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This paper proposes a new measurement method for the effective measurement of the 99% occupied bandwidth (OBW) at monitoring stations. Although the OBW measurement of radio signal is recommended by the International Telecommunication Union Radio (ITU-R) with several methods, there still does not exist a clear measurement recommendation or standard for terrestrial DTV signal on-air environment. Modified adjacent channel power ratio (MACPR), which can be applied to 8-VSB (Vestigial Side Band) DTV (Digital Television) signal, is herein defined to verify the results of measurements obtained using the proposed measurement method. MACPR is a proper measuring parameter for determining the measuring area of a monitoring station. From measurement results obtained in real field environment, it has been found that the OBW of 8-VSB DTV signal can be effectively measured in areas where the MACPR value is over 35 dB and when the measurements are repeated more than 600 times in the same reception site. It also has been verified that measured results are within an error range of +/-0.1% compared to results directly obtained at a transmission station. It is expected that the proposed method is able to be employed in order to determine the proper location of monitoring station and provide a reliable OBW measurement procedure for 8-VSB DTV signal on-air environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the chronological patterns of diseases in Northern Gyeonggi-do province, South Korea, and compare these with national data. Methods: A National Health Insurance cohort based on the National Health Information Database (NHID Cohort 2002-2013) was used to perform a retrospective, population-based study (46,605,433 of the target population, of which 1,025,340 were randomly sampled) to identify disease patterns from 2002 to 2013. Common diseases including malaria, cancer (uterine cervix, urinary bladder, colon), diabetes mellitus, psychiatric disorders, hypertension, intracranial hemorrhage, bronchitis/bronchiolitis, peptic ulcer, and end stage renal disease were evaluated. Results: Uterine cervix cancer, urinary bladder cancer and colon cancer had the greatest rate of increase in Northern Gyeonggi-do province compared with the rest of the country, but by 2013 the incidence of these cancers had dropped dramatically. Acute myocardial infarction and end stage renal disease also increased over the study period. Psychiatric disorders, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and peptic ulcers showed a gradual increase over time. No obvious differences were found for intracranial hemorrhage or bronchitis/bronchiolitis between the Northern Gyeonggi-do province and the remaining South Korean provinces. Malaria showed a unique time trend, only observed in the Northern Gyeonggi province, peaking in 2004, 2007 and 2009 to 2010. Conclusion: This study showed that the Northern Gyeonggi-do province population had a different disease profile over time, compared with collated data for the remaining provinces in South Korea. “Big data” studies using the National Health Insurance cohort database can provide insight into the healthcare environment for healthcare providers, stakeholders and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The presence of a flow-related signal in the normal dural sinus time of flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF MRA) is common. This study aimed to identify changes in signal intensity in the dural sinus caused by changes in patient position. Materials and Methods: The researchers performed an elevation TOF MRA of the cerebral region in 52 patients, who showed abnormal flow-related signals in the dural sinuses on supine position. Flow-related signal intensity in the dural sinuses was then analyzed. Results: Flow-related signals were seen in 114 sites (52 patients), specifically in the internal jugular vein (IJV), sigmoid sinus (SS), inferior petrosal sinus (IPS), and cavernous sinus (CS) in 29 sites, 33 sites, 32 sites, and 20 sites, respectively. After head elevation, flow-related signal changes were then observed in the IJV, SS, IPS, and CS in 107 sites (107/114, 93.9%). There was loss of signal (62/114, 54.4%), or decrease (39/114, 34.2%), increase (6/114, 5.3%), or no change (7/114, 6.1%) in the signal intensity, and flow related signals were more frequent on the left than on the right. Conclusion: Flow-related signals in the dural sinuses on TOF MRA were decreased or disappeared by head elevation in 88.6% of the sites. Head elevation may help distinguish between pathologic and physiologic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intra-arterial revascularization therapy (IART) for acute ischemic stroke has become increasingly popular recently. However, early change in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values after full recanalization in human stroke has not received much attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate ADC changes immediately after interventional full-recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: ADC values of 25 lesions from 18 acute ischemic stroke patients were recorded with both pre- and post-recanaHzation ADC maps. Measurement was done by placing region of interests over the representative images of the lesion. For analysis, lesions were divided into territorial infarction (TI) and watershed infarction (WI). Results: Mean ADC values of the overall 25 lesions before IART were 415.12 x 10-6 mm2/sec, and increased to 619.08 x 10-6 mm2/sec after the IART. Average relative ADC (rADC) value for 22 Tl increased from 0.59 to 0.92 (p < 0.000), whereas, average rADC value for 3 Wl did not change significantly. Conclusion: There was a conspicuous increase of ADC values immediately after full-recanaHzation in TI lesions. On