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Compliant strain gauges are well-suited to monitor tiny movements and processes in the body. However, they are easily damaged by unexpected impacts in practical applications, limiting their utility in controlled laboratory environments. This study introduces elastic microcracked MXene films for mechanically driven self-healing strain gauges. MXene films are deposited on soft silicone substrates and intentionally stretched to create saturated microcracks. The resulting device not only has high sensitivity but also can recover its original sensing capability even after experiencing failure-level overstrains. This electrical self-healing ability is achieved through the elastic rebound of the substrate, which autonomously restores the microcracked morphology of the MXene film. The MXene strain gauge can withstand overextension, twisting, impact forces, and even car rolling. The device is also resilient to touch-induced damage during monitoring of physiological motions. The mechanically driven self-healing strategy may effectively improve the durability of highly sensitive strain sensors.

Pattern recognition receptors are an essential part of the immune system, which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and help shape both innate and adaptive immune responses. When dsDNA is present, cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) produces a second messenger called cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which then triggers an adaptor protein called STING, and eventually activates the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway has been receiving a lot of attention lately as a key immune-surveillance mediator. In this review, we summarize the present circumstances of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in viral infections and inflammatory diseases, as well as autoimmune diseases. Modulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway provides potential strategies for treating viral infections, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

The phase-shifting structured light illumination technique is widely used in imaging but often relies on mechanical translation stages or spatial light modulators, leading to system instability, low displacement accuracy, and limited integration feasibility. In response to these challenges, we propose and demonstrate an approach for generating far-field phase-shifting structured light using a polarization multiplexing metasurface. By controlling the polarization states of incident and transmitted light, the metasurface creates a three-step displacement of structured light, eliminating the need to move samples or illumination sources. As a proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate microscopic imaging using structured light illumination generated by metasurfaces, extracting high-frequency information from objects, and surpassing the diffraction limit. The proposed metasurface platform offers a promising approach for developing compact and robust phase-shifting imaging systems, with broad prospects in quantitative detection, machine vision, and beyond.

The maximum magnetic field designed for the central solenoid (CS) of China's next-generation fusion reactor is more than 19 T, for which hybrid magnets of high temperature superconductivity (HTS) and low temperature superconductivity (LTS) have been used for the CS. The CS HTS magnets quench detection system has been almost completed and will be described in this article. The simulation results show that the maximum induced voltage during HTS magnets operation is greater than one kilovolt. The small quench resistance voltage has to be distinguished from the high induced voltage. We plan to use a two-stage induced voltage suppression system to detect the quench of the HTS magnets. The primary induced voltage suppression system uses co-wound wire, co-wound tape, and balance bridge to suppress the induced voltage within $\pm$30 V, and the secondary induced voltage suppression system uses inductive noise real-time calculation (MIK) to suppress the induced voltage below 1 mV. The quench detection system design of the CS HTS magnets has been validated by simulation of the normal scenario and the vertical displacement event. It has been proven to satisfy the design requirements. The new quench detection method of distributed optical fiber will be applied appropriately according to our following development on it as a backup detection method. The detection system we designed will be steadily upgraded according to the planned HTS quench detection experiments.

High-temperature superconducting current leads (HTSCLs) are critical components in the China's Experimental and Advanced Superconducting Tokamak and China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor, known for their slow quench propagation speed and weak quench signals. Traditionally, quench detection is primarily performed using voltage measurements. However, the real operational environment presents complex electromagnetic signal interference, rendering voltage signals unreliable for quench detection. To address this issue, we have adopted a novel quench detection method using Rayleigh backscattering based on distributed optical fiber. Optical fiber sensors offer immunity to electromagnetic interference, can endure harsh conditions (such as low temperatures and high magnetic fields), and provide a faster response time compared to voltage measurements in HTSCL systems. To simulate the actual operation of the HTSCL, we conducted quench experiments at 20 kA. The experimental results yielded a temperature distribution map from the distributed optical fiber, demonstrating its excellent performance in temperature measurement. Notably, the quench detection time using optical fiber was earlier than that using voltage measurements.

