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Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) have an irreplaceable role in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI), which can be injected into the transplanted area with new cardiomyocytes (Cardiomyocytes, CMs), and improve myocardial function. However, the immaturity of the structure and function of iPSC-CMs is the main bottleneck at present. Since collagen participates in the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM), we synthesized nano colloidal gelatin (Gel) with collagen as the main component, and confirmed that the biomaterial has good biocompatibility and is suitable for cellular in vitro growth. Subsequently, we combined the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor BEZ-235 with Gel and found that the two combined increased the sarcomere length and action potential amplitude (APA) of iPSC-CMs, and improved the Ca2+processing ability, the maturation of mitochondrial morphological structure and metabolic function. Not only that, Gel can also prolong the retention rate of iPSC-CMs in the myocardium and increase the expression of Cx43 and angiogenesis in the transplanted area of mature iPSC-CMs, which also provides a reliable basis for the subsequent treatment of mature iPSC-CMs.

The intestinal flora plays a key role in digestion and nutrient absorption, and its composition in fish can vary depending on feeding practices and growth stages. Siniperca chuatsifeeds on live bait throughout its life, and preliminary developments have been made for compound feed as an alternative to live bait in aquaculture. We investigated changes in the intestinal flora of S. chuatsiunder three different feeding practices (live bait, compound feed, and mixed diet) at different growth stages by 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 4,220,390 valid sequences were obtained, clustered into 9103 ASVs. The intestinal flora of S. chuatsiwas dominated by Pseudomonadota, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota. With growth, the α-diversity of the intestinal flora in the live bait group and mixed diet group significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while the α-diversity in the compound feed group did not change significantly (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in α-diversity among the feeding practices at either one month or two months of age (p > 0.05). At three months of age, the α-diversity was significantly higher in the compound feed group compared to the mixed diet group or live bait group (p < 0.05). Functional prediction revealed that the carbohydrate metabolism pathway was most enriched in the compound feed group, while the amino acid metabolism pathway was most enriched in the live bait group. In the mixed diet group, both the amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were similarly enriched. A relatively high number of marker genera were observed in the compound feed group, of which Stenotrophomonasand Cetobacteriumare potentially valuable in the application of feed additives for S. chuatsi. This study provides insights into the adaptation mechanisms of intestinal flora to compound feed, supporting diet domestication and the optimization of compound feed formulation for S. chuatsi.

Telemedicine has gained tremendous development during the COVID‐19 pandemic. With deblocking and opening, telemedicine accelerates the evolvution of the medical “snack community” and undermines the perception of medical students and staff, which promotes the incidence of psychosocial‐related disorders. Moreover, the inconsistent telemedicine adaptability between medical workers and patients aggravates the doctor–patient conflict due to the aging population and COVID‐19 squeal. Telemedicine is colliding with the national healthcare system, whose synchronization with conventional medical service is crucial to coordinate the relationship among medical payment, patient privacy and qualifications of clinicians. This study puts more emphasis on the double‐edged sword role of telemedicine in clinical practice and medical education during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond. Overall, while telemedicine has demonstrated its utility in health care throughout the COVID pandemic, it is pretty critical to continue evaluating the efficacy and limitations of telemedicine in order to maintain equal access to medical service and high‐quality medical education. A new concept as telemedicine‐medical “snack community”‐PHS ecosystem, where the psychological health education system and partners healthcare system with enough bandwidth, especially 5G technology, could optimize the effect of telemedicine on medical practice and education, is proposed. “Telemedicine‐medical ‘snack community’‐PHS ecosystem” indicates the plight during the transformation of traditional culture into sack culture in modern society.The supports of regulations made by government and the third‐party supervision are prerequisite for medical education and fitness of medical practitioners and patients.Constructions of infrastructure, medical education and expertise of medical workers are far more important.

The advancement of high-energy-density batteries is vital for the development of lightweight, durable, and intelligent fully electric mobility systems. Reducing battery weight not only increases energy density but also confers load-bearing properties to the energy storage setup. These integrated batteries, known as rigid structural batteries, effectively encapsulate the concept of structural energy storage. The design of rigid structural batteries follows principles of mechanical/electrochemical decoupling at the microscale, and coupling at the macroscale. Based on achieving mechanical/electrochemical decoupling at different scales, we categorize rigid structural batteries into component-level, unit-level, and material-level rigid structural batteries. This review aims to summarize the progress in this field concerning mechanical/electrochemical decoupling at various scales and discuss fundamental design principles and core issues to address in rigid structural batteries. It also proposes strategies for the expeditious implementation of rigid structural batteries, aiming for long-term breakthroughs to surpass performance bottlenecks.

