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This article studies the noncooperative game of distributed quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under task, communication, and physical constraints. Compared to existing works that primarily focus on the flight task of Nash equilibrium seeking without task constraints or only with equality constraints, this study considers a noncooperative game with inequality constraints. To enhance the privacy of quadrotor UAVs communications, Markov jump networks are introduced as communication constraints to increase the stochasticity of the distributed system and all agents can search the Nash equilibrium by sharing virtual information. Furthermore, an effective fault-tolerant algorithm is proposed to address physical constraints, enabling all quadrotor UAVs to reach the generalized Nash equilibrium states subject to actuator faults, uncertain dynamic parameters, and time-varying disturbances. Then, the asymptotic stability of the proposed algorithms is proved by the projected gradient descent methodology and Lyapunov techniques. Finally, some simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the suggested algorithms.

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The precise design and synthesis of active sites to improve catalyst’s performance has emerged as a promising tactic for electrochemistry. However, it is challenging to combine different types of active sites and manipulate them simultaneously at atomic resolution. Here, we present a strategy to synthesize Re atom-doped Cu twin boundaries (TBs), through pulsed electrodeposition and boundary segregation. The Re-doped Cu TBs demonstrate a highly efficient nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) performance. Re-doped Cu TBs showed a turnover frequency of ∼5889 s–1, ∼800 times higher than the pure Cu TB active centers (∼7 s–1). In addition to the “acceptance–donation” activation of N2molecules, theoretical calculations also reveal that the Re–Re dimer on TB can boost the NRR and impede the hydrogen evolution reaction synchronously, rendering Re-doped Cu TB catalysts with high NRR activity and selectivity.

Electronic skins have received increasing attention due to their great application potential in wearable electronics. Meanwhile, tremendous efforts are still needed for the fabrication of multifunctional composite hydrogels with complex structures for electronic skins via simple methods. In this work, a novel three-dimensional (3D) printing composite hydrogel with stretchability, conductivity, and strain-sensing ability is produced using a one-step photocuring method to achieve a dual-signal response of the electronic skin. The composite hydrogel exhibits a triple-network structure composed of silk microfibers (SMF), regenerated silk fibroin (RSF), and polyacrylamide (PAM). The establishment of triple networks is based on the electrostatic interaction between SMF and RSF, as well as the chemically cross-linked RSF and PAM. Thanks to its specific structure and components, the composite hydrogel possesses enhanced mechanical properties (elastic modulus of 140 kPa, compressive stress of 21 MPa, and compression modulus of 600 kPa) and 3D printability while retaining stretchability and flexibility. The interaction between negatively charged SMF and cations in phosphate-buffered saline endows the composite hydrogel with good conductivity and strain-sensing ability after immersion in a low-concentration (10 mM) salt solution. Moreover, the 3D printing composite hydrogel scaffold successfully realizes real-time monitoring. Therefore, the proposed hydrogel-based ionic sensor is promising for skin tissue engineering, real-time monitoring, soft robotics, and human–machine interfaces.

Yao, X, Austerberry, A, Bishop, C, Wilson, L, Chiang, C-Y, and Turner, A. Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women’s rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res38(5): 924–931, 2024—Women's rugby is a collision sport that relies heavily on body composition and physical characteristics of strength and power to achieve competitive success. Furthermore, the seasonal nature presents a variety of physical challenges that can cause fluctuations in a player's physical development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics between forwards and backs in women's rugby union athletes in England and to identify changes throughout a season. Forty-seven players were recruited from the English premiership women's rugby during the 2020–2021 season. Players were split into forwards and backs and underwent body composition testing by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and strength and power tests (countermovement jump, drop jump [DJ], and isometric midthigh pull) on 3 separate occasions (preseason, midseason, postseason). Overall, forwards had significantly (p< 0.01) higher body mass, fat mass, lean mass [LM], bone mineral content, and take off momentum, and backs had significantly higher (p< 0.01, d> 0.5) jump height, reactive strength, and shorter DJ contact time. When observing seasonal changes, there were statistically significant differences (p< 0.01) or moderate-to-large practical differences (d> 0.5) in LM, reactive strength index modified, time to take-off, and DJ flight time [FT] among forwards when comparing 3 testing time frames. For backs, statistically significant differences (p< 0.01) or moderate-to-large practical differences (d> 0.5) were reported in LM and DJ FT throughout the season. In conclusion, the strength and power testing and characteristics shown in this study could support coaches and junior women's rugby athletes to have a basic understanding of English premiership physical standards.

