Search

AimsThe aim of this study was to report the long-term results of rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) for symptomatic hip dysplasia in patients aged younger than 21 years at the time of surgery.Patients and MethodsWe evaluated 31 patients (37 hips) aged younger than 21 years at the time of surgery retrospectively. There were 29 female and two male patients. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 17.4 years (12 to 21). The mean follow-up was 17.9 years (7 to 30). The RAO was combined with a varus or valgus femoral osteotomy or a greater trochanteric displacement in eight hips, as instability or congruence of the hip could not be corrected adequately using RAO alone.ResultsThe mean Merle d’Aubigné clinical score improved significantly from 15.4 to 17.2 (p < 0.0001). The mean centre-edge (CE) angle improved from -2.6° to 26°, the mean acetabular roof angle improved from 3.0° to 5.2°, and the mean head lateralization index improved from 0.68 to 0.62. Progression of radiological osteoarthritis (OA) was seen in seven hips, but no patient underwent total hip arthroplasty.ConclusionRAO is an effective form of correction for a severely dysplastic hip in adolescent and young adult patients.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2019;101-B:390–395.

AimsOur aim was to evaluate the radiographic characteristics of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the potential of posterior bony impingement using CT simulations.Patients and MethodsVirtual CT data from 112 patients who underwent THA were analysed. There were 40 men and 72 women. Their mean age was 59.1 years (41 to 76). Associations between radiographic characteristics and posterior bony impingement and the range of external rotation of the hip were evaluated. In addition, we investigated the effects of pelvic tilt and the neck/shaft angle and femoral offset on posterior bony impingement.ResultsThe range of external rotation and the ischiofemoral length were significantly lower, while femoral anteversion, the ischial ratio, and ischial angle were significantly higher in patients with posterior bony impingement compared with those who had implant impingement (p <  0.05). The range of external rotation positively correlated with ischiofemoral length (r = 0.49, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with ischial length (r = -0.49, p < 0.05), ischial ratio (r =- 0.49, p < 0.05) and ischial angle (r = -0.55, p < 0.05). The range of external rotation was lower in patients with posterior pelvic tilt (p < 0.05) and in those with a high offset femoral component (p < 0.05) due to posterior bony impingement.ConclusionPosterior bony impingement after THA is more likely in patients with a wider ischium and a narrow ischiofemoral space. A high femoral offset and posterior pelvic tilt are also risk factors for this type of impingement.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2017;99-B:1140–6.

This paper aims to characterize and classify the synchronization phenomena in the system consisting of multiple identical metronomes placed on an elastically fixed cart by using describing function (DF) method, which deals with a discontinuous model of the torque driving the metronome in terms of its angle and angular velocity. Different from a previous study on the uniform amplitude synchronization of all metronomes in the system, this paper analyzes uniform and non-uniform amplitude synchronization. By investigating and using the relation between the motion of the cart (common base) and the multiple metronomes which was not studied in the previous study, this paper presents a new DF solution of the system to characterize and classify the synchronization phenomena in the system by the following two types of synchronization: One is the inherent synchronization, for which the cart is still. The frequency and amplitudes of all synchronized metronomes are the same as those of a single metronome hanging from a fixed base. The other is the non-inherent synchronization, for which the cart moves in synchronization with all metronomes. It includes in-phase uniform amplitude synchronization and non-uniform amplitude synchronization. The new characterization and classification of the synchronization is validated via numerical investigation to the system with two, three, and four metronomes.

Fatigue crack propagation and residual stress measurement tests were conducted by using deepnotched wide plate specimens with repaired parts. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate numerically the effects of some weld repair methods and a mechanically patching method with high strength grip bolts on residual fatigue life. The test results proved that the conventional welded repair method with no special treatment reduced fatigue life due to high tensile residual stress induced by welding repairs. However, through application of adequate treatment to cracks, compressive residual stress was induced in repair welds to increase the fatigue life. The remaining fatigue life of welded repair parts was further investigated using Fracture Mechanics. The patching method with high strength bolts and welded splice plates, on the other hand, had a remarkable effect on retarding the fatigue crack growth rate by decreasing it after bolted repairs to about 110011,000.

