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Understanding the photogenerated charge-transport dynamics of metal oxide electrodes is the key to providing a strategy for practical improvement in the photoelectrochemical reaction activity. Here, we analyze the electron transport of a 3D bicontinuous SnO2/BiVO4nanostructured photoelectrode by intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. We compare this electrode with 3D WO3/BiVO4and planar-type bilayer SnO2/BiVO4electrodes. In the results, we observe an order of magnitude faster electron transport in the 3D electrodes relative to the bilayer electrode. Moreover, we observe trap-limited transport on widely applied WO3/BiVO4electrodes but confirm rapid trap-free transport on 3D SnO2/BiVO4. We also characterize the effect of electron transport on the water-splitting reaction. The electron-transport rate is directly related to the charge-separation efficiency in the water-splitting reaction. The fast transport time of the 3D SnO2/BiVO4leads to the achievement of a significantly higher charge separation efficiency of 94%.

Introduction: Debate on the association between the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and the risk of developing cancer has been ongoing for decades. This study aimed to generate reliable results by analysing observational studies published in the decade after our last meta-analysis was conducted.Methods: We searched Embase and Medline databases on 21 January 2021 for cohort and case-control studies. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature and assessed the title and abstract of each publication. The I2 statistic used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the effect measures. Risk of bias was qualitatively assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.Results and discussion: We included an additional 16 cohort, 6 nested case-control, and 9 conventional case-control studies in the updated analysis. Overall HRs decreased, while overall relative risks increased.Conclusion: Our results show some protective effects through the hazard ratio and some detrimental effects through the relative risk. Large-scale investigations of cohorts followed up for decades are needed to clarify association.Plain Language Summary Introduction:Two types of drug, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have been linked to the risk of developing cancer. We performed a meta-analysis by aggregating individual studies looking into the cancer risk of ACEIs and ARBs. Methods:We searched for articles on Embase and Medline databases until 21 January, 2021. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature and assessed the title and abstract of each publication. Results:Overall, the hazard ratio showed less than 1, while the relative risks showed higher than 1. Conclusion:Our results show some protective effects through the hazard ratio and some detrimental effects through the relative risk. Evidence supporting the risk of developing cancer is insufficient to prevent prescribing ACEIs or ARBs for patients with high blood pressure.