The influence of aging temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al–Mn–Mg– Sc–Zr alloy prepared by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was systematically studied. The results show that the fabricated alloy was a dense and crack-free piece with a fine grain size of 3.51 μm and a yield strength of (547±3) MPa. When the alloy was subjected to aging at 300 °C, a large amount of highly coherent Al3Sc nanoparticles (2–3 nm) precipitated from the Al matrix. The aged sample exhibited a high yield strength of (616±4) MPa, which can be attributed to precipitation strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and grain boundary strengthening. When the alloy was aged at a temperature higher than 300 °C, part of the dissolved Mn and Zr precipitated in the form of Al6Mn and Al3(Sc,Zr). When the alloy was aged at 500 °C, the Al6Mn and Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates grew to approximately 600 and 30 nm, respectively, in size. Consequently, the yield strength of the alloy decreased to (372±3) MPa.

Background:: Carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) has been found to be involved in osteogenesis and osteoclast in various human diseases, but the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we aim to use siRNA and lentivirus to reduce or increase the expression of CA1 in Dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs), in order to further elucidate the role and mechanism of CA1 in osteogenesis, and provide better osteogenic growth factors and stem cell selection for the application of bone tissue engineering in alveolar bone fracture transplantation. Methods:: The study used RNA interference and lentiviral vectors to manipulate the expression of the CA1 gene in DFSCs during in vitroosteogenic induction. The expression of osteogenic marker genes was evaluated and changes in CA1, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2) were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB). The osteogenic effect was assessed through Alizarin Red staining. Results:: The mRNA and protein expression levels of CA1, ALP, RUNX2, and BMP2 decreased distinctly in the si-CA1 group than other groups (p&lt; 0.05). In the Lentivirus-CA1 (LV-CA1) group, the mRNA and protein expressions of CA1, ALP, RUNX2, and BMP2 were amplified to varying degrees than other groups (p&lt; 0.05). Apart from CA1, BMP2 (43.01%) and ALP (36.69%) showed significant upregulation (p&lt; 0.05). Alizarin red staining indicated that the LV-CA1 group produced more calcified nodules than other groups, with a higher optical density (p&lt; 0.05), and the osteogenic effect was superior. Conclusions:: CA1 can impact osteogenic differentiation via BMP related signaling pathways, positioning itself upstream in osteogenic signaling pathways, and closely linked to osteoblast calcification and ossification processes.

This article addresses the fully distributed (FD) output feedback full states consensus tracking problem for high-order multiagent systems with general nonlinearities under the directed graph. In each agent, a novel FD estimator is established to estimate the leader’s states, which only needs three variables’ information from each parent agent without considering their orders. Meanwhile, it is independent of the graph’s scale and does not rely on any global information. Then, instead of the backstepping method and based on the constructed compensator, an output-dependent dynamic gain method is used to design the FD output feedback protocol avoiding the repeated derivatives of the nonlinearities. Based on a new lemma, it is proved that using the proposed FD protocol, global full states consensus stability can be guaranteed and the consensus error can converge to zero asymptotically. The proposed method can not only achieve the consensus in FD fashion but also extremely relax the conditions on nonlinearities which satisfy the local Lipschitz condition with a more general incremental rate containing output and compensator states information. Finally, a numerical example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is used as an alternative to total knee arthroplasty in young patients with knee osteoarthritis. In the conventional HTO, if the distraction distance is large, the osteotomy section will be significantly separated, forming a large bone defect gap, which may lead to delayed healing or even nonunion. We treated a series of 10 patients with medial knee osteoarthritis by a novel M-shaped high tibial osteotomy. This helped to improve greater contact of cortical sections and rapid healing of the osteotomy break. Over a mean follow-up period of 8.5 months (range, 6.0–12.0 months), all patients achieved bone union. None of the patients showed complications such as nonunion or infection. The novel M-shaped HTO procedure can reduce the probability of delayed union/nonunion and avoid the complications associated with bone grafting. Hence, this technique may be an effective alternative for the HTO.