the other hand, WI lesions did not show significant change in ADC values after recanalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan's response to the global HIV/AIDS crisis in the 1980s was lukewarm, due mainly to the absence of a domestic perception of AIDS as an immediate threat. The key determinants of that perception were rare cases of AIDS infections in Japan, a detrimental media role, and weak civil society. Japanese media contributed to shaping a flawed image of AIDS as a foreign disease or a disease of homosexuality and promiscuity. Moreover, civil society organizations were not strong enough to create momentum for reformulating the distorted perception or catalyzing specific policies. Not until the early 1990s did Japan's global AIDS funding increase. The policy shift was in tandem with the rising influence of newly emerged civil activist groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been remarkable coordinated efforts by major donor countries in the international community to grapple with HIV/AIDS epidemic. I claim, from the constructivist perspective, that the norms of the global response to AIDS motivated the funding by reshaping and redefining donors' identity and preferences. I trace the process of how the WHO played a role in developing the norms at the very early stage of the pandemic. The analytical focus lies in the four stages of norms development: sharing information and enhancing awareness, constructing perception and orchestrating collaboration, establishing norms in the United Nations system, and implementing norms through mobilizing and strategizing. I examine the chronology of the WHO activities with the official documentation pertaining to the unprecedented global health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been remarkable coordinated efforts by major donor countries in the international community to grapple with HIV/AIDS epidemic. I claim, from the constructivist perspective, that the norms of the global response to AIDS motivated the funding by reshaping and redefining donors' identity and preferences. I trace the process of how the WHO played a role in developing the norms at the very early stage of the pandemic. The analytical focus lies in the four stages of norms development: sharing information and enhancing awareness, constructing perception and orchestrating collaboration, establishing norms in the United Nations system, and implementing norms through mobilizing and strategizing. I examine the chronology of the WHO activities with the official documentation pertaining to the unprecedented global health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine details of domestic and foreign papers that verified the effect of endurance training using molecular biological approaches and to investigate the directivity of molecular biological study, analytical technology and analytical factors for the analysis of training effects. Existing domestic and foreign papers on endurance training that investigated the effect of training based on molecular biological analysis of human beings were reviewed. In order to increase reliability of the selected papers and their compatibility with the purpose of this study, the papers were reclassified by a group of experts that consisted of physical education professors and doctors of exercise physiology. The final papers selected were studied for the change in hormones and enzymes through blood and muscular tissues based on study topic and trend analysis from a macroscopic perspective. Analytical methods used include western blot, RT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry of molecular biology. Analytical variables investigated / analyzed were ACE, ACTN, PPARs, UCP, mitochondrial DNA variant, creatine kinase, renin-angiotensin, AMPK for blood and COX, myosin binding protein C fast-type, glycogen phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase, GLUT, PPARs, and AMPK for muscle. Such molecular biological analytical techniques and variables should be widely used to provide 1) conditioning of professional athletes and life sports athletes, 2) analysis of training effect, and 3) scientific and future-oriented methods for health enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to detect clinical variables associated with the extent of change of the irritative zone in benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) after oxcarbazepine monotherapy. Method: BECTS patients receiving oxcarbazepine monotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Changes in current-source density (CSD) of the maximum negative points of interictal spikes prior to the start of oxcarbazepine treatment were compared with CSD following oxcarbazepine treatment for 6-12 months. CSD was measured using low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Patients were divided into two groups based on the change in CSD: increased-extent or decreased-extent. Comparisons were made between the groups based on the age of onset, seizure frequency before treatment, time interval between seizure onset and treatment start, time interval between the two EEGs, oxcarbazepine dosage at the follow-up electroencephalography, occurrence of daytime seizures, and seizure control. Results: Fourteen patients were enrolled. Seven patients were in the decreased-extent group and six in the increased-extent group; one patient was excluded because she did not demonstrate any change in CSD. We found that seizure control differed significantly between the two groups: seizures were well-controlled in six out of seven patients in the decreased-extent group (85.7%), but in only one of six patients (16.7%) in the increased-extent group (p = 0.03). The other variables did not differ between the groups. Conclusion: Seizure control may be associated with the extent of changes in the neuronal