Molecular ferroelectrics have attracted much attention because of their excellent piezoelectricity, mechanical workability, and second harmonic effect. Here, we successfully prepared two molecular ferroelectrics [1,5–3.2.2-Hdabcn]X (X = ClO4−, 1; ReO4−, 2) by reactions of a quasi-spherical amine 1,5-diazabicycle[3.2.2]nonane (1.5–3.2.2-dabcn) with HX aqueous solution. Compounds 1and 2undergo high-temperature phase transitions at 381 K (1) and 396 K (2). Before and after the phase transition, they crystallize in the polar point group mm2, and the centrosymmetric point groups mmmand 4/mmm, respectively. According to Aizu rules, these two compounds experience mmmFmm2 and 4/mmmFmm2 type ferroelectric phase transitions, respectively. The ferroelectricity of both compounds is well expressed in their polycrystalline film at room temperature with low coercive voltages of 13 V for 1and 25 V for 2. Using piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM), the 180° anti-parallel ferroelectric domains and the reversible polarization switching can be clearly observed in 1and 2. This high-temperature molecular ferroelectric material has great application potential in flexible materials, biomechanics, intelligent wearables and other fields.

The merger of strain–release of 1,2-oxazetidines with carboxylic acid directed C–H activation in catalytic synthesis of isoindolinones is reported for the first time. This reaction opens a new and sustainable avenue to prepare a range of structurally diverse isoindolinone skeletons from readily available benzoic acids. The success of late-stage functionalization of some bioactive acids, and concise synthesis of biologically important skeletons demonstrated its great synthetic potential in drug discovery. Mechanistic studies indicated a plausible C–H activation/β-carbon elimination/intramolecular cyclization cascade pathway.

A new tandem annulation of p-quinone methides (p-QMs) with ynamides is described. This cascade reaction features a unique combination of (2 + 2) annulation, retro-4π electrocyclization, and imino-Nazarov cyclization, wherein vinyl p-quinone methides (p-VQMs) as one of the key intermediates have been identified chemically. Significantly, an unusual structural reconstruction of p-QMs involving the cleavage of the C5–C6 bond and the late-stage formation of the C4–C6 bond is involved, leading to a methodology development for the construction of functionalized aminoindenes.

Cardiovascular disease is still one of the leading causes of death in the world, and heart transplantation is the current major treatment for end-stage cardiovascular diseases. However, because of the shortage of heart donors, new sources of cardiac regenerative medicine are greatly needed. The prominent development of tissue engineering using bioactive materials has creatively laid a direct promising foundation. Whereas, how to precisely pattern a cardiac structure with complete biological function still requires technological breakthroughs. Recently, the emerging three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology for tissue engineering has shown great advantages in generating micro-scale cardiac tissues, which has established its impressive potential as a novel foundation for cardiovascular regeneration. Whether 3D bioprinted hearts can replace traditional heart transplantation as a novel strategy for treating cardiovascular diseases in the future is a frontier issue. In this review article, we emphasize the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding available bioinks, bioprinting strategies and the latest outcome progress in cardiac 3D bioprinting to move this promising medical approach towards potential clinical implementation.

Topological materials that possess spin-momentum locked surface states provide an ideal platform to manipulate the quantum spin states by electrical means. However, an antisymmetric magnetoresistance (MR) superimposed on the spin-polarized transport signals is usually observed in the spin potentiometric measurements of topological materials, rendering more power loss and reduced signal-to-noise ratio. Here we reveal the mechanism of surface–bulk interaction for the observed antisymmetric linear MR in the spin transport of Dirac semimetal Cd3As2nanoplates. The antisymmetric linear MR can be eliminated through sample surface modifications. As a consequence, clean signals of charge current induced spin-polarized transport are observed, robust up to room temperature. The purification of spin signals can be attributed to the isolation of surface and bulk transport channels via forming a charge depletion layer with surface modifications. This surface engineering strategy should be valuable for high-performance spintronic devices on topological materials.

