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Three bis-formylfluorenimide ligands with different bridging groups were designed and synthesized, leading to the successful preparation of six novel alkylaluminum complexes through their reaction with alkylaluminum reagents (AlMe3or AlEt3). Complexes 1and 2were obtained by the reaction of 1,2-propylene-bridged diamine (L1) with AlMe3or AlEt3. By reacting 1,2-cyclohexylene-bridged diamine (L2) with AlMe3or AlEt3to obtain complexes 3and 4. The above ligands formed a bidentate four-coordinate structure with alkylaluminum, which involved the elimination of one alkyl group as the ligand reacted with alkylaluminum. The complexes 5and 6were synthesized through the reaction of 1,2-phenylene-bridged diamine (L3) with AlEt3in toluene or tetrahydrofuran. Notably, L3exhibited unique reactivity compared with the other ligands, which formed a tridentate four-coordinated structure when reacting with alkylaluminum. The formation of the tridentate complex resulted from the introduction of a benzimidazole derivative or tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecule along with the elimination of two alkyl groups during its coordination with alkylaluminum. All complexes were characterized via 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis, with structural determination confirmed through X-ray. Furthermore, the catalytic activity in the hydroboration reaction of aldehyde, ketone, and imines was investigated with these complexes as catalysts. Among them, complex 1demonstrated excellent catalytic performance (up to 99% yield) and broad substrate compatibility (more than 30 substrates) at low catalyst loading (1 mol %) under mild reaction conditions.

With the development of society and the growing concern about environmental issues, continuous flow catalytic reactors have gained significant interest due to their resource-efficient advantages over traditional batch devices. In this study, we employed a facile one-step in situ reduction approach to construct highly dispersed gold nanoparticles loaded on regenerable bacterial cellulose nanofiber (BCN) heterogeneous catalysts. These catalysts, in combination with a nanoceramic membrane with a pore size of 1 nm, formed a fully mixed system that was favorable for the efficient continuous flow catalysis of selective reduction reactions of nitrophenol. The reaction system demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity toward nitrophenol reduction reactions at low reductant dosages (<5 equiv), achieving over 95% conversion and 99% selectivity for the aniline product in 10 min under room temperature conditions. Furthermore, continuous flow operations maintained stable catalytic activity with minimal catalyst loss after a 120-h test and were 3 times more time-efficient than batch operations. Additionally, continuous monitoring could be conducted through ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. A highly efficient and environmentally friendly strategy was present for designing continuous flow reactions in future applications.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a sort of endocrine disruptor that induces abnormal physiological and biochemical activities such as epigenetic alterations, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that may regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes when organisms are exposed to environmental chemicals. miR-222b is a differentially expressed miRNA after DEHP exposure. miRNA-mRNA prediction suggested that BTB (POZ) structural domain 6b (BTBD6B) might be a target mRNA of miR-222b, and DEHP exposure altered its expression. However, the correlation between miR-222b and BTBD6Bhas not been experimentally confirmed. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of BTBD6Bby miR-222b in zebrafish embryos under the effect of low concentration of DEHP. Dual fluorescent protein assays and dual luciferase reporter gene assays confirmed the interaction between miR-222b and the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of BTBD6B. Ectopic expression assays showed that miR-222b could negatively regulate BTBD6Bin ZF4 cells. However, the relative expression of miR-222b and BTBD6Bwas significantly higher at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in zebrafish embryos exposed to low concentrations of DEHP. The results of this study improved our understanding of the molecular mechanism of DEHP exposure toxicity. It identified that the aberrant expression of miR-222b/BTBD6Bmay be one of the mechanisms of DEHP toxicity, which can provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for environmental management and biological health risk assessment.

In practical scenarios, the working conditions of bearings change with the variation of work tasks, making it extremely challenging to collect a large number of fault samples for each working condition. This difficulty hinders the existing fault diagnosis methods from achieving satisfactory diagnostic results. To address this issue, this article proposes a novel long short-term memory (LSTM)-based node-gated graph neural network (LNGGN) for cross-condition few-shot bearing fault diagnosis. LNGGN is primarily composed of four modules: the graph initialization module, the LSTM-based node-gated update module (LNGUM), the mean-based node attention module (MNAM), and the edge update module (EUM). The graph initialization module is responsible for converting raw data into graph data. LNGUM is proposed to implement gated updates for node features, and it effectively retains the essential information of nodes, alleviating the problem that node features become indistinguishable with the increasing number of updates. Moreover, LNGUM facilitates adaptive filtering of aggregated information, thereby reducing the impact of potential data noise on nodes. MNAM is designed to emphasize the more expressive feature dimensions within nodes for improved similarity computation. Within the EUM, two metric networks are employed to calculate the similarity and dissimilarity between nodes, which are then used to update the edge features. Experimental evaluations are conducted on two bearing datasets to validate the effectiveness of LNGGN. The results demonstrate that LNGGN outperforms baseline methods significantly in cross-condition few-shot bearing fault diagnosis tasks.