In Japan, osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip secondary to acetabular dysplasia is very common, and there are few data concerning the pathogeneses and incidence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We have attempted to clarify the radiological prevalence of painful FAI in a cohort of Japanese patients and to investigate the radiological findings. We identified 176 symptomatic patients (202 hips) with Tönnis grade 0 or 1 osteoarthritis, whom we prospectively studied between August 2011 and July 2012. There were 61 men (65 hips) and 115 women (137 hips) with a mean age of 51.8 years (11 to 83). Radiological analyses included the α-angle, centre–edge angle, cross-over sign, pistol grip deformity and femoral head neck ratio. Of the 202 hips, 79 (39.1%) had acetabular dysplasia, while 80 hips (39.6%) had no known aetiology. We found evidence of FAI in 60 hips (29.7%). Radiological FAI findings associated with cam deformity were the most common. There was a significant relationship between the pistol grip deformity and both the α-angle (p < 0.001) and femoral head–neck ratio (p = 0.024). Radiological evidence of symptomatic FAI was not uncommon in these Japanese patients.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2013;96-B:172–6.

This article develops a missile guidance technique for a ‘defense missile’ trying to protect a cooperative aircraft from guided munitions which have the same thrust and maneuvering capabilities as that of the defense missile. A novel guidance law for the missile-to-missile intercept is developed via a geometrical approach. Performance of the guidance law is analysed in detail and its potential is demonstrated with results from a six degrees-of-freedom simulation and comparison with a conventional guidance law.

Single-phase Z-type strontium cobalt hexaferrite was prepared by polymerizable complex method. Magnetic properties and dynamic magnetic response for high frequency of the Z-type ferrite were studied. Single-phase Z-type hexaferrite was obtained by heating at 1473K for 5 hours in air. Phase identification and determination of lattice parameters were carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Magnetic properties were discussed by measuring of M-H curve with vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The complex permeability and permittivity over 0.2-18GHz were measured using a vector network analyzer with transmission-reflection-line (TRL) calibration. The results show that the single-phase Z-type strontium cobalt hexaferrite prepared in this study is one of potential candidates for use as electromagnetic wave absorbing materials in the frequency range 1-3GHz (for hand-held cellular phone and wireless LAN).

This article introduces a high-performance pure pursuit guidance method via sliding mode approach for an unmanned aerial vehicle's (UAV) rendezvous with a cooperative aircraft. A guidance method for rendezvous should orient the UAV to a predicted rendezvous position and a specified heading constraint that enables the UAV to continue to follow a cooperative aircraft at a desired distance. For the guidance scheme to accomplish these objectives, a chosen waypoint is used to guide the UAV to a rendezvous point with an allowable heading error. Furthermore, the UAV has to reach the proposed rendezvous point at an admissible time of arrival and has to have the aircraft's velocity. To this end, a dynamic inversion (DI)-based velocity controller is introduced. The proposed pure pursuit guidance, in conjunction with a waypoint setting methodology, and the DI-based velocity controller are discussed in this article. Some simulation results are also provided to demonstrate and analyse the performance of the proposed scheme.

We have investigated the effectiveness of the transplantation of bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) with interconnected porous calcium hydroxyapatite (IP-CHA) on early bone repair for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. We studied 22 patients (30 hips) who had osteonecrosis with a minimum follow-up of one year after implantation of BMMNCs. The mean age at surgery was 41 years (18 to 64) and the mean period of follow-up was 29 months (19 to 48). In a control group, cell-free IP-CHA was implanted into a further eight patients (9 hips) with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and the outcomes were compared.A reduction in the size of the osteonecrotic lesion was observed subsequent to hypertrophy of the bone in the transition zone in the BMMNC group. In three patients in the treatment group progression to extensive collapse was detected. In the control group subtle bone hypertrophy was observed, but severe collapse of the femoral head occurred in six of eight hips.In this limited study the implantation of BMMNCs and IP-CHA appears to confer benefit in the repair of osteonecrosis and in the prevention of collapse.