Characterized by bulk Dirac or Weyl cones and surface Fermi-arc states, topological semimetals have sparked enormous research interest in recent years. The nanostructures, with large surface-to-volume ratio and easy field-effect gating, provide ideal platforms to detect and manipulate the topological quantum states. Exotic physical properties originating from these topological states endow topological semimetals attractive for future topological electronics (topotronics). For example, the linear energy dispersion relation is promising for broadband infrared photodetectors, the spin-momentum locking nature of topological surface states is valuable for spintronics, and the topological superconductivity is highly desirable for fault-tolerant qubits. For real-life applications, topological semimetals in the form of nanostructures are necessary in terms of convenient fabrication and integration. Here, we review the recent progresses in topological semimetal nanostructures and start with the quantum transport properties. Then topological semimetal-based electronic devices are introduced. Finally, we discuss several important aspects that should receive great effort in the future, including controllable synthesis, manipulation of quantum states, topological field effect transistors, spintronic applications, and topological quantum computation.

Genetically modified wheat has not been commercially utilized in agriculture largely due to regulatory hurdles associated with traditional transformation methods. Development of marker-free transgenic wheat plants will help to facilitate biosafety evaluation and the eventual environmental release of transgenic wheat varieties. In this study, the marker-free transgenic wheat plants previously obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation of double T-DNAs vector were identified by fluorescence in situhybridization (FISH) in the T1generation, and their genetic stability and agronomic traits were analyzed in T2and T3generations. FISH analysis indicated that the transgene often integrated into a position at the distal region of wheat chromosomes. Furthermore, we show that the GUStransgene was stably inherited in the marker-free transgenic plants in T1to T3generations. No significant differences in agronomic traits or grain characteristics were observed in T3generation, with the exception of a small variation in spike length and grains per spike in a few lines. The selection marker of bargene was not found in the transgenic plants through T1to T3generations. The results from this investigation lay a solid foundation for the potential application of the marker-free transgenic wheat plants achieved through the co-transformation of double T-DNAs vector by Agrobacteriumin agriculture after biosafty evaluation.

Wheat relative species are important for agriculture production, functional genomics study and wheat improvement as useful genetic resources. In this study, a regeneration related wheat gene TaWOX5was applied to establish the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems of Triticum monococcum, hexaploid triticale, and rye (Secale cerealeL.) using their immature embryos. Transgenic plants were efficiently generated. During the transformation process, the Agrobacteriuminfection efficiency was assessed by histochemical staining for β-glucuronidase (GUS). Finally, the transgenic nature of regenerated plants was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping for presence of the GUSand bialaphos resistance(bar) genes, histochemical staining for GUS protein, and QuickStix strip assay for bar protein. The transformation efficiency of T. monococcumgenotype PI428182 was 94.4%; the efficiencies of four hexaploid triticale genotypes Lin456, ZS3297, ZS1257, and ZS3224 were 52.1, 41.2, 19.4, and 16.0%, respectively; the transformation efficiency of rye cultivar Lanzhou Heimai was 7.8%. Fluorescence in situhybridization (FISH) and genomic in situhybridization (GISH) analysis indicated that the GUStransgenes were integrated into the distal or near centromere (proximal) region of the chromosomes in transgenic T. monococcumand hexaploid triticale plants; in the transgenic hexaploid triticale plants, the foreign DNA fragment was randomly integrated into the AABB genome and RR genome. Furthermore, the transgene was proved to be almost stably inherited in the next generation by Mendel’s law. The findings in this study will promote genetic improvement for grain or forage production of the three plant species and for functional genomics study of cereal species including wheat.