Inverter-fed machines are widely used in many important industrial applications. However, the machine stator groundwall and/or turn insulation are prone to failure suffering the inverter's high dv/dt. It is necessary to identify them as early as possible but challenging due to their coupled and weak symptoms. In this article, a hybrid physics-based and data-driven approach is proposed to monitor insulation degradations. First, the physical mechanism analysis is carried out to obtain high-quality data sensitive to stator insulation conditions, i.e., the high-frequency common-mode switching oscillations. Then, the continuous wavelet transform is used to extract the time-frequency features of switching oscillations. Finally, an improved convolutional neural network is designed for the groundwall and/or turn insulation faults diagnosis. The experimental results on a 3 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for multiple faults diagnosis with excellent sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness.

In this work, mechanical alloying of the alternating stacked pure Al and Zn thin foils was accomplished via high-pressure torsion (HPT). In the alloyed Al-Zn system, an exotic phase transformation from hexagonal close-packed (HCP) to face-centered cubic (FCC) was identified. The atomic-scale evolution process and underlying mechanism of phase transformation down to atomic scale are provided by molecular dynamics simulation and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The HCP → FCC phase transformation was attributed to the sliding of Shockley partial dislocations generated at the Al-Zn grain boundaries, which resulted in an [21¯1¯0]/[011¯]and (0001)/(111) orientation relationship between the two phases. This work provides a new approach for the in-depth study of the solid phase transformation of Al-Zn alloys and also shed lights on understanding the mechanical properties of the HPT processed Al-Zn alloys.

We propose a new paradigm for generating the perfect optical vortex (POV) with a controlled structure and orbital angular momentum (OAM) distribution in the focal region of a tightly focused system. The superiority of the proposed technique is demonstrated with an experiment involving the dynamic manipulation of small particles. This technique for creating the POV could open new routes to optical manipulation based on OAM.

As an endocrine disruptor, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is ubiquitous in multiple environmental media, causing long-term toxic effects on organisms. MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs with only 20–24 nucleotides in length, which regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes when organisms are exposed to environmental chemicals. MiR-146a, a differentially expressed miRNA after DEHP exposure, was screened by miRNA sequencing. As its target, TRAF6was predicted and identified by double fluorescent protein assay and double fluorescent gene reporting assay. It shows the contrary expression pattern with miR-146a when mimics and inhibitors were transfected into ZF4 cells. MiR-146a and TRAF6were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in zebrafish embryos exposed to a low-dose concentration gradient of DEHP. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of DEHP toxicity and suggest that miR-146a can serve as a potential biomarker for DEHP exposure.

The multiple forms of vibration exist in an ambient environment diffusely and already become a considerable object for energy harvesting. However, how to effectively extract low-level, low-frequency, and multi-directional vibration from the ambient environment is becoming a key issue in the field of energy harvesting. To solve this issue, a tower-shaped piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (TS-PVEH) is reported. Finite element simulation indicates that TS-PVEH works in two fundamental modes, i.e., its in-plane and out-of-plane vibration modes. Meanwhile, simulation results show that the natural frequency of TS-PVEH is 3.39 Hz, 3.40 Hz, and 11.50 Hz, respectively; and the experiments also verified that. By virtue of the tower structure of TS-PVEH, the device is pretty sensitive to three-dimensional vibration. At a low level of acceleration 1 m/s2, the maximum load power of TS-PVEH is 65.8 µW in out-of-plane mode and 17.2 µW in in-plane mode, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the PVDF connection mode on the output performance of TS-PVEH were studied in detail, and comparative experimental results show that a reasonable connection of PVDF can improve energy harvesting efficiency. The proposed TS-PVEH is expected to be used to scavenge energy from multi-dimensional, low-level, and low-frequency vibrations that present in an ambient environment.