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) imaging, or thermal imaging, is widely applied in night vision and security monitoring. However, the widespread use of LWIR imagers is impeded by their bulky size, considerable weight, and high cost. While flat meta-optics present a potential solution to these limitations, existing pure LWIR meta-optics face constraints such as severe chromatic or coma aberrations. Here, we introduce an approach utilizing large-scale hybrid meta-optics to address these challenges and demonstrate the achromatic, coma-corrected, and polarization-insensitive thermal imaging. The hybrid metalens doublet is composed of a metasurface corrector and a refractive lens, featuring a full field-of-view angle surpassing 20° within the 8–12 μm wavelength range. Employing this hybrid metalens doublet, we showcase high-performance thermal imaging capabilities both indoors and outdoors, effectively capturing ambient thermal radiation. The proposed hybrid metalens doublet holds considerable promise for advancing miniaturized, lightweight, and cost-effective LWIR optical imaging systems.

Electrodissolution-coupled hafnium alkoxide synthesis (EHS) is a promising pathway for efficient electro- synthesis. It employs simultaneous heterogeneous reactions of Hf dissolution and ethanol dehydrogenation, and spontaneous solution-based combination reaction between Hf4+cations and alkoxy anions. To elucidate the mechanism and kinetics of EHS process, the electrochemical behaviors of anodic Hf dissolution and cathodic ethanol dehydrogenation were explored through electrochemical measurements, SEM observations, gas chromatography, and micro-kinetics modeling. The results indicated the supporting electrolytes of tetraethylammonium chloride (Et4NCl) to be preferable, which facilitated a passive-film-punctured pitting mechanism for Hf dissolution and a two-stage dehydrogenation mechanism. Three indicators related to passive rate, sensitivity towards puncture of the passive film, and pitting rate were extracted to quantify the kinetics of passive puncture and Hf corrosion. Micro-kinetics models were developed to evaluate the Et4NCl-based EHS process, which achieved electric energy requirements of 1.53–1.83 kW·h/kg Hf(OC2H5)4.

Herein, we report a silver-catalyzed protocol for decarboxylative cross-coupling between carboxylic acids and isocyanides, leading to linear amide products through a free-radical mechanism. The disclosed approach provides a general entry to a variety of decorated amides, accommodating a diverse array of radical precursors, including aryl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, alkenyl, and alkyl carboxylic acids. Notably, the protocol proved to be efficient for decarboxylative late-stage functionalization of several elaborate pharmaceuticals, demonstrating its potential applications.

Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC) droplets hold significant potential in both scientific research and practical applications. The incorporation of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and its impact on LCLC droplet formation present a compelling puzzle. This study reports the fabrication of micrometer-sized LCLC droplets through the self-assembly functionalization process by integrating cationic polymer PEI into a disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) solution. Notably, the droplet morphology can be reversibly altered between bipolar and radial configurations by modulating the pH of the surrounding aqueous solution, an effect attributable to the contraction of PEI chains. The findings indicate that the PEI-DSCG system can serve as a pH indicator in purified water and detect glucose concentrations as low as 0.1 mM by observing the ratio of bipolar to radial droplets under crossed polarizers. This investigation enhances the understanding of polymer-LCLC interactions and advances new avenues for developing pH-responsive systems and glucose-sensing technologies.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III (LAD-III) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by functional deficiencies of platelets and leukocytes that occurs due to mutations in the FERMT3gene encoding kindlin-3. Kindlin-3 is a FERM domain–containing adaptor protein that is essential in integrin activation. We have previously demonstrated that the FERM domain of kindlin-3 is structurally compact and plays an important role in supporting integrin activation in a mouse model. The impact of destabilizing the compact FERM domain in kindlin-3 on the development of LAD-III in humans remains uncertain.

Stretchable sweat sensors have become a personalized wearable platform for continuous, noninvasive health monitoring through conformal integration with the human body. Typically, these devices are coupled with soft microfluidic systems to control sweat flow during advanced analysis processes. However, the implementation of these soft microfluidic devices is limited by their high fabrication costs and the need for skin adhesives to block natural perspiration. To overcome these limitations, a stretchable and smart wettable patch has been proposed for multiplexed in situperspiration analysis. The patch includes a porous membrane in the form of a patterned microfoam and a nanofiber layer laminate, which extracts sweat selectively from the skin and directs its continuous flow across the device. The integrated electrochemical sensor array measures multiple biomarkers simultaneously such as pH, K+, and Na+. The soft sensing patch comprises compliant materials and structures that allow deformability of up to 50% strain, which enables a stable and seamless interface with the curvilinear human body. During continuous physical exercise, the device has demonstrated a special operating mode by actively accumulating sweat from the skin for multiplex electrochemical analysis of biomarker profiles. The smart wettable membrane provides an affordable solution to address the sampling challenges of in situperspiration analysis.