AbstractTS-1 is a novel oral anticancer agent comprised of tegafur, a prodrug of 5-flurouracil, and two modulators. A phase i study of TS-1 plus carboplatin combination therapy was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MtD), recom-mended dose (RD), and dose limiting toxicities (DLT) in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSClC). TS-1 was given orally at a dose of 80 mg/m2/day for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest. Carboplatin was given intravenously on day 8 at a dose of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 area under the curve (AUC) values. Fifteen patients with advanced NSClC were analyzed. The grade 3-4 toxicities observed during the first cycle were febrile neutropenia (6%), anemia (6%), anorexia (6%), and diarrhea (6%). These toxicities were reversible and manageable. The MTD for carboplatin was evaluated to be more than 6.0 AUC values, as one of six patients developed Dlt at this dose. The RD for carboplatin was estimated as 6.0 AUC values. Objective responses were seen in five patients (response rate 33%).

A crystallization process in an amorphous state under isothermal condition is examined for binary alloys ZrNi and ZrNi2 by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Time dependence of DTA curves is measured at several constant temperatures just below crystallization temperature. The fraction of crystallized volume in amorphous state and its time evolution during isothermal annealing are measured. These data are analyzed by the Johnson-Mehl–Avrami formula. The Avrami exponent is 2.4±0.1 for ZrNi and 3~4 depending on the set temperature for ZrNi2. The activation energy for crystallization of amorphous ZrNi and ZrNi2 was estimated by plots of lnt1/2 vs. 1/T.

Single-phase Z-type strontium cobalt hexaferrite was prepared by polymerizable complex method. Magnetic properties and dynamic magnetic response for high frequency of the Z-type ferrite were studied. Single-phase Z-type hexaferrite was obtained by heating at 1473K for 5 hours in air. Phase identification and determination of lattice parameters were carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Magnetic properties were discussed by measuring of M-H curve with vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The complex permeability and permittivity over 0.2-18GHz were measured using a vector network analyzer with transmission-reflection-line (TRL) calibration. The results show that the single-phase Z-type strontium cobalt hexaferrite prepared in this study is one of potential candidates for use as electromagnetic wave absorbing materials in the frequency range 1-3GHz (for hand-held cellular phone and wireless LAN).

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Depressed gastric adenoma remains poorly characterized because it is rare, and is infrequently detected by endoscopy. The aim of this study was to elucidate clinical and endoscopic characteristics of depressed adenoma of the stomach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 95 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic resection of gastric adenomas were studied. Gastric adenomas, diagnosed according to the Vienna classification, were endoscopically classified into two types: depressed and protruding adenomas. In order to clarify endoscopic features of gastric adenomas, we performed indigo carmine chromoendoscopy as well as magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging, which yields clear images of mucosal microvasculature. RESULTS: 12 % of 100 gastric adenomas resected from 95 patients were depressed adenomas. Age and gender were comparable between patients with each type. Depressed adenomas (15.9 6.2 mm) were significantly larger in diameter than protruding adenomas (10.6 8.0 mm) ( P = 0.01). Half of depressed adenomas were reddish in color, whereas only 18 % of protruding adenomas were reddish. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging showed that 71 % of depressed adenomas had a regular ultrafine network pattern of mucosal microvasculature, which was not seen in protruding adenomas. Intramucosal carcinomas were more frequently found in depressed adenomas (25 %) than in protruding adenomas (4.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with protruding adenomas, depressed adenomas were rare and appeared endoscopically as large and reddish with a specific regular ultrafine network pattern of mucosal microvasculature. Depressed adenomas should be endoscopically resected because intramucosal carcinomas were found in a quarter of them.

Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) forms a dimeric complex that can include members of the Jun, Fos, ATF-2, Maf and other families of AP-1 proteins. JDP2 acts as a repressor that binds to the AP-1 site in promoters and is a possible tumor-suppressor. We describe here how the transactivation of the c-Jun gene by p300 and ATF-2 involves recruitment of the histone deacetylase complex (HDAC3), with repression of retinoic acid-induced (RA-induced) transcription of the c- Jun gene and subsequent inhibition of the RA-mediated differentiation of F9 cells. We summarize that JDP2 has activities associated with histone binding and inhibition of histone acetyltransferases (INHAT), as well as with the regulation of chromatin assembly. These observations indicate that JDP2 not only acts as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein but also controls the transcription of AP-1-responsive genes by direct regulation of histone modification. We discuss here a new perspective on the role of JDP2 in the chromatin-related mechanism that regulates the transcription of genes that are the targets of AP-1 proteins.

Abstract Periacetabular osteotomies, such as rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) for osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to hip dysplasia, have produced satisfactory medium- and long-term results in early OA. However, as the degree of surgical invasion of these procedures is comparatively major and long-term postoperative rehabilitation is required, this procedure is generally not indicated for those in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Curved varus femoral osteotomy (CVO), which is a less invasive procedure, is considered a worthwhile option, although to the best of our knowledge no comparative study has been reported on these two procedures in older patients. We performed a comparative study on the outcomes of CVO for minimal dysplasia of the hip with a center-edge (CE) angle greater than 5° in 15 patients (15 joints) older than 45 years of age at a mean period of 8 years after surgery and on the outcomes of RAO in 16 patients (18 joints) performed during the same period. No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the Merle d’Aubigne score during follow-up. Progression of osteoarthritis was radiologically observed during follow-up in three hips in the CVO group and in one hip in the RAO group. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis, with radiological progression of osteoarthritis as the endpoint, predicted a survival rate of 75% at 10 years in the CVO group. In the RAO group the predicted 10-year survival rate was 94%, demonstrating no significant difference between the two groups. CVO is a less invasive surgical technique than RAO, requires a comparatively shorter period of postoperative rehabilitation, and is useful as a joint-preserving procedure in older patients with minimal dysplasia of the hip with unilateral involvement. CVO should be selected for elderly patients with a CE angle greater than 5°.

Novel HIV protease inhibitors containing a hydroxyethylamine dipeptide isostere as a transition state-mimic king structure were synthesized by combining substructures of known HIV protease inhibitors. Among them, TYA5 and TYB5 were proven to be not only potent enzyme inhibitors (Ki = 0.12 nM and 0.10 nM, respectively) but also strong anti-HIV agents (IC50 = 9.5 nM and 66 nM, respectively), even against viral strains with multidrug resistance. Furthermore, insertion of an (E)-alkene dipeptide isostere at the P1−P2 position of TYB5 led to development of a purely nonpeptidic protease inhibitor, TYB1 (Ki = 0.38 nM, IC50 = 160 nM).

.Background:
To report the spontaneous remodelling of retinal veins inadvertently severed during vitreous surgery.
Methods:
Four diabetic patients who underwent vitrectomy during which retinal veins were damaged were followed for at least 6 months. Haemorrhages from severed veins were controlled by raising intraocular pressure and by endodiathermy of the distal ends of the veins. This was followed by fluid/gas exchange.
Results:
Remodelling of venous channels in the damaged areas was observed in all eyes. In three of the four eyes we found evidence of collateral veins. In the other eye we noted the connection of two ends of an interrupted vein. No signs of retinal vein occlusion (e.g. superficial retinal haemorrhages and retinal oedema) were observed.
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that a spontaneous remodelling mechanism to repair damaged venous channels may exist in retina.

The study aim was to clarify the relationship of serum inhibin B concentrations to recovery of spermatogenic function after varicocelectomy, both as a predictor of improvement in the seminogram and as a means of monitoring hormonal function after surgery.