In this paper, using methyl cinnamate as raw material, the new cinnamic hydroxamic acid collector (CIHA) was synthesized by the hydroxylamine method. The collector performance of hydroxamic acid was investigated for scheelite and gangue calcite, and the flotation separation test of scheelite and calcite was carried out with CIHA as the collector. The interaction mechanism between hydroxamic acid and scheelite minerals has also been investigated through zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The single mineral flotation test and artificially mixed ore showed that CIHA had an excellent collection effect and selectivity. Zeta potential, FTIR, and XPS showed that CIHA was adsorbed on the scheelite surface by strong chemical adsorption. The active group of CIHA was analyzed through quantum chemical calculation. It was speculated that CO and NO bonds could synthesize a five-membered chelated hydroxamic acid group with Ca element chelate on scheelite surface, changing hydrophobicity and making it more likely to emerge from the pulp.

By studying the evaporated crystallization of 1640 solutions and some protein + salt solutions, we revealed for the first time the onset and dynamic process, the behavior, and general rules of the dendritic crystal growth as a function of temperature, pH value, and the concentrations of their major components (NaCl, KCl, NaHCO₃, and d-glucose). We proposed the crystallization mechanism for each of them at various conditions and indicated the factors that control the formation of dendritic crystals. We showed that at a temperature ranging from 20 to 40 °C, only the solution mixed with crystalline and amorphous substances could form dendritic crystals. The rise in temperature and decreasing pH from the neutral value would reduce the pattern divergence induced by different components and concentrations. Increasing the content of the crystalline substances would make the dendritic crystals thicker and have less branching. The dendritic crystals are mainly composed of the salt with the highest ratio Rof concentration/solubility. The crystal structure of the salt also determines the shape of the dendrites. The amorphous substances mainly distribute at the edge of the dried spot to form a ring and deposit in the gaps between the dendritic crystals or the growing tips of the dendrites. This study suggests that based on the behavior of the dendrite growth, it is possible to use the methods of dendrite formation and pattern analysis to replace analytical instruments for some solution physicochemical tests or grow dendritic crystals with desired patterns for various applications.

The hydroxylamine method involves the synthesis of a new hydroxamic acid collector, i.e., phenylpropyl hydroxamic acid (PHA), from methyl cinnamic hydroxamic acid. Flotation test results show that PHA exhibits good selective collection ability. The adsorption mechanism of PHA is investigated using the zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that PHA formed a new Ca–O bond with Ca2+on the fluorite surface via chemical adsorption. A new five-element chelated hydroxamate group may have formed in Ca on the fluorite surface. The PHA selectivity is fully explained via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and an adsorption model is established.

Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is a critical material for clean energy technologies, i.e., the cathode material in lithium–sulfur batteries and the raw material for making sulfide solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries. However, its practical application at a large scale is hindered by its industrial production method of reducing lithium sulfate with carbon materials at high temperatures, which emits carbon dioxide and is time-consuming. We hereby report a method of synthesizing Li2S by thermally reducing lithium sulfate with aluminum. Compared with the carbothermal method, this aluminothermal approach has several advantages, such as operation at lower temperatures, completion in minutes, no emission of greenhouse gases, and valuable byproducts of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The home-made Li2S demonstrates competitive performance in battery tests versus the commercial counterpart. Moreover, using the byproduct Al2O3to coat the cathode side of the separator can enhance the battery’s capacity without influencing its rate capability. Thus, this “one stone two birds” method has great potential for practical applications of developing Li–S batteries.