Optical spatial differentiation is a typical operation of optical analog computing and can single out the edge to accelerate the subsequent image processing, but in some cases, overall information about the object needs to be presented synchronously. Here, we propose a multifunctional optical device based on structured chiral photonic crystals for the simultaneous realization of real-time dual-mode imaging. This optical differentiator is realized by self-organized large-birefringence cholesteric liquid crystals, which are photopatterned to encode with a special integrated geometric phase. Two highly spin-selective modes of second-order spatial differentiation and bright-field imaging are exhibited in the reflected and transmitted directions, respectively. Two-dimensional edges of both amplitude and phase objects have been efficiently enhanced in high contrast and the broadband spectrum. This work extends the ingenious building of hierarchical chiral nanostructures, enriches their applications in the emerging frontiers of optical computing, and boasts considerable potential in machine vision and microscopy.

The azimuthal morphology of Earth’s ring currents has consistently shown asymmetry during extreme space weather events at low latitudes, particularly during geomagnetic storms. A dawn-dusk pattern has been detected during the storm main phase through near-Earth and in-situmagnetic measurements. This asymmetry is believed to arise from asymmetric solar wind-magnetosphere coupling and is linked to the closure of the ring current. Recent evidence has confirmed the existence of asymmetric ring currents during quiet times and the storm recovery phase. This phenomenon may be closely related to the evolution of ring currents, including plasma injection and decay processes. In this study, the local time asymmetry of the ring current is estimated using data from low-Earth-orbit Swarm and Macao Science Satellite-1 (MSS-1) missions. Spherical harmonics models are developed to quantify the magnetic field of ring currents through external Gauss coefficients during both quiet periods and the storm recovery phase. Several features of dawn-dusk asymmetry are observed in various cases in different months. (1) The maximum difference in magnetic value across local time ranges from 3 to 10 nT, showing relative invariance compared with various Sym-Hlevels. (2) Stronger magnetic signals are detected at the premidnight sector during quiet times and at the afternoon sector during the storm recovery phase. (3) Magnetic perturbations remain at a lower level during the post-midnight and morning sectors. Although the pattern of local time asymmetry differs between quiet times and the recovery phase, dawn-dusk asymmetry remains the most pronounced feature, affecting the trapping and loss of charged particles in the inner magnetosphere. Combining Swarm and MSS-1 magnetic observations can enable convenient monitoring of the detailed azimuthal local time effects of the ring current at various disturbance levels in the future.

Researchers have been paying more attention to hyperspectral image (HSI) classification based on semi-supervised superpixel-level graph convolutional networks (SGCNs) due to their aggregation ability of rich contextual information. Although these SGCNs achieve good classification performance, the influence of the positional distributions among labeled superpixels has been overlooked. The locations of labeled superpixels, such as located at class boundaries or centers, exert a substantial influence on the final performance. To address this issue, this article proposed a novel graph neural network (GCN) method with the guidance of positional distributions of labeled superpixels, abbreviated as LPDGCN. Specifically, we first propose to utilize the sparse, low-rank as well as feature smoothness restrictions to optimize the initial superpixel graph structure because the connectivity relationships of labeled superpixels located at class boundaries or centers are easily influenced by spectral variation. Second, in order to effectively determine the positional distributions of labeled superpixels and make full use of the position relationships, we propose to utilize the information conflict from the above topology connectivity to determine the positional distributions of labeled superpixels and develop the reweighted strategy to weaken the influence of labeled superpixels located at class boundaries and strengthen the influence of that located at class centers. Finally, we evaluate the LPDGCN method on four public HSI datasets, demonstrating its superiority over other advanced classification methods in terms of three metrics, i.e., overall accuracy (OA), average accuracy (AA), and kappa coefficient (KC).