irritative zones of BECTS patients. We suggest that changes of CSD extent may be used as an imaging modality to evaluate clinical improvement in BECTS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the mid-term follow-up angiographic findings in distal internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms treated by stent-assisted coil embolization using the Enterprise or Neuroform stent. Materials and Methods: We included 68 patients with 70 aneurysms: 31 cases with Enterprise and 39 cases with Neuroform. Inclusion criteria were 1) location of the stent within the distal ICA, including the carotid siphon; 2) follow-up angiogram after > 6 months, and 3) single use of the stent for 1 parent artery. Results: The patients' mean age was 54.9 years (16 male and 52 female). Mean follow-up duration was 9.1 months. At follow-up, there were intraluminal filling defects of the parent artery in 19.4% of the Enterprise group and no filling defect in the Neuroform group. There was no significant in-stent stenosis in either group. Straightening of the parent artery was seen in 35.5% of the Enterprise group and 20.5% of the Neuroform group. Two Enterprise cases showed delayed migration. Conclusion: The Enterprise showed statistically significant intraluminal filling defects of the parent artery compared with the Neuroform. The rates of significant instent stenosis and straightening of the parent artery were not significantly different between the Enterprise and the Neuroform groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pyroprocessing it is important to determine the amount of Pu in the various streams of materials involved. This paper presents two approaches to determine the Pu mass of spent fuel assemblies using nondestructive assay and burnup simulation code. Cm balance is adopted and the concept of "Cm ratio, " the mass ratio of Pu to Cm, is used for the nuclear material accountancy for the model pyroprocessing facility. The biggest error of the nuclear material accountancy is expected to arise from the determination of Pu mass and Cm ratio in input homogeneously mixed uranium oxide powder, which is assayed nondestructively. One approach to determine the Pu mass and Cm ratio is to apply the average burnup of spent fuel and determine the Pu mass and Cm ratio by using the ORIGEN code. The estimated error in Pu mass determined by this method ranges from 0.94% to 2.33% for a total of 225 spent fuel assemblies of various burnup, initial enrichment, and cooling time. The other approach is to use the functional relationship between the neutron emission rate and Pu mass of spent fuel. The error in Pu mass calculated using this method ranges from -1.68% to 3.86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passive neutron coincidence counter for nuclear material measurement of the advanced spent fuel conditioning process (ACP) has been developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) since 2003 and was deployed in a hot cell of the ACP Facility (ACPF) in 2005. The most dominant neutron source among the spontaneous fission nuclides contained in spent fuel is 244Cm. To obtain the neutron counting rates of the singles, doubles, and triples coincidences of the neutron counter with an increment of the 244Cm mass, a hot test of the neutron counter was performed in 2007 with several spent fuel rod-cuts in the ACPF hot cell. The source term of the spent fuel rod-cuts was obtained using the ORIGEN-ARP burnup simulation code, and a set of preliminary calibration curves of the neutron counter for 244Cm was generated. The calibration curves were also obtained from the results of an MCNPX code simulation, but there was a wide difference of ~30% in the slope of the double-rate calibration curve between the measurements and the MCNPX results. Chemical analysis results of the spent fuel samples were obtained in September 2008, and it was found that the difference between the measurements and the MCNPX results is due to an error in the declared burnup since the chemical analysis burn-ups of the samples differ from the declared ones by ~10%. The expected burnup of each rod-cut was also obtained from the results of self-multiplication correction for the 244Cm mass of the rod-cuts, and the difference between the expected burnup results and the chemical analysis results is <2%. This study shows high performance of the neutron coincidence counter for 244Cm measurements of spent fuel and also shows that the burnup of spent fuel samples can be obtained through a series of ORIGEN-ARP code simulations if it is possible to acquire the measurement data of neutron counting rates for 244Cm of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing patterns of the reemerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) during the period 1993 to 2005 are briefly analyzed with emphasis on the control measures used and the effects of meteorological and entomological factors. Data were obtained from the Communicable Diseases Monthly Reports published by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and webpages of World Health Organization and United Nations. Meteorological data of Kangwon-do (Province) were obtained from local weather stations. After its first reemergence in 1993, the prevalence of malaria increased exponentially, peaking in 2000, and then decreased. In total, 21,419 cases were reported between 1993 and 2005 in South Korea. In North Korea, a total of 916,225 cases were reported between 1999 and 2004. The occurrence of malaria in high risk areas of South Korea was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the mosquito population but not with temperature and rainfall. Control programs, including early case detection and treatment, mass chemoprophylaxis of soldiers, and international financial aids to North Korea for malaria control have been