The molecular mechanisms that govern the coordinated programs of axonogenesis and cell body migration of the cerebellar granule cell are not well understood. In Pax6 mutant rats (rSey2/rSey2), granule cells in the external germinal layer (EGL) fail to form parallel fiber axons and to migrate tangentially along these fibers despite normal expression of differentiation markers. In culture, mutant cells sprout multiple neurites with enlarged growth cones, suggesting that the absence of Pax6 function perturbs cytoskeletal organization. Some of these alterations are cell-autonomous and rescuable by ectopic expression of Pax6 but not by co-culture with wild-type EGL cells. Cell-autonomous control of cytoskeletal dynamics by Pax6 is independent of the ROCK-mediated Rho small GTPase pathway. We propose that in addition to its roles during early patterning of the CNS, Pax6 is involved in a novel regulatory step of cytoskeletal organization during polarization and migration of CNS neurons.

A series of bis(2-(acylamino)phenyl) disulfides, 2-(acylamino)benzenethiols, S-(2-(acylamino)phenyl) alkanethioates, and related compounds were synthesized, and their inhibitory effect on cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in human plasma was evaluated. This study elucidated the structural requirements for inhibitory activity and determined that the optimum compound was S-(2-((1-(2-ethylbutyl)cyclohexane)carbonylamino)phenyl) 2-methylpropanethioate (27) (JTT-705). This compound achieved 50% inhibition of CETP activity in human plasma at a concentration of 9 μM and 95% inhibition of CETP activity in male Japanese white rabbits at an oral dose of 30 mg/kg. It increased the plasma HDL cholesterol level by 27% and 54%, respectively, when given at oral doses of 30 or 100 mg/kg once a day for 3 days to male Japanese white rabbits.

.Objective:
In age-related macular degeneration, the posterior vitreous surface often remains attached to a higher degree than expected for the patient's age, suggesting the involvement of the posterior vitreous membrane in the pathophysiology of choroidal neovascularization. Thus, we performed simple pars plana vitrectomy and artificial posterior vitreous detachment in order to induce regression of choroidal neovascularization.
Methods:
Vitrectomy was performed in 12 eyes of 11 patients with age-related macular degeneration in whom the posterior vitreous surface remained attached, and in whom there was evidence of highly active choroidal neovascularization. The posterior vitreous membrane was artificially detached during surgery, but photocoagulation and/or a subretinal procedure for choroidal neovascularization was not performed. Patients underwent fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography both pre- and postoperatively to assess the status of choroidal neovascularization.
Results:
Six months after surgery, 6 of the 12 eyes showed regression of choroidal neovascularization, and in 2 eyes it had disappeared completely. Subretinal exudative changes in 8 eyes had improved. Visual acuity testing showed improved vision in 4 eyes, unchanged vision in 4 eyes, and worsening of vision in 4 eyes. The final best corrected visual acuity was 10/20 or better in one eye, 10/20 to 20/200 in 7 eyes, and 20/200 or worse in 4 eyes.
Conclusion:
The results of the present study suggest the involvement of the posterior vitreous membrane in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. Furthermore, the minimally invasive pars plana vitrectomy may represent a new treatment for age-related macular degeneration.

We apply correlation analysis of chemical bonds (CACB) to simple organic reaction paths. CACB, an operator-based formalism for analyzing the electronic structure for molecule, clarifies how bond exchange processes relate to changes in covalent bond orders and bond interaction coefficients. For single bond-exchange processes, the bonds correlation typically is negative for interchanging bonds. For two bond-exchange processes, this coefficient can be either negative or slightly positive near zero, reflecting the nature of the bond exchange process. The simplest formalism can, sometimes, lead to unphysical values for the atomic valence and the bonds correlation coefficients. We analyzed the origin of this behavior and attributed it to the non-Hermitian property of the operator. We show how to avoid this problem by symmetrizing the operator through use of orthogonal atomic orbitals.