Although salt hydrate is characterized as a potential energy storage material, some of its disadvantages still can be encountered, such as mismatched phase change temperature, low thermal conductivity, phase separation, and large supercooling. In this paper, a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) with sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) as the main body is fabricated by melting blending for heat pump system. Potassium chloride (KCl) is used as a modification agent to modulate the SAT phase change temperature. Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) and disodium phosphate dodecahydrate (DSP) are employed as thickening and nucleating agents to address the phase separation and supercooling issues, respectively. Expanded graphite (EG) is utilized as a high heat conduction additive to enhance the thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the thermal properties and stability of the novel CPCM are studied. In order to identify the thermal properties of the novel CPCM, a high energy density coil-type latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit employing the CPCM as energy storage material is set up, while a cycle of thermal charge and release in the unit between heating at 70 °C and cooling at 30 °C is designed to accommodate a scenario of residential heating. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the modified SAT yielded the desired phase change temperature of 49.3 °C, high latent heat of 224.6 kJ/kg, low supercooling degree of 0.96 °C and high thermal conductivity of 0.981 W/(m·K) are recognized when a minor ingredient with 8 wt% KCl, 4 wt% CMC, 4 wt% DSP and 3 wt% EG in the melting blend is prepared. Besides, the novel CPCM also exhibits good thermal stability with a latent heat loss of 7.14 % and supercooling degree remaining within 5 °C after 200 cycles. Moreover, the heat storage density of the LHTES unit employing the novel CPCM is up to 385.93 kJ/L, and its heat charge and release efficiency reaches to 91.39 %. Further, the average heat storage and release power of the proposed LHTES unit shows an increasing trend with a higher flow rate within a certain range. The findings of this study can provide a guidance for the large-scale thermal energy storage applications of SAT.

In this research, a 1064 nm single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) vortex beam was generated from an annular-pumped Nd:YVO4microchip laser, in which a circular Dammann grating was used to reshape the 808 nm pump light into an annular intensity profile. As a result, the laser emitted a SLM LG01beam with a maximum output power of 192 mW. A straightforward technique for producing SLM vortex beams is made available by this work.

Objective: To investigate DACH1 protein expression in lung cancer tissue and matched paracancerous tissue and explore its effect on proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (HLACs). Methods: Tumor tissue and matched paracancerous tissue were collected from 46 patients with pathologically diagnosed lung cancer. RT-PCR was performed to detect DACH1 mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry to measured DACH1 protein expression. To determine the effect of DACH1 on lung cancer behavior, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence DACH1 expression in A549 cells. The impact on the proliferation of tumor cells was then observed by MTT assay, changes in the invasion of tumor cells were identified using transwell chamber assay, and the effects on apoptosis in the cell line were detected using flow cytometry. Results: The expression of DACH1 mRNA and DACH1 protein was significantly decreased in lung cancer tissue versus matched paracancerous control tissue. The silencing of DACH1 expression in A549 cells significantly enhanced cell proliferation, significantly increased cell invasion, and significantly reduced spontaneous apoptosis. Conclusion: DACH1 is downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissue. In vitro assessment shows that DACH1 functions as a tumor suppressor, suggesting its potential use as a new target for lung cancer treatment.

A two-dimensional (2D) picometer comb, a novel optical element made by picometer-differential four times exposed in two perpendicular directions, is proposed to generate the dot array projection pattern for three-dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction and other applications. Not only does a 2D picometer comb generate a stable light field distribution with extremely long depth of field and small divergence angle as a one-dimensional picometer comb, it also has new properties, such as periodicity of diffraction field in two perpendicular directions and high concentration of energy of points, which is particularly suitable for providing dot array structured light. We demonstrate that the diffraction field of a 2D picometer comb provides a solution for non-defocusing 3D reconstruction with a dot array. In fabrication of a 2D picometer comb, we can modulate the holography by changing the angle of two beams slightly, so its period can be measured at picometer accuracy. A 2D picometer comb can be made to any scale, then it can be integrated to mobile devices, such as a mobile phone, for 3D shape reconstruction. Furthermore, the concept of a 2D picometer comb would be applied to generate a picometer light field for opening the door of pico-optics in the future.