The Paleo-Tethys tectonic zone has been recognized as a world-class rare-metal (Li-Rb-Be-Nb-Ta) pegmatite belt. Previous studies indicate that the rare-metal pegmatite mineralization is related to the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic granitoids. However, it remains debated which granites, among the various coeval I-, A- and S-type granitoids in the tectonic belt, are responsible for the rare-metal pegmatite mineralization. We address these questions through a systematic geochemical study of the Bailongshan granite complex, which is composed of both biotite granites and two-mica granites and is related to the largest Li deposit in this zone. The similarities in Sr–Nd–Hf–O isotopic compositions between the two-mica granites (ISr=0.7176 to 0.7183, εNd(t)= − 10.7 to − 10.1, εHf(t)= − 14.12 to − 4.58, δ18O = 10.11 to 13.46‰) and rare-metal pegmatites (ISr=0.7181 to 0.7189, εNd(t)= − 11.72 to − 10.68, εHf(t)= − 12.15 to − 5.37, δ18O = 10.37 to 12.37‰), both showing affinity with sedimentary source, provide convincing evidence that the rare-metal pegmatites were derived from the two-mica granites. The differences in these parameters between the two-mica granites and the biotite granites (ISr=0.7083 to 0.7086, εNd(t)= − 5.9 to − 5.7, εHf(t)= − 6.64 to − 1.50, δ18O = 7.27 to 9.36‰, characteristic of I-type granites) indicate that they were derived from different sources. Trace element modeling indicates that the pegmatites were produced via extremely high fractional crystallization (> 90%) of the two-mica granites, which is also supported by the difference in δ7Li values between the two-mica granites (-0.6 to 0.5‰) and pegmatites (2.04 to 4.94‰). Comparison of the geochemical data between the two-mica granites and metasedimentary rocks in the area suggests that the rare metals in the mineralizing magmas were most likely derived from the partial melting of metapelites of the Triassic Bayanharshan Group. The relatively high temperatures (771 to 830 °C) estimated from the Ti-in-zircon thermometer for the two-mica granites favor extraction of rare metals from both biotite and muscovite in the source rocks during the partial melting. The results of this study, together with published data of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic granitoids in the Paleo-Tethys tectonic zone, indicate that the rare-metal pegmatite mineralization is related to S-type granites, but not all S-type granites are fertile. The combination of rare-metal-rich source rocks (metapelites), high temperatures due to an external heat source favoring the release of rare metals from the source rocks, and high degrees of fractional crystallization facilitating further enrichment of rare-metals in the pegmatite magmas, is critical for the rare-metal mineralization.

Li–Cs–Ta (LCT)-type granitic pegmatites commonly occur adjacent to granitic bodies. For many pegmatite fields, it is not obvious whether the pegmatitic melt originated from an evolved granitic magma or from low-degree partial melting of metasedimentary rocks. The Ke’eryin granitic pegmatites in the Songpan–Ganze orogenic belt, China, which hosts large Li2O reserves around large-volume granitic intrusions, including biotite granite (BG), two-mica granite (TG), and muscovite granite (MG), present an excellent location to investigate the petrogenesis of granitic pegmatites and associated Li mineralization. Our results suggest that these granites were generated from a common magma source and emplaced in pulses, coupled with fractional crystallization. These granites and associated pegmatites show discordant trends in the bulk-rock Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios and apatite Y/Ho and Sr/Y ratios, which reflect an evolution from granitic magma to flux-rich pegmatite melts. Pegmatitic melts might have derived from TG magma during evolution from BG to TG and MG magma. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of BG apatite (0.7161–0.7188) and low bulk-rock Fe2O3/FeO ratios (0.04–0.22) imply that the Xikang Group at depth might have undergone high-degree partial melting to produce the original granitic magma. This melting of metasedimentary rocks, resulting in a large-volume magma with low flux and rare-metal contents, was followed by protracted fractionation during multiple pulses of magma emplacement. This process resulted in the formation of flux- and rare metal-rich pegmatite melts from granitic magma. This mechanism may be applicable to many LCT-type pegmatites associated with large granitic complexes worldwide.