T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL translocation chromosomes developed from the cross of wheat and different Dasypyrum villosumaccessions have good powdery mildew (PM) resistance, but their pairing and pyramiding behavior remains unclear. Results in this study indicated that the pairing frequency rate of the two differently originated 6VS chromosomes in their F1hybrid was 18.9% according to genomic in situhybridization (GISH); the PM resistance plants in the F2generation from the cross between T6V#4S·6DL translocation line Pm97033 and its PM susceptible wheat variety Wan7107 was fewer than expected. However, the ratio of the resistant vs. the susceptible plants of 15:1 in the F2generation derived from the cross between the two translocation lines of T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL fitted well. Plants segregation ratio (homozygous:heterozygous:lacking) revealed by molecular marker for T6V#4S·6DL or T6V#2S·6AL in their F2populations fitted the expected values of 1:2:1 well, inferring that the pairing of the two alien chromosome arms facilitates the transmission of T6V#4S·6DL from the F1to the F2generation. A quadrivalent was also observed in 21% of pollen mother cells (PMCs) of homozygote plants containing the two pairs of translocated chromosomes. The chromosome pairing between 6V#2S and 6V#4S indicates that it will be possible to obtain recombinants and clarify if the PM resistance determinant on one alien chromosome arm is different from that on the other.

Locating of important agronomic genes onto chromosome is helpful for efficient development of new wheat varieties. Wheat chromosome substitution lines between two varieties have been widely used for locating genes because of their distinctive advantages in genetic analysis, compared with the aneuploid genetic materials. Apart from the substituted chromosome, the other chromosomes between the substitution lines and their recipient parent should be identical, which eases the gene locating practice. In this study, a set of chromosome substitution lines with cv. Wichita (WI) as the recipient parent and cv. Cheyenne (CNN) as the donor parent were studied for the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) as well as a range of agronomic important traits. Results revealed that the substitution lines of WI(CNN5D), WI(CNN6A) and WI(CNN7B) had higher plant heights than the two parents of WI and CNN, and WI(CNN3D) had later maturity than the parents. By sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis, a substitution line WI(CNN5B) was found to contain different HMW-GS patterns from its two parents, in which 1By9 was replaced by 1By8 on chromosome 1BL. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis confirmed that the variation on 1BL in WI(CNN5B) was originated from Chinese Spring (CS). It is concluded that chromosomal fragments from bridge material and donor parent were quite often retained in intracultivaral chromosome substitution lines except the substituting chromosomes.

The objectives of this study were to develop a probability model of Staphylococcus aureusenterotoxin A (SEA) production as affected by water activity (aw), pH, and temperature in broth and assess its applicability for milk. The probability of SEA production was assessed in tryptic soy broth using 24 combinations of aw(0.86 to 0.99), pH (5.0 to 7.0), and storage temperature (10 to 30°C). The observed probabilities were fitted with a logistic regression to develop a probability model. The model had a concordant value of 97.5% and concordant index of 0.98, indicating that the model satisfactorily describes the probability of SEA production. The model showed that aw, pH, and temperature were significant factors affecting the probability of toxin production. The model predictions were in good agreement with the observed values obtained from milk. The model may help manufacturers in selecting product pH and awand storage temperatures to prevent SEA production.

CK1 (casein kinase 1) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinase that is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organism. CK1 members are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. Particularly, CK1 was reported to phosphorylate Rec8 subunits of cohesin complex and regulate chromosome segregation in meiosis in budding yeast and fission yeast.1-3Here we investigated the expression, subcellular localization and potential functions of CK1α, CK1δ and CK1ε during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. We found that CK1α, CK1δ and CK1ε all concentrated at the spindle poles and co-localized with γ-tubulin in oocytes at both metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) stages. However, depletion of CK1 by RNAi or overexpression of wild type or kinase-dead CK1 showed no effects on either spindle organization or chromosome segregation during oocyte meiotic maturation. Thus, CK1 is not the kinase that phosphorylates Rec8 cohesin in mammalian oocytes, and CK1 may not be essential for spindle organization and meiotic progression although they localize at spindle poles.

Genetic transformation is an important technique for functional genomics study and genetic improvement of plants. Until now, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods using cotyledon as explants has been the major approach for cucumber, and its frequency has been up to 23%. For example, significantly enhancement of the transformation efficiency of this plant species was achieved from the cotyledon explants of the cultivar Poinsett 76 infected by Agrobacteriumstrains EHA105 with efficient positive selection system in lots of experiments. This review is to summarize some key factors influencing cucumber regeneration and genetic transformation, including target genes, selection systems and the ways of transgene introduction, and then to put forward some strategies for the increasing of cucumber transformation efficiency. In the future, it is high possible for cucumber to be potential bioreactor to produce vaccine and biomaterials for human beings.