instituted. The situation of the reemerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea is remarkably improving during the recent years, at least in part, due to the control activities undertaken in South and North Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating floors are widely used to reduce the floor impact noise in ship cabins as well as in multi-dwelling buildings. The most common material for impact absorption in floating floor structure is mineral wool, where high density and sufficient thickness is also needed for fire-resistant requirement in ships. For proper design of floating floors, it is essential to understand how the performance of floating floor is affected by the design parameters such as changes of the mineral wool thickness, density, fiber direction and the use of viscoelastic layer. In this paper, noise reduction performance of the floating floor for use in cruise ship cabin is studied. A mock-up is built by using 6 mm steel plate, and two identical cabins are made of 25 mm sandwich panel inside the steel structure. Various floating floor systems are tested by employing the mockup. The measurements show that viscoelastic layer is effective when it is used to form a constrained layer. However, viscoelastic layer becomes insignificant when mineral wool is present. It is found that impact noise becomes quieter by 7 dB when fiber direction of the mineral wool is changed from vertical to horizontal, and increasing density of mineral wool from 140 kg/m³ to 240 kg/m³ results in an increase of 9 dB. It is also observed that floor SBN (Structure-Borne Noise) is greater than side wall SBN by 10-15 dB up to 2000 Hz, which means that side wall SBN can be neglected in evaluating floor impact noise of ship cabin at frequencies up to 2000 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterize the relation of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter(5-HTT) and the exercise-induced central fatigue. For the selection of the subjects, the blood was collected from male students attending a college, majoring in general studies (111 students) and pertinent to physical education (162 students), total 273 students, and 5-HTT genotype (SS type, LS type and LL type), was examined. Among them, 40 subjects suitable to the purpose of our study were selected at the end. The selected subjects were classified into 3 groups (16 cases in the SS type group, 15 cases in the LS type group, 9 cases in the LL type group), fatigue was induced by performing a long-term exercise (first VT intensity, second VO2max intensity, third VT intensity = average 58 minutes of exercise period), and the change of blood FFA, f-Trp, BCAAs, and f-Trp/BCAAs according to the 5-HTT genotype was examined, and the following results were obtained. In the FFA case, regarding the SS type, in comparison with the rest period, 30 minutes after the termination of exercise (p<.01), and in the comparison of immediately after the termination of exercise and 30 minutes after the termination of exercise, FFA increased significantly (p<.05), and after 24 hours, in comparison with 30 minutes after the termination, it decreased significantly (p<.05). The LS type, in comparison with the rest period, 30 minutes after the termination of exercise increased significantly (p<.05). On the other hand, the LL type, in comparison with the rest period, 30 minutes after the termination of exercise showed a significant increase (p<.05), and after 24 hours showed a significant decrease in comparison with 30 minutes after the termination of the exercise (p<.05). In regard to f-Trp, during the entire period, all three groups showed a similar trend, and in the LS type only, in comparison with immediately after the exercise, after 24 hours it significantly decreased (p<.05). In regard to BCAAs, in the SS type and the LS type, excluding the LL type, 30 minutes after the termination of exercise, significantly decreased in comparison with the rest period and immediately after exercise (p<.01, p<.01). Concerning the ratio of f-Trp and BCAAs (f-Trp/BCAAs), in all three groups, their trend according to the time point was similar, and only in the LS type, comparing after 24 hours with 30 minutes after the termination of exercise, it significantly decreased (p<.05). The reduction of plasma f-Trp/BCAAs after 24 hours was shown to be due to the elevation of BCAAs and the reduction of f-Trp. In the distribution of the frequency of genotype and alleles (n=273), it was shown that the SS type was 62.7% (n=171), the LS type was 30.0% (n=82), the LL type was 7.3% (n=20), the S allele was 77.7% (n=424), and the L allele was 22.3% (n=122). In other words, the LL type showed a very low frequency in comparison with the SS type and the LS type. Based on the above results, although a significant difference among different genotype groups was not detected, the concentration of f-Trp and the ratio of f-Trp/BCAAs in the LL type were detected to be higher than the SS type and the LS type. This suggests indirectly that during rest and the long term high intensity exercise. 