Neural interface is a powerful tool to control the varying neuron activities in the brain, where the performance can directly affect the quality of recording neural signals and the reliability of in vivoconnection between the brain and external equipment. Recent advances in bioelectronic innovation have provided promising pathways to fabricate flexible electrodes by integrating electrodes on bioactive polymer substrates. These bioactive polymer-based electrodes can enable the conformal contact with irregular tissue and result in low inflammation when compared to conventional rigid inorganic electrodes. In this review, we focus on the use of silk fibroin and cellulose biopolymers as well as certain synthetic polymers to offer the desired flexibility for constructing electrode substrates for a conformal neural interface. First, the development of a neural interface is reviewed, and the signal recording methods and tissue response features of the implanted electrodes are discussed in terms of biocompatibility and flexibility of corresponding neural interfaces. Following this, the material selection, structure design and integration of conformal neural interfaces accompanied by their effective applications are described. Finally, we offer our perspectives on the evolution of desired bioactive polymer-enabled neural interfaces, regarding the biocompatibility, electrical properties and mechanical softness.

Polyanionic cathode materials are increasingly used in research because of their good cycling performance, high theoretical capacity, and high operating voltage. However, it exhibits poor performance due to its structure, which prevents it from reaching its full theoretical capacity. In this study, carbon‐coated Li6V3(PO4)5@C cathode materials are constructed under Li3V2(PO4)3research conditions using the sol–gel process and anhydrous citric acid as the carbon source. Several boron doping concentrations are investigated to create Li6V3(PO4)5@BC cathode materials. The electrochemical measurements demonstrate that during the first cycle, at a current density of 0.5 C and a B doping quantity of 2 wt%, the specific discharge capacity of Li6V3(PO4)5@BC reaches 167.43 mAh g−1. The steady discharge specific capacity following 80 cycles of constant‐current charging and discharging is 136.84 mAh g−1. Li6V3(PO4)5@BC‐2 has a specific discharge capacity of 131.1 mAh g−1at 2 C. The material's electrochemical performance greatly improves following the right quantity of B doping, which is primarily attributed to the increase in carbon layer defects brought on by B's entrance. This can increase the rate of lithium‐ion migration and hold more lithium ions. The Li6V3(PO4)5@BC‐2 cathode material prepared by the sol‐gel method exhibits a high initial discharge specific capacity of 167.43 mAh g−1at 0.5 C .

Typically, a coach may follow a process in which they first identify the key performance indicators of their sport, determine the physical attributes that map back to them, and then distribute the development of those capacities over the allocated timeframe. Furthermore, effective training plans are based on a theoretical or biological basis for how we move and adapt to exercise stimuli, coupled with an understanding of how these are best sequenced, such that one stimulus and subsequent adaptation can potentiate the next. Thus, reverse or backward engineering, when appropriately converged with the plans of those devised around nutrition, conditioning, technical, and tactical training, for example, likely gives athletes the best chance of attaining their performance goals. The aim of this article is to describe the application of reverse engineering, exampling it within the context of developing an athlete who can demonstrate a high level of agility.

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B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a target for the treatment of multiple myeloma with cytolytic therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cells or T-cell redirecting antibodies. To better understand the potential for “on-target/off-tumor” toxicity caused by BCMA-targeting cytolytic therapies in the brain, we investigated normal brain BCMA expression. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay using the E6D7B commercial monoclonal antibody was applied to 107 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain samples (cerebrum, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem; 63 unique donors). Although immunoreactivity was observed in a small number of neurons in brain regions including the striatum, thalamus, midbrain, and medulla, this immunoreactivity was considered nonspecific and not reflective of BCMA expression because it was distinct from the membranous and Golgi-like pattern seen in positive control samples, was not replicated when a different IHC antibody (D6 clone) was used, and was not corroborated by in situ hybridization data. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data from 478 donors in the GTEx and Allen BrainSpan databases demonstrated low levels of BCMA RNA expression in the striatum of young donors with levels becoming negligible beyond 30 years of age. We concluded that BCMA protein is not present in normal adult human brain, and therefore on-target toxicity in the brain is unlikely.