As the prevalence of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) continue to increase, the need for pharmacologic therapies becomes urgent. However, endeavors to identify and develop novel therapeutic strategies for these chronic conditions are balanced by the need for safety, impeding clinical translation. One shared pathology of these two diseases is a maladaptive reactivation of the Notch signaling pathway in liver. Notch antagonism with γ-secretase inhibitors effectively suppresses hepatic glucose production and reduces liver fibrosis in NASH, but its extrahepatic side effects, particularly goblet cell metaplasia, limit therapeutic utility. To overcome this barrier, we developed a nanoparticle-mediated delivery system to target γ-secretase inhibitor to liver (GSI NPs). GSI NP application reduced hepatic glucose production in diet-induced obese mice and reduced hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in mice fed a NASH-provoking diet, without apparent gastrointestinal toxicity. By changing the delivery method, these results provide proof-of-concept for the repurposing of a previously intolerable medication to address unmet needs in the clinical landscape for obesity-induced T2DM and NASH.

Bi2MoO6quantum dots (BM QDs, 5 nm in diameter) are evenly in situ grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layers, sensitizing the graphene with high visible light response and activity for efficient solar light-driven CO2reduction. Under irradiation, small-sized BM QDs generate active electrons and donate them to the rGO layers. Since the formation of BM QDs and the reduction of GO are undergone simultaneously, a close connection between BM QDs and rGO enables the electron injection from excited Bi2MoO6QDs to graphene scaffolds, and abundant electrons accommodated by the rGO layers offer an electron-rich interface for CO2reduction. With the benefit of the improved electron extraction and transport over the BM QDs/rGO interface, 84.8 μmol g–1of methanol and 57.5 μmol g–1of ethanol are achieved on BM QDs/rGO in 4 h with optimal composition. The total output of alcohols over BM/rGO (142.3 μmol g–1) is 2.2 and 4.4 times that achieved on unmodified Bi2MoO6QDs (64.0 μmol g–1) and flower-like Bi2MoO6(32.2 μmol g–1), respectively.

The accuracy of optical three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement is always influenced by the defocusing of a projection or imaging system. In this paper, a novel optical element made by picometer-differential twice-exposed holography, called a picometer comb, is proposed to generate the projection pattern for 3D shape measurement. Two interference fields with picometer-scale period difference are recorded on a substrate to fabricate the picometer comb by twice-exposed laser holography; this element reconstructs the diffraction field, which is essentially the interference between the holograms of two object waves with a slight angle. This picometer comb has the advantage of the generation of a stable light field distribution with extremely long depth of field and small divergence angle. We demonstrate that this diffraction field provides a solution for non-defocusing 3D shape measurement.

Seed filling is a dynamic process that determines seed size and nutritional quality. This time-dependent trait follows a logistic (S-shaped) growth curve that can be described by a logistic function, with parameters of biological relevance. When compared between genotypes, the filling dynamics variations are explained by the differences of parameter values; as such, the parameter estimates can be considered as “traits” for genetic analysis to identify loci that are associated with the seed-filling process. We carried out genetic and genomic analysis of the seed-filling process in maize, using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the two inbred lines with contrasting seed-filling dynamics. We recorded seed dry weight at 14 time points after pollination, spanning the early filling phases to the late maturation stages. Fitting these data to a logistic model allowed for estimating 12 characteristic parameters that can be used to meaningfully describe the seed-filling process. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of these parameters identified a total of 90 nonredundant loci. Using bulked segregant RNA-sequencing (BSR-seq) analysis, we identified eight genes that showed differential gene expression patterns at multiple time points between the extreme pools, and these genes co-localize with the mapped QTL regions. Two of the eight genes, GRMZM2G391936and GRMZM2G008263, are implicated in starch and sucrose metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites that are well known for playing a vital role in seed filling. This study suggests that the logistic model-based approach can efficiently identify genetic loci that regulate dynamic developing traits.

The synthesis of anode materials plays an important role in determining the production efficiency, cost, and performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, a low-cost, high-speed, scalable manufacturing process of the anode with the desired structural feature for practical technology adoption remains elusive. In this study, we propose a novel method called in situ flash shunt-electrothermal shock (SETS) which is controllable, fast, and energy-saving for synthesizing metal oxide-based materials. By using the example of direct electrothermal decomposition of ZIF-67 precursor loaded onto copper foil support, we achieve rapid (0.1–0.3 s) pyrolysis and generate porous hollow cubic structure material consisting of carbon-coated ultrasmall (10–15 nm) subcrystalline CoO/Co nanoparticles with controllable morphology. It was shown that CoO/Co@N-C exhibits prominent electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity up to 1503.7 mA h g–1after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g–1and stable capacities up to 434.1 mA h g–1after 400 cycles at a high current density of 6 A g–1. This fabrication technique integrates the synthesis of active materials and the formation of electrode sheets into one process, thus simplifying the preparation of electrodes. Due to the simplicity and scalability of this process, it can be envisaged to apply it to the synthesis of metal oxide-based materials and to achieve large-scale production in a nanomanufacturing process.