Advanced oxide metallurgy technique was adopted to produce 100-kg Y-bearing 12Cr ferritic/martensitic steel via vacuum induction melting and casting route. Subsequently, nine specimens at top, middle and bottom regions of the sheet were characterized to evaluate the homogeneity of chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. The small vibration of hardness (200–220 HBW), ultimate tensile strength (672–678 MPa), yield strength (468–480 MPa), total elongation (26.2%–30.5%) and Charpy energy at room temperature (98–133 J) and at − 40 °C (12–40 J) demonstrated that mechanical properties’ homogeneity of Y-bearing steel was acceptable although slight Y segregation and inhomogeneous microstructure occurred at the bottom. Furthermore, the effect of Y content on microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties was explained and the comparison of failure mechanism for the dual-phase steel between tensile test (i.e., quasi-static loading) and Charpy test (i.e., dynamic loading) was discussed in detail.

Intramolecular exciplex systems featuring thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have garnered significant attention in the realm of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Nonetheless, the occurrence of organic sandwich intramolecular exciplexes remains rare due to structural limitations and synthetic challenges. Herein, we present a novel rigid acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) sandwich complex, dSFQP, characterized by two sp3C-locking moieties. This compound exhibits TADF characteristics facilitated by a multiple through-space charge-transfer process. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirms the distinctive sandwich configuration. The parallel spatial arrangement and minimized A–D–A configuration enhance electronic interactions, resulting in a high photoluminescence quantum yield, rapid reverse intersystem crossing rate, and sluggish nonradiative decay rate. OLEDs employing dSFQP as the dopant achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 28.5% with a low efficiency roll-off of merely 2.8% at 1000 cd m−2. Even at a high brightness of 10 000 cd m−2, the EQE remains notably high at 17.5%. Our current results provide an effective way to further innovate the design of new organic charge-transfer complexes.

Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules are often operated under high switching frequency and large electromagnetic inertia, and the internal freewheeling diode (FWD) chip generates non-negligible heat due to its freewheeling effect. In the conventional Cauer model, only the heat generated by the IGBT chip itself is considered, and the thermal coupling effect between the IGBT chip and the FWD chip is ignored, which leads to a large calculation error. Therefore, this article focuses on the thermal coupling effect between the IGBT chip and the FWD chip inside the module, and proposes the basis for determining the existence of thermal coupling and the method for determining the position of thermal coupling. Based on the conventional Cauer model, a two-branch coupling Cauer model for calculating the junction temperature of the IGBT chip and the FWD chip is established, and the extraction method of model parameters is given. Finally, a single-phase half-bridge inverter circuit is selected, and it is experimentally verified that the improved Cauer model has higher junction temperature calculation accuracy than the conventional Cauer model.

The maximum magnetic field designed for the Central Solenoid (CS) of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is more than 17 T. Because the Rare-earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) coated conductor has high current carrying capability under a high magnetic field, it may be used on the CS coil. In the practical application of the REBCO, quench detection is important for magnet safe operation. In this paper, a 4-turn solenoid magnet has been wound from 3 meters of conductor on round core (CORC) cable, which was tested at 77 K, self-field, and 4.2 K, 18.5 T. The aim is to explore the quench characteristics of the REBCO CORC cable under a high magnetic field and prepare for the HTS quench detection system of CFETR. In the 77 K, self-field experiment, there was no significant temperature rise and the quench voltage was below 1 mV/m within 20 s. In the 4.2 K, 18.5 T experiment, the voltage developed slightly slower at the start of the quench, but a strong thermal effect then was generated and the voltage began to change dramatically. From these experiments, we have concluded that setting the voltage threshold to 1 mV/m and the delay time within 200 ms is a suitable choice when the CORC cable we designed operates at 4.2 K with the background magnetic field below 18.5 T. These experiments provide a valuable reference for determining the HTS quench detection threshold in CFETR.

Invertebrate species are a natural reservoir of viral genetic diversity, and invertebrate pests are widely distributed in crop fields. However, information on viruses infecting invertebrate pests of crops is limited. In this report, we describe the deep metatranscriptomic sequencing of 88 invertebrate samples covering all major invertebrate pests in rice fields. We identified 296 new RNA viruses and 13 known RNA viruses. These viruses clustered within 31 families, with many highly divergent viruses constituting potentially new families and genera. Of the identified viruses, 13 RNA viruses clustered within the Fiersviridaefamily of bacteriophages, and 48 RNA viruses clustered within families and genera of mycoviruses. We detected known rice viruses in novel invertebrate hosts at high abundances. Furthermore, some novel RNA viruses have genome structures closely matching to known plant viruses and clustered within genera of several plant virus species. Forty-five potential insect pathogenic RNA viruses were detected in invertebrate species. Our analysis revealed that host taxonomy plays a major role and geographical location plays an important role in structuring viral diversity. Cross-species transmission of RNA viruses was detected between invertebrate hosts. Newly identified viral genomes showed extensive variation for invertebrate viral families or genera. Together, the large-scale metatranscriptomic analysis greatly expands our understanding of RNA viruses in rice invertebrate species, the results provide valuable information for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated crop diseases.