Aims/hypothesis. Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene are a common cause of the type 3 form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. We examined the clinical features and molecular basis of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) diabetes. Methods. Thirty-seven Japanese subjects with early onset Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 45 with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus were screened for mutations in this gene. Functional properties of mutant HNF-1α were also investigated. Results. Three new mutations [G415R, R272C and A site of the promoter ( + 102G-to-C)] were found. Insulin secretion was impaired in the three subjects. Insulin and glucagon secretory responses to arginine in the subject with the R272C mutation were also diminished. Molecular biological studies indicated that the G415R mutation generated a protein with about 50 % of the activity of wild-type HNF-1α. The R272C mutation had no transactivating or DNA binding activity and acted in a dominant negative manner. The + 102 G-to-C mutation in the A site of the promoter activity was associated with an increase in promoter activity and it had 42–75 % more activity than the wild-type sequence. Conclusion/interpretation. Mutations in the HNF-1α gene may affect the normal islet function by different molecular mechanisms. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 621–626]Aims/hypothesis. Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene are a common cause of the type 3 form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. We examined the clinical features and molecular basis of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) diabetes. Methods. Thirty-seven Japanese subjects with early onset Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 45 with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus were screened for mutations in this gene. Functional properties of mutant HNF-1α were also investigated. Results. Three new mutations [G415R, R272C and A site of the promoter ( + 102G-to-C)] were found. Insulin secretion was impaired in the three subjects. Insulin and glucagon secretory responses to arginine in the subject with the R272C mutation were also diminished. Molecular biological studies indicated that the G415R mutation generated a protein with about 50 % of the activity of wild-type HNF-1α. The R272C mutation had no transactivating or DNA binding activity and acted in a dominant negative manner. The + 102 G-to-C mutation in the A site of the promoter activity was associated with an increase in promoter activity and it had 42–75 % more activity than the wild-type sequence. Conclusion/interpretation. Mutations in the HNF-1α gene may affect the normal islet function by different molecular mechanisms. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 621–626]

This paper proposes a new design method of robust servo systems for step references and step disturbances. In the method, tracking characteristics for step references and feedback characteristics for step disturbances can be determined optimally, using independent quadratic-integral performance indices. Thus, it provides a basis for two-degree-of-freedom design of control systems in the setting of LQ optimal control

Recently, a new design method of robust servo systems for step references and step disturbances was proposed in which two-degree-of-freedom design can be carried out in the setting of linear-quadratic optimal control. This paper extends these results by introducing frequency-dependent weighting matrices into the performance index which determines feedback characteristics. By employing appropriate frequency-dependent weighting matrices, some sort of loop shaping can be achieved, and thus more design freedom is provided

The effects of age on the binding parameters of11C-SCH23390, the highly selective ligand for central D1 dopamine receptors, at specific binding sites in the brain were studied. Seventeen healthy male volunteers (20–72 years old) participated. Regional radioactivity in the brain was followed for 40 min by positron emission tomography (PET). A high accumulation of radioactivity was observed in the striatum and there was a conspicuous accumulation in the neocortex. A two-compartment model was used to obtain quantitative estimates of rate constants of association (k3) and dissociation (k4). The binding potential (k3/k4) of the dopamine D1 receptors in the striatum and frontal cortex decreased by 35% and 39%, respectively, with age. The value of k3 decreased by 58% in the striatum and 83% in the frontal cortex, whereas the value of k4 decreased by 35% in the striatum and 72% in the frontal cortex with age.

Recently, the present authors proposed a new method to design two-degree-of-freedom robust servo systems for step references and step disturbances. In this method, the tracking characteristics for step references are determined optimally with respect to a quadratic-integral performance index, while the feedback characteristics for step disturbances are determined also optimally with respect to another quadratic-integral performance index. The paper extends these results by introducing frequency-dependent weighting matrices into the latter performance index. By employing appropriate frequency-dependent weighting matrices, some sort of loop-shaping can be achieved for the sensitivity characteristics, and thus more design freedom is obtained. In particular, loop-shaping ability and tuning ability can be separated in some sense. A numerical example is also studied to illustrate the results.

Field and laboratory ovipositional responses ofMonochamus alternatus Hope, respectively, to methanol and water extracts from pine inner bark were examined in comparison with those to pine inner bark, especially using a laboratory-built apparatus for the latter bioassay. Irrespective of the existence of volatiles from paraquat-induced lightwood, pine inner bark and its methanol and water extracts stimulated ovipositional response only in the presence of free moisture.