PepXLcMY-3, an X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase derived from Lactobacillus lactisMY-3, was screened and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme could exhibit about 40% activity within the pH range of 6.0–10. To further improve the pH robustness, site E396 located in the active pocket was discovered through alanine scanning. The mutant E396I displayed both developed activity and kcat/Km. The optimal pH of E396I shifted from 6.0 to 10 compared to WT, with the relative activity within the pH range of 6.0–10 significantly increased. The site K648 was then proposed by semirational design. The activity of mutant E396I/K648D reached 4.03 U/mg. The optimal pH was restored to 6.0, and the pH stability was further improved. E396I/K648D could totally hydrolyze β-casomorphin 7 within 30 min. The hydrolysate showed 64.5% inhibition on angiotensin I converting enzyme, which was more efficient than those produced by E396I and WT, 23.2 and 44.7%, respectively.

DIS3L, a catalytic exoribonuclease associated with the cytoplasmic exosome complex, degrades cytoplasmic RNAs and is implicated in cancers and certain other diseases in humans. Epididymis plays a pivotal role in the transport, maturation, and storage of sperm required for male fertility. However, it remains unclear whether DIS3L-mediated cytoplasmic RNA degradation plays a role in epididymis biology and functioning. Herein, we fabricated a Dis3lconditional knockout (Dis3lcKO) mouse line in which DIS3L was ablated from the principal cells of the initial segment (IS). Morphological analyses showed that spermatogenesis and IS differentiation occurred normally in Dis3lcKO mice. Additionally, the absence of DIS3L had no dramatic influence on the transcriptome of IS. Moreover, the sperm count, morphology, motility, and acrosome reaction frequency in Dis3lcKO mice were comparable to that of the control, indicating that the Dis3lcKO males had normal fertility. Collectively, our genetic model demonstrates that DIS3L inactivation in the IS is nonessential for sperm maturation and male fertility.

Recently, the harsh air environment caused by disasters and human activities poses a great challenge to the development of efficient and antibacterial air purification systems to protect human health. In this work, a new type of high-efficiency polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) air filter was successfully prepared by employing silver nanoparticles decorated with graphene oxide (Ag NPs/GO) functional materials that deposited in PTFE substrate membranes hydrophilic modified with TiO2for the improvement of the enclosed space air quality. The results revealed that the introduction of TiO2can improve the interfacial adhesion between PTFE membrane and functional materials, improving the feasibility of long-term application of composite membrane. The composite membrane possessed the crisscross network structure interconnected by fibrils, which gives the membrane high-efficiency particulate matters (PMs) removal rate (99.25% for PM2.5) without sacrificing the pressure drop (90.52 Pa). Moreover, the prepared composite membrane also has more excellent antibacterial performance (98.7% for Escherichia coli(E. coli)), which can reduce the secondary pollution caused by improper post-treatment of the polluted filter in practical applications. After simple cleaning and regeneration, the composite membrane can still maintain an ultra-high particle removal rate (over 95%) after 5 cycles. The prepared efficiency air filtration composite membranes have positive potential applications in air purification.

Insecticides are key weapons for the control of pests. Large scale use of insecticides is harmful to the ecosystem, which is made up of a wide range of species and environments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous single-stranded noncoding small RNAs in length of 20–24 nucleotides (nt), which extensively regulate expression of genes at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The current research on miRNA-induced insecticide resistance reveals that dysregulated miRNAs cause significant changes in detoxification genes, particularly cytochrome P450s. Meanwhile, insecticide-induced changes in miRNAs are related to the decline of honeybees and threatened the development of zebrafish and other animals. Additionally, miRNAs are involved in insecticide-induced cytotoxicity, and dysregulated miRNAs are associated with human occupational and environmental exposure to insecticides. Therefore, miRNAs are valuable novel biomarkers of insecticide exposure, and they are potential factors to explain the toxicological effects of insecticides.

