous bath of tin chloride at a very low temperature (55 °C) and do not require postannealing treatment to work very effectively as an ETL in a planar-heterojunction n–i–p organohalide lead perovskite or organic BHJ solar cells, in lieu of the commonly used ETL materials titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), respectively. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on the glass/indium–tin oxide (ITO)/SnO2/methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)/2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene device stack indicate that extraction of photogenerated electrons is facilitated by a perfect alignment of the conduction bands at the SnO2/MAPbI3interface, while the deep valence band of SnO2ensures strong hole-blocking properties. Despite exhibiting very low electron mobility, the excellent interfacial energetics combined with high transparency (Egap,optical> 4 eV) and uniform substrate coverage make the a-SnO2ETL prepared by CBD an excellent candidate for the potentially low-cost and large-scale fabrication of organohalide lead perovskite and organic photovoltaics.

An n-type conjugated polymer based on diazaisoindigo (AIID) and fluorinated thiophene units is introduced. Combining the strong electron-accepting properties of AIID with backbone fluorination produced gAIID-2FT, leading to organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with normalized values of 4.09 F cm–1V–1s–1and a normalized transconductance (gm,norm) of 0.94 S cm–1. The resulting OECTs exhibit exceptional operational stability and long shelf-life in ambient conditions, preserving 100% of the original maximum drain current after over 3 h of continuous operation and 28 days of storage in the air. Our work highlights the advantages of integrating strong electron acceptors with donor fluorination to boost the performance and stability of n-type OECTs.

Organic synaptic transistors are considered to be one of the most promising device concepts for neuromorphic systems. However, repressively low memory retention and high-temperature instability greatly preclude the development and real-world application of organic synaptic transistors. Herein, we reported three conjugated polymers based on a bithiophene-thienothiophene backbone and the traditional ethylene glycol (EG) chains substituted by more hydrophobic propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) counterparts for three-terminal organic neuromorphic memory devices (TONMD). The resulting TONMD exhibits superior viability in ambient and high-temperature environments. BG chain-based p(b2T-TT) show ultra-long memory retention of over 103s and large analog switching range (>10 ×) at 180 °C, which represents the record-high high-temperature resilience for reported TONMD to date. They also demonstrated excellent endurance of over 105write-read operations and ultra-high ambient stability with 96 % of its original conductance after 3 months. Data of molecular dynamic simulations and microstructure show that the superior high-temperature resilience and ambient stability originate from more rigid conformation and stable morphology with the increased hydrophobicity of the PG and BG functionalities. Overall, rational design of oligoether side-chains will boost the device's dual high-temperature and ambient stability without compromising synaptic function and provide promising strategies for high-temperature neuromorphic applications.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as versatile platforms for broad applications spanning from flexible and wearable integrated circuits to biomedical monitoring to neuromorphic computing. A variety of materials and tailored micro/nanostructures have recently been developed to realized stretchable OECTs, however, a solid-state OECT with high elasticity has not been demonstrated to date. Herein, we present a general platform developed for the facile generation of highly elastic all-polymer OECTs with high transconductance (up to 12.7 mS), long-term mechanical and environmental durability, and sustainability. Rapid prototyping of these devices was achieved simply by transfer printing lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS/LiTFSI) microstructures onto a resilient gelatin-based gel electrolyte, in which both depletion-mode and enhancement-mode OECTs were produced using various active channels. Remarkably, the elaborate 3D architectures of the PEDOT:PSS were engineered, and an imprinted 3D-microstructured channel/electrolyte interface combined with wrinkled electrodes provided performance that was retained (> 70%) through biaxial stretching of 100% strain and after 1000 repeated cycles of 80% strain. Furthermore, the anti-drying and degradable gelatin and the self-crosslinked PEDOT:PSS/LiTFSI jointly enabled stability during > 4 months of storage and on-demand disposal and recycling. This work thus represents a straightforward approach towards high-performance stretchable organic electronics for wearable/implantable/neuromorphic/sustainable applications.

The allelopathy of spent substrate extracts including water extract and ethanol extract of Pleurotus ostreatus on the mycelium growth of six edible fungi, i.e. Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum Karst, Pleurotus ostreatus and Cordyceps (three species), were investigated using Petri dishes approach. The results indicated that the spent substrate extracts have different effects on their mycelium growth. The mycelium of Flammulina velutipes grows better than control check with increasing water extract concentration. The mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum Karst grow first promotion after inhibition with increasing water extract concentration. The mycelia of Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum Karst, Pleurotus ostreatus are promoted by ethanol extracts. The mycelia of Cordyceps (three species) grow first promotion after inhibition with ethanol extracts. The results can provide reference values for rational utilization of the spent mushroom substrate.

The intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) region in rRNA gene of Auricularia auricula was PCR-amplified and sequenced, and the sequence was analyzed by using bioinformatics technology. The two-way sequencing results were spliced by DANMAN software and used MEGA5.10 to analyze sequence variability, calculate genetic distance and construct phylogenetic tree. The amplified fragment length of intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) gene was about 954bp ~1162bp, GC content of 51.90 to 52.02%, 73 nucleotide variable sites, 16 parsimony informative sites. Variable sites were mainly concentrated in the201~232bp and 714~884bp region. IGS1 sequences have great extent Compared with other 9 species from the GenBank according to the analysis of distance matrix, the genetic relationship between strains and the related known species from systematic dendrogram, IGS1 sequence analysis supports the traditional classification of Auricularia based on morphology. IGS1sequences variation could distinguish the difference between Araucaria species, it could be used as a supplement study genetic diversity method.

We have fabricated hybrid molecular chain structures formed by electron acceptor compound 1 and electron donor molecules 2and 3at the liquid/solid interface of graphite surface. The structural details of the mono-component and the binary assemblies are revealed by high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Compound 1can form two well-ordered lamellar patterns at different concentrations. In the co-adsorption structures, compounds 2and 3can insert into the space between molecular chains of compound 1and form large area well-ordered nanoscale phase separated lamellar structures. The unit cell parameters for the coassemblies can be “flexibly” adjusted to make the electron donors and acceptors perfectly match along the molecular chains. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) results indicate that the electronic properties of individual molecular donors and acceptors are preserved in the binary self-assembly. These results provide molecular insight into the nanoscale phase separation of organic electron acceptors and donors on surfaces and are helpful for the fabrication of surface supramolecular structures and molecular devices.We have fabricated hybrid molecular chain structures formed by electron acceptor compound 1 and electron donor molecules 2and 3at the liquid/solid interface of graphite surface. The structural details of the mono-component and the binary assemblies are revealed by high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Compound 1can form two well-ordered lamellar patterns at different concentrations. In the co-adsorption structures, compounds 2and 3can insert into the space between molecular chains of compound 1and form large area well-ordered nanoscale phase separated lamellar structures. The unit cell parameters for the coassemblies can be “flexibly” adjusted to make the electron donors and acceptors perfectly match along the molecular chains. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) results indicate that the electronic properties of individual molecular donors and acceptors are preserved in the binary self-assembly. These results provide molecular insight into the nanoscale phase separation of organic electron acceptors and donors on surfaces and are helpful for the fabrication of surface supramolecular structures and molecular devices.

Tuning the film morphology and aggregated structure is a vital means to improve the performance of the mixed ionic–electronic conductors in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Herein, three fluorinated alcohols (FAs), including 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), and perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB), were employed as the alternative solvents for engineering the n-type small-molecule active layer gNR. Remarkedly, an impressive μC* of 5.12 F V–1cm–1s–1and a normalized transconductance of 1.216 S cm–1are achieved from the HFIP-fabricated gNROECTs, which is three times higher than that of chloroform. The operational stability has been significantly enhanced by the FA-fabricated devices. Such enhancements can be ascribed to the aggregation-induced structural ordering by FAs during spin coating, which optimizes the microstructure of the films for a better mixed ion and electron transport. These results prove the huge research potential of FAs to improve OECT materials’ processability, device performance, and stability, therefore promoting practical bio-applications.

We utilized the proteomic approach to investigate the proteome of the fifth instar hemolymph during growth and development, and to improve the understanding of this important bioprocess and gene expression situation. A total of 25 L of hemolymph was used for 2D analysis, and the separated proteins were visualized by silver staining and analyzed using the ImageMaster 2D software. The report showed as many as 241 of protein spots were expressed in the beginning of the fifth instar. Among them, most were concentrated in pI3.5−6.5, which reached 76% of the total protein spots. As for the protein molecular sizes, 182 protein spots concentrated between 35 and 90 kDa, which comes to 75% of the total spots. When the larvae grow to the seventh day (total fifth instar duration was 9 days), 298 protein spots were visualized through 2D electrophoresis. Fifty-seven spots were newly expressed compared to the image of the first day in fifth instar. The results implied that these proteins are related to biosynthesis of silk protein and metamorphosis preparation from larva to pupa. In total, 19 protein spots including 6 special spots expressed in seventh day were analyzed through MALDI-TOF−MS. The relations between proteins and growth and development of silkworm were discussed.

Direct coupling of polycyclic aromatic compounds with perfluoroalkyl iodides like (II) is smoothly achieved by copper‐promoted radical perfluoroalkylation.