Bismuth (Bi)-based perovskites are promising materials for near-ultraviolet-to-visible light (NUV–vis) detection. However, their practical application has been limited by relatively weak responsivity and detectivity. In this study, we developed a large-area, low-cost, environmentally friendly self-powered NUV–vis photodetector based on a ZnO/Cs3Bi2I9heterojunction through a simple drop-coating method. Leveraging the pyroelectric effect, the device demonstrates a high responsivity of 10.48 mA/W, specific detectivity of 7.69 × 1010Jones, and a fast rise time of 0.9 ms. Moreover, we elucidated the physical mechanism of the self-powered NUV–vis photodetector and systematically analyzed the influence of light power density on photoresponse and response time. This study introduces an effective strategy to enhance the performance of Bi-based perovskite photodetectors under zero voltage bias, leveraging the pyroelectric effect induced in ZnO under ultraviolet illumination and the photovoltaic effect of the Cs3Bi2I9perovskite. The newly designed ultra-fast self-powered NUV–vis photodetector holds significant promise for diverse research and commercial applications.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of LAMA5 on palatal development in mice.

Transparent luminescent solar concentrators (TLSCs) have been attracting wide attentions for their applications in transparent photovoltaic (PV) windows, smart greenhouses, and mobile electronics on account of the simple architecture and low-cost preparation. We report a novel strategy to fabricate TLSCs using the heterophase lead-free perovskites. The heterophase nanolayered films which combined CsCu2I3and Cs3Cu2I5were prepared in one step using a dual-source coevaporation technique. The CsCu2I3/Cs3Cu2I5films exhibited UV light absorption, a high average visible transmission (AVT) of 86.70%, and dual-color white emission between 350 and 760 nm. Importantly, the TLSCs incorporated with the CsCu2I3/Cs3Cu2I5films exhibited an impressive optical conversion efficiency of 1.15% under keeping a high AVT of 86.70%. Meanwhile, the TLSCs incorporated with the heterophase films showed considerable stability under ambient conditions. The CIE 1960 color coordinates (0.2082, 0.4680) of the TLSCs incorporated with the CsCu2I3/Cs3Cu2I5films showed excellent aesthetic quality as compared with those of the TLSCs incorporated with lead-based perovskites. Our finding offers a strategy to prepare lead-free metal halides toward high-performance TLSCs and future transparent PV windows.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) continues to cause poor clinical outcomes due to limited advances in sustained treatments for rapid cancer cell proliferation and progression. The transcriptional factor Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) regulates cell proliferation, tumor initiation, and progression in multiple cancer types. However, its biological function and clinical significance in SCLC remain unestablished. Analysis of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and SCLC datasets in the present study disclosed significant upregulation of FOXM1 mRNA in SCLC cell lines and tissues. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that FOXM1 is positively correlated with pathways regulating cell proliferation and DNA damage repair, as evident from sensitization of FOXM1-depleted SCLC cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, Foxm1 knockout inhibited SCLC formation in the Rb1fl/flTrp53fl/flMycLSL/LSL(RPM) mouse model associated with increased levels of neuroendocrine markers, Ascl1 and Cgrp, and decrease in Yap1. Consistently, FOXM1 depletion in NCI-H1688 SCLC cells reduced migration and enhanced apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin and etoposide. SCLC with high FOXM1 expression (N= 30, 57.7%) was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage, extrathoracic metastases, and decrease in overall survival (OS), compared with the low-FOXM1 group (7.90 vs. 12.46 months). Moreover, the high-FOXM1 group showed shorter progression-free survival after standard chemotherapy, compared with the low-FOXM1 group (3.90 vs. 8.69 months). Our collective findings support the utility of FOXM1 as a prognostic biomarker and potential molecular target for SCLC.

The precipitates in welded joint heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal of TP347H stainless steel were observed and analyzed by SEM, TEM and EPMA. The results show that precipitate of NbC can be observed in welded joint HAZ in as-welded, and more NbC precipitate in high temperature service. The size of primary NbC in base metal ranges from tens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, but only tens of nanometers of the precipitated NbC. The fine precipitate of NbC is mainly distributed in the crystal, however, continuous distribution of NbC is also observed on the grain boundary of the service joint. Cr carbide precipitates at the grain boundary, and some of particles distribute continuously on the grain boundary after service. The fine NbC precipitated in the crystal strengthens the matrix, and the continuous distribution of Nb and Cr carbides on the grain boundary reduces the interfacial bonding strength, then both of which result decrease of the material plasticity.