Polyaniline and ruthenium oxide electrodes are prepared to assemble the supercapacitors. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes are studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charging/discharging measurements. The potential dependence of specific capacitance for the electrodes in the supercapacitors is established. Based on the relationship between specific capacitance and potential of electrodes, the optimum mass ratio of the electrodes in asymmetric supercapacitor of ruthenium oxide//polyaniline can be accurately determined. The working voltage window for ruthenium oxide//polyaniline supercapacitor is significantly increased by the modulation of mass ratio. Accordingly, the electrical energy density of supercapacitor with a mass ratio of = 0.79 is as high as 7.25 Wh kg[?]1, about 314% higher than that of the supercapacitor with a mass ratio of 0.26.

Tian-Ran Wei is currently an assistant professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He obtained his PhD from Tsinghua University in 2017. He worked at Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2017 to 2018 before joining Shanghai Jiao Tong University. His current research focuses on advanced thermoelectric materials.

A high-efficiency polarization-independent wideband multilayer dielectric reflective bullet-alike cross-section (combination of trapezoidal-rectangular grating profile) fused-silica beam combining grating (BCG) used in the −1st order for spectral beam combining (SBC) is designed and fabricated. Exact grating profile parameters are optimized by using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis and simulated annealing algorithm. As a comparison, traditional pure trapezoidal and pure rectangular gratings are also designed. Numerical results show that such a bullet-alike cross-section BCG exhibits wide bandwidth with the lowest maximum electric field enhancement in the grating material, which is greatly beneficial for the promotion of the power scaling level of the grating-based SBC system. A two-step dry-etching procedure is developed to fabricate such a grating. The averaged diffraction efficiency of greater than 91% was experimentally demonstrated.

Adolescents are prone to multiple health risk behaviors. These might lead to insufficient sleep, which is inconducive to adolescent growth. Therefore, this study explored the impact of a cluster of adolescent health risk behaviors on sleep time, providing a reference for designing relevant intervention measures. From November to December 2019, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to sample middle and high schools in 4 functional districts of Chongqing, China. A total of 8546 participants were selected for a questionnaire survey. Two-step clustering helped identify the health risk behavior clusters. Multivariate logistic regression models helped examine the association between the different clusters and sleep time. The rate of insufficient sleep was 65.8%. Three types of clusters were identified, namely (1) high-risk (poor) cluster (17.3%), (2) low physical activity (medium) cluster (55.1%), and (3) low-risk (good) cluster (27.6%). The high-risk and low physical activity clusters showed that the adjusted OR values of 1.471 (1.266-1.710) and 1.174 (1.052-1.310) were significantly associated with insufficient sleep (P< .001). Adolescent health risk behaviors were clustered, and different clusters had different sleep time. Schools authorities and healthcare practitioners should formulate effective intervention measures according to the characteristics of different clusters to promote healthy growth among adolescents.

We propose a type of two-dimensional (2D) encoding continuous-phase gratings capable of simultaneously generating a square lattice of multiple quasi-perfect vortices. As an example, a symmetrical and an asymmetrical 5×5 lattice of quasi-perfect vortices are experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that multiple quasi-perfect vortices with different topological charges are generated at different diffraction orders. The ring-width of these vortices is nearly constant, while there is a shift in the average ring-diameter when the carried charges are large enough, or when the ring-diameter is small. Additional axicon phase has been embedded into these 2D encoding gratings for the compensation of such shift in the average ring-diameter, and experimental results show that the shift can be greatly minimized after this compensation.

A new type of diffractive optical element, called a composited Dammann vortex grating (CDVG), is proposed for generation of multiple equal-energy controllable rotating petal-like modes extra cavity. As an example, it is shown that a petal-like mode is well generated for each nonzero diffraction order by a binary pure-phase 1×7 CDVG. Mode decomposition is digitally implemented by a programmable spatial light modulator (SLM), and the experimental results show that those generated petal-like patterns are in high mode purity (∼90%) for all six different nonzero orders. Also, controllable rotating petal-like modes are demonstrated when the CDVG is digitally implemented by the programmable SLM, which provides the possibility to quantitatively control the rotation rate of this type of optical tweezers. Furthermore, tunable petal-like modes are also demonstrated experimentally by introducing a vortex incident field with different topological charges.