5-HT synthesis and release were elevated. In other words, 5-HT neurotransmission may be higher in the LL type. Nonetheless, a significant difference among the groups according to genotypes was not detected, and thus it is difficult to generalize such results, however, during the entire blood collection period, the SS type and the LS type showed a trend lower that the LL type, hence it may be considered that, particularly, atheletes who repeat continuously a long term high intensity training, the SS type and the LS type of 5-HTT may act advantageously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of "living high, training low" during a period of regular training on oxidative stress and anti-oxidative enzymes. Ten long distance runners of B high school slept for 8 hours per day for 4 weeks at a simulated altitude of 3,0000m in normobaric hypoxia (HIGH), while ten teammates slept at nonnoxia (CONTROL). HIGH and CONTROL subjects equally trained as a group throughout the 4-week study. Both baseline level (D1) and immediately after incremental exercise (DT1) test of malondialdehide(MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured 1 day prior to sleeping in hypoxia. These measures were repeated after 4 weeks of simulated altitude exposure before the incremental test (D2) and immediately after the test (DT2). The results were as follows: (1) The levels of MDA in both groups increased significantly (p<.05) after the incremental test (DT1 & DT2) in comparison to the D1 and D2, respectively. MDA levels tended to be increased above the pre-hypoxia level over 4 weeks of hypoxia. However, the MDA level in HIGH significantly increased (p<.05) after the DTI compared to the level in CONTROL. (2) The activity of SOD in both groups decreased significantly (p<.05) after the incremental test (DT1) compared to the D1. Thereafter, SOD activity tended to be increased (p<.05) above the pre-hypoxia level over 4 weeks of the study. However, the SOD activity in HIGH significantly decreased (p<.05) after the DT2 compared to the MDA level in CONTROL. (3) There was no significant increase in GPX activity of both groups immediately after the test (DT1 vs D1) while the GPX activity in both groups at D1 significantly decreased (p<.05) after DT2. without group difference. We concluded that acute imal exercise might increase oxidative stress with either increase or non-change in SOD and GPX activities. However, vigorous endurance training during the 4 weeks might increase oxidative stress with increase in both SOD and GPX activities. In addition, steeping in moderate hypoxia (3,000m) with vigorous endurance training could not additionally increase either oxidative stress or anti-oxidants but the appropriate method far reducing oxidative stress should be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Ceragem Master (CGM) by testing influences of CGM on physiological responses determining exercise performance and recovery from fatigue in world class wrestling and judo players. The CGM is known as a therapeutic modality combining far infrared, chiropractic, and sports massage treatment. A total of 23 players were recruited for this study and they were divided into two groups; the CGM treatment group (CT) and non-treatment group (NT). Subjects were tested for their anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, lactate recovery rate, flexibility, and blood component variables initially and after 8 and 16 weeks of treatments. After CGM treatment, the activity of red blood cells (RBC) were highly elevated according to the period of treatment, and standard types were clearly noticed. The RBC counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit also showed a gradual and positive change during the treatment period. The sit-and-reach and trunk-and-neck extension were significantly increased by 6.16% and 12.21%, respectively. Although no differences were found in the anaerobic threshold, maximal aerobic capacity and exercise duration were significantly increased by 2.88% and 5.91%, respectively. The anaerobic total work rate and work duration were higher in CT compared to NT. The recovery rate of blood lactate level was higher during the first 10 min as well as 30th min of the recovery period in CT compared to NT suggesting recovery rate was faster with the CGM treatment. The results suggest that tile CGM was an effective modality improving flexibility and fatigue recovery rate. It is probable that if elite athletes utilize this device for a prolonged duration and/or employ it for intensive training sessions, over-training due to accumulation of fatigue might be preventable. This will also influence their exercise performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of far infrared rays on the human body in enhancing athletic performance. The test was conducted in an environment similar to the body temperature of 37°C. Emission rate of 0.911 and emission energy of 3.51× 102 W/m2 · μm from the infrared rays released from 100% cotton material processed in plant distillation was incorporated into the sportswear. The subjects who participated in the research were soccer players at S University in Seoul. They were separated into two groups of ten by random allocation: the Experimental Group (EG) and the Control Group (CG). In order to test the effectiveness of wearing the functional sportswear, differences in aerobic capacity and recovery from fatigue were measured. These were observed through changes of maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold level, exercise performance time, and lactic acid concentration in the blood. The number of red blood cells and cell fidelity levels were used in analyzing the changes in the blood. As a result of the research, the far infrared ray emitting functional sportswear demonstrated increase in maximum oxygen consumption by 3.5%, anaerobic threshold by 3.2 %, and total exercise performance time by 3.6%. Also, progressive changes in the number of red blood cells and cell fidelity levels in carrying oxygen proved to contribute to enhancing aerobic exercise capacity. Thus, it is proven to be highly effective as an ergogenic aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of 17-year-old man who was diagnosed with central diabetes insipidus (DI) which was initially believed to be idiopathic but found to have pituitary teratoma. After 45 months of treatment, the patient presented with a headache and diplopia that persisted for one month. Physicians conducted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed a 3.3 centimeter sized lobulated solid mass involving the sellar and suprasellar area.