LiTiOPO4 was prepared by solid-phase combustion method using citric acid as fuel. The LiTiOPO4 materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction test (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The XRD test showed that the synthesized samples were pure phases and the addition of different weight fractions of the combustion agent citric acid did not change the phase structure of the LiTiOPO4. The microscopic observations revealed that the LiTiOPO4 prepared after the addition of citric acid as a combustion agent was a sheet-like stacked structure. The electrochemical test results showed that the rate discharge capacity of LiTiOPO4 anode at 5000 mA g−1 maintains 184.7 mAh g−1 in the voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V and keeps at 147.2 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. The LiTiOPO4 anode exhibits excellent cycling stability and good reversibility, which is attributed to the high crystallinity of LiTiOPO4 prepared by solid-phase combustion and the lamellar stacked layer structure that facilitates lithium-ion insertion/de-insertion.

Bioelectronics based on biomaterial substrates are advancing toward biomedical applications. As excellent conductors, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives have been widely developed in this field. However, it is still a big challenge to obtain a functional layer with a good electroconductive property, transparency, and strong adhesion on the biosubstrate. In this work, poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT–OH) was chemically polymerized and deposited on the surface of a regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) film in an aqueous system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as the surfactant to form micelles which are beneficial to the polymer structure. To overcome the trade-off between transparency and the electroconductive property of the PEDOT–OH coating, a composite oxidant recipe of FeCl3and ammonium persulfate (APS) was developed. Through electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged doping ions, a well-organized conductive nanoscale coating formed and a transparent conductive RSF/PEDOT–OH film was produced, which can hardly be achieved in a traditional single oxidant system. The produced film had a sheet resistance (Rs) of 5.12 × 104Ω/square corresponding to a conductivity of 8.9 × 10–2S/cm and a maximum transmittance above 73% in the visible range. In addition, strong adhesion between PEDOT–OH and RSF and favorable electrochemical stability of the film were demonstrated. Desirable transparency of the film allowed real-time observation of live cells. Furthermore, the PEDOT–OH layer provided an improved environment for adhesion and differentiation of PC12 cells compared to the RSF surface alone. Finally, the feasibility of using the RSF/PEDOT–OH film to electrically stimulate PC12 cells was demonstrated.

Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is the most common proctological disease, with an estimated prevalence rate of 4.4%, and a peak in individuals between 45 and 65 years of age. This study was done to evaluate whether Lian-Zhi-San (LZS), a clinically used anti-hemorrhoidal ointment could alleviate the inflammatory injury, with its associated changes of inflammatory cytokines and morphology of anorectal tissues, in an experimental model of HD in rats.

In this study, CH3NH3PbI3is blended with solution-processed n-type TiOxnanoparticle as the photoactive layer to balance charge carrier transporting properties for addressing the intrinsic electronic properties of perovskite materials. We found that the CH3NH3PbI3:TiOxbulk heterojunction thin film possesses enhanced and balanced charge carrier mobilities, superior film morphology with enlarged crystal sizes. Moreover, bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells possess suppressed trap-induced charge recombination as compared with that of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells.

Cell migration on material surfaces is a fundament issue in the fields of biomaterials, cell biology, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, etc. Herein, we aim to guide cell migration by flat microstripes with significant contrast of cell adhesion and varied geometric features of the adhesive stripes. To this end, we designed and fabricated cell-adhesive arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) microstripes on the nonfouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) background and examined the microstripe-guided adhesion and migration of a few cell types. The migration of cell clusters adhering on the RGD regions was found to be significantly affected by the widths and arc radiuses of the guided microstripes. The cells migrated fastest on the straight microstripes with width of about 20 μm, which we defined as single file confined migration (SFCM). We also checked the possible left–right asymmetric bias of cell migration guided by combinatory microstripes with alternative wavy and quasi-straight stripes under a given width, and found that the velocity of CCW (counter clockwise) migration was higher than that of CW (clockwise) migration for primary rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), whereas no left–right asymmetric bias was observed for NIH3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line) and Hela (human cervix epithelial carcinoma cell line) cells. Comparison of migration of cells on the nanotopological stripe and smooth surfaces further confirmed the importance of cell orientation coherence for guided cell migration and strengthened the superiority of SFCM.