Based on student's cognitive structure, the cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) can reveal the potential relationships among the student's knowledge level, test item features and the corresponding item scores, and then predict each student's future performance. However, due to the simplistic prior information and deficient cognitive mechanism, most of the existing CDMs have limited prediction performance. To address the issues, we propose the multivariate cognitive response framework (MvCRF). We first collect student's learning activity logs to calculate the corresponding effort trait. Considering both student's ability trait and effort trait, MvCRF then introduces the compensation mechanism to calculate student's knowledge level. In addition, we introduce not only the slip and guessing parameters in prediction but also the skill weakness parameter related with the student's knowledge level and the importance of each skill on solving specific item. Experimental results on both simulation study and real-data application on MOOC demonstrate that MvCRF achieves better prediction performance, robustness and interpretability than the baseline CDMs.

Stretchable conductive nanocomposites are essential for deformable electronic devices. These conductors currently face significant limitations, such as insufficient deformability, significant resistance changes upon stretching, and drifted properties during cyclic deformations. To tackle these challenges, we present an electrically self-healing and ultrastretchable conductor in the form of bilayer silver nanowire/liquid metal microcapsule nanocomposites. These nanocomposites utilize silver nanowires to establish their initial excellent conductivity. When the silver nanowire networks crack during stretching, the microcapsules are ruptured to release the encased liquid metal for recovering the electrical properties. This self-healing capability allows the nanocomposite to achieve ultrahigh stretchability for both uniaxial and biaxial strains, minor changes in resistance during stretching, and stable resistance after repetitive deformations. The conductors have been used to create skin-attachable electronic patches and stretchable light-emitting diode arrays with enhanced robustness. These developments provide a bioinspired strategy to enhance the performance and durability of conductive nanocomposites.

The gas-liquid two-phase homogenous flow has been extensively investigated without the effect of gas release. However, the dissolved gas will release when internal water pressure drops below saturation pressure during hydraulic transients. This results in inaccuracy or even invalidity of the existing model for homogenous flows, especially for the reproduction of two-phase mass transfer processes. To address this problem, this paper couples the gas release model with conservation equations of homogenous flows, which are numerically solved by the second-order Godunov-type scheme (GTS). Specifically, a virtual-cell method is adopted at system boundaries to achieve the same second-order accuracy as interior cells, which is realized by the monotonic upwind scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL-Hancock scheme). Simulated pressure curves by the proposed model are compared with a series of analytical, numerical and experimental results. It indicates that the proposed model with gas release effects reproduces actual pressure responses most accurately, with minimum relative error and root mean squared error compared with experimental data. Moreover, the gas release leads to dynamic synchronous fluctuations of void fraction, wave speed and pressure head, including the opposite trends of void fraction and pressure, and higher void fraction leading to greater wave speed depression. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is concluded with recommended Courant number, and different gas release effects in different initial void fractions. Present research increases the basic understanding of two-phase mass transfer processes and their implications for hydraulic transients.

Soil beneficial bacteria can effectively inhibit bacterial pathogens by assembling contact-dependent killing weapons, such as the type IVA secretion system (T4ASS). It’s not clear whether these antibacterial weapons are involved in biotrophic microbial interactions in soil. Here we showed that an antifungal antibiotic 2,4-DAPG production of the soil bacterium, Pseudomonas protegenscan be triggered by another soil bacterium, Lysobacter enzymogenes, via T4ASS by co-culturing on agar plates to mimic cell-to-cell contact. We demonstrated that the induced 2,4-DAPG production of P. protegensis achieved by intracellular detection of the T4ASS effector protein Le1519 translocated from L. enzymogenes. We defined Le1519 as LtaE (LysobacterT4E triggering antifungal effects), which specifically stimulates the expression of 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis genes in P. protegens, thereby protecting soybean seedlings from infection by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. We further found that LtaE directly bound to PhlF, a pathway-specific transcriptional repressor of the 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis, then activated the 2,4-DAPG production. Our results highlight a novel pattern of microbial interspecies and interkingdom interactions, providing a unique case for expanding the diversity of soil microbial interactions.