The regeneration rate of wheat immature embryo varies among genotypes, howbeit many elite agriculture wheat varieties have low regeneration rates. Optimization of tissue culture conditions and attempts of adding signal molecules are effective ways to increase plant regeneration rate. Inter-culture is one of ways that have not been investigated in plant tissue culture. Moreover, the use of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been reported to increase regeneration rate in a few plant species other than wheat. The current research pioneeringly uses inter-culture of immature embryos of different wheat genotypes, and also investigates impacts of AGP and H2O2on the induction of embryogenic calli and plant regeneration. As a result, high-frequency regeneration wheat cultivars Kenong 199 (KN199) and Xinchun 9 (XC9), together with low-frequency regeneration wheat line Chinese Spring (CS), presented striking increase in the induction of embryogenic calli and plant regeneration rate of CS through inter-culture strategy, up to 52.19 and 67.98%, respectively. Adding 50 to 200 mg L−1AGP or 0.005 to 0.01 ‰ H2O2to the callus induction medium, enhanced growth of embryogenic calli and plant regeneration rate in quite a few wheat genotypes. At 50 mg L−1AGP application level in callus induction medium plant regeneration rates of 8.49, 409.06 and 283.16% were achieved for Jimai 22 (JM22), Jingdong 18 (JD18) and Yangmai 18 (YM18), respectively; whereas at 100 mg L−1AGP level, CS (105.44%), Chuannong 16 (CN16) (80.60%) and Ningchun 4 (NC4) (62.87%) acted the best. Moreover CS (79.05%), JM22 (7.55%), CN16 (101.87%), YM18 (365.56%), Yangmai 20 (YM20) (10.48%), and CB301 (187.40%) were more responsive to 0.005 ‰ of H2O2, and NC4 (35.37%) obtained the highest shoot regeneration rates at 0.01 ‰ of H2O2. Overall, these two methods, inter-culture and AGP (or H2O2) application, can be further applied to wheat transgenic research.

Aquatic product, known as one of the good resources for white meat, has been widely accepted by the consumers due to its high protein, low fat, especially low cholesterol. With the fast development of living standards around the world, the consumer demands for high quality, nutrition, safety and freshness of fishery food are increasing. Thus, high efficient preservation technologies for aquatic products become particularly important. Superchilling is one of the controlled-temperature preservation technologies for seafood. Aquatic products can be kept in better quality under superchilling conditions. This review introduced the principle and development of superchilling process, mainly focusing on research progresses and technical difficulties of superchilling. The growth mechanism of ice crystals and the feasibility of application of computational fluid dynamics in analyzing the temperatures variation and ice crystals during superchilling progress were also discussed, which will provide theoretical foundation for its improvement and application.

The immature embryos (IEs) of wheat are the most widely used tissues for in vitroculture and genetic transformation due to its high regeneration competency. However, this explant can only be maintained in 4°C daily cooler for a short period time for its use in plant tissue culture or transformation experiments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental temperature, cryopreservation storage temperature, and heat shock culture (HSC) temperature on the regeneration frequency of wheat IEs. Results indicated that environmental temperature significantly affected the induction of embryonic calli. The optimum total accumulated temperature (TAT) during the time of anthesis and sampling for regeneration of these tissues was around 280°C for spring wheat type cv. CB037 and approximately 300°C for winter wheat type cv. Kenong 199. Regeneration ability obviously declined when the highest environmental temperature was over 35°C for 1 d or a high temperature between 30 and 33°C lasted for 5 d during anthesis and sampling. This finding was verified by culturing the freshly isolated IEs under different temperatures from 29 to 37°C in different controlled growth incubators for 5 d; the IEs almost completely lost regeneration ability when the temperature rose to 37°C. Cryopreservation of −20°C caused the wheat samples lost ability of producing callus or embryonic callus in a few days, and cryopreservation of −10°C more than 10 d made the regeneration potential of the tissues dramatically declined. Comparatively, the temperature that best maintained high regeneration ability was −5°C, at which the materials can be maintained for around 1 mon. In addition, the preservation of the immature samples at −5 or −10°C inhibited the direct germination of the IEs, avoiding the embryo axis removing process. Our results are useful for ensuring that field collection and cryopreservation of the wheat IEs are done correctly to enable tissue culture and genetic transformation.

Apoptosis-related speck-like protein (ASC) is a key adapter protein in many inflammasome protein complexes, which mediates inflammation and host defense. In this study, an ASC gene (named Msasc) was identified and cloned from the liver tissue of Micropterus salmoides. The full-length cDNA sequence of Msascwas 573 bp, encoding 190 amino acids. Protein prediction shows that MsAsc contains two conserved domains, including the pyrin domain and caspase recruitment domain. The tissue distribution of MsascmRNA in M. salmoideswas investigated using the qPCR method. The expression of this gene could be detected in eight types of tissues, among which the heart, gill, and liver tissues showed a relatively higher expression level; the expression level was the lowest in the brain. When infected with Aeromonas veronii, the expression of Msascin the spleen and liver tissues of M. salmoidesreached its peak at 24 h after infection. Cell transfection experiment showed that MsAsc was distributed in HeLa cells in a diffuse manner. Results of the immune challenge experiment revealed that the inflammasome stimulator nigericin could markedly induce the aggregation of MsAsc in HeLa cells. These results suggest that Msascis involved in the immune response of M. salmoidesto A. veroniiinfection. This study lays a foundation for an in-depth understanding of the antibacterial function of Msascin M. salmoides.

IMPORTANCE Nonanatomic factors, such as histologic grade and biomarkers, can guide breast cancer management but are not included in the current TNM staging system. OBJECTIVE To use as an example the triple-negative phenotype (TNP) defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) to examine whether such inclusion improves the prognostic accuracy of TNM staging for breast cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Women diagnosed with primary invasive ductal breast cancer from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 2008, were identified from a prospective institutional database. Excluded were patients who received neoadjuvant therapy, those whose staging information was incomplete, or those whose tumor lacked ER, PR, and HER2 data. Breast cancers were categorized by TNM stage and by the presence or absence of TNP. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Overall survival at 5 years. RESULTS Database review identified 1842 consecutive eligible patients with breast cancer. When patients were stratified by TNM stage, overall survival curves for those with TNP breast cancer matched those for patients whose non-TNP breast cancer was 1 TNM stage higher. Multivariable analysis showed that TNP status was a powerful prognostic variable, and the likelihood ratio test revealed that the prognostic accuracy of the TNM staging system that incorporated TNP was superior to the current TNM staging system (P &lt; .001). A TNM staging system that incorporated TNP reduced early-stage compression by 15%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The internationally recognized and easily reproducible examination of ER, PR, and HER2 status exemplifies how nonanatomic factors can improve the prognostic accuracy of breast cancer staging.

Time-Temperature Indicator (TTI) is an intelligent or smart package. It is a simple device that can be attached to food packaging to indirectly reflect the full or partial temperature history and quality status of the food product. TTI is utilized widely throughout food processing and distribution of cold chain. An alkaline lipase TTI has been developed, which based on the reaction between alkaline lipase and glycerol tributyrate. Experiments under several isothermal conditions (1.3℃，6.1℃，10.9℃，15.5℃，20.6℃，25.4℃) were conducted and the Arrhenius parameters of the TTI were derived. The developed TTI chemical reaction system showed an Arrhenius behavior, the activation energy was 45.07±2.25 kJ/mol.

Bone mass and inflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. We hypothesized that leptin and leptin receptor gene might be associated with osteoporosis by activating the inflammatory pathway. Therefore, we analyzed polymorphisms of the leptin (gene symbol, LEP) and leptin receptor (gene symbol, LEPR) genes and determined their associations with proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with osteoporosis. We assessed polymorphisms in LEP(−2548G > A) and LEPR(Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg, and Lys656Asn) and calculated odds ratios for the genotype and allele distributions between patients and controls. Serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-7, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and were verified by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays and ELISAs. We found a higher frequency of the A allele for LEPat −2548 in patients with osteoporosis compared with the control group. The A allele was associated with differences in serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF levels compared with the wild-type G allele (p< 0.05). The G allele in Lys109Arg and Gln223Arg was associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and with differences in serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF levels compared with the wild-type A allele (p< 0.05). The Lys656Asn genotype was not associated with the risk of osteoporosis. In vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays and ELISAs confirmed these results. Polymorphisms in LEPand LEPRare associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, possibly by increasing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.