Soil beneficial bacteria can effectively inhibit bacterial pathogens by assembling contact-dependent killing weapons, such as the type IVA secretion system (T4ASS). It’s not clear whether these antibacterial weapons are involved in biotrophic microbial interactions in soil. Here we showed that an antifungal antibiotic 2,4-DAPG production of the soil bacterium, Pseudomonas protegenscan be triggered by another soil bacterium, Lysobacter enzymogenes, via T4ASS by co-culturing on agar plates to mimic cell-to-cell contact. We demonstrated that the induced 2,4-DAPG production of P. protegensis achieved by intracellular detection of the T4ASS effector protein Le1519 translocated from L. enzymogenes. We defined Le1519 as LtaE (LysobacterT4E triggering antifungal effects), which specifically stimulates the expression of 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis genes in P. protegens, thereby protecting soybean seedlings from infection by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. We further found that LtaE directly bound to PhlF, a pathway-specific transcriptional repressor of the 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis, then activated the 2,4-DAPG production. Our results highlight a novel pattern of microbial interspecies and interkingdom interactions, providing a unique case for expanding the diversity of soil microbial interactions.

In powderswith different contents (0.5−10 wt.%)were melted into the Sn−3.0Ag−0.5Cu (SAC305) solder to change the microstructure and thus improve the properties of the solder. The results showed that β-Sn(In), Ag3(Sn,In) and Cu6(Sn,In)5phases existed in all the In-added solders, and an additional phase of InSn4was found in the SAC305−10In solder. With increasing In addition amount, the β-Sn nucleation sites were increased and the nucleation model was changed from {101} to {301}, which refined the β-Sn grains and transformed the β-Sn morphology from large grains to interlaced grains and finally to multiple grains. As a result, a combined effect of fine grain strengthening and solid solution strengthening was achieved to increase the microhardness of the SAC305−xIn solders with increasing In addition amount.

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) current leads (CL) made of Bi-2223 superconducting tapes in Experimental and Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) are connected with the superconducting magnets and power supplies. The quench detection systems consist of primary (resistive voltage-based) and backup (temperature-based) detection systems; due to the required fast response time, the quench detection system for the EAST HTSCL relies primarily on direct voltage measurement. The traditional temperature and voltage detection methods have two main defects. First, to prevent the temperature sensor from high-voltage breakdown, it has to be installed in the rear section of the insulators, leading to its sensitivity decreasing significantly. Second, because the average zone propagation velocity of HTS is around 1/100∼1/1000 of low-temperature superconducting (LTS) materials, the small resistive voltage during quench is very difficult to detect. Distributed optical fibers quench detection (DOFQD) based on Raleigh scattering (RS) can be a solution, which adopts the special communication glass fiber as the sensor. It can continuously monitor temperature changes (0.5 to 2 K) at intervals of 5 mm. At the same time, the method has the advantages of high-voltage resistance and immunity from electromagnetic interference. But the biggest drawback of this method is that the optical fiber (OF) sensor is very brittle in the transverse direction resulting in complicated installation. Recently, the OF sensor has been directly laid inside the insulation layer of the HTSCL and led out of the vessel successfully. Meanwhile, the Parsons discharge test, the thermal shock test, and the vacuum leakage rate test can come up with the technical requirements. The power-on test was shown that DOFQD could detect a quench ahead of voltage measurement when the HTSCL was soaked in the 77 K liquid nitrogen. The next plan is to apply this quench detection method in the EAST HTSCL.

Single-molecule white-light emission (SMWLE) materials possessing multiple excited states offer promising prospects for covering the full spectrum of visible light, making them ideal for mimicking sunlight. Nevertheless, crafting these materials and regulating their intricate energy demands have been significant hurdles, necessitating the creation of inventive molecular designs for their future application in energy, molecular biology, and organic electronics.