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Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have been widely studied owing to their advantages such as ease of preparation, high responsivity, and low costs; however, due to the high overlap between the light absorption layer and electron channel, the sensitivity of UV photodetectors needs to be improved. In this study, the direct generation of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) with short lengths by focused ion beam (FIB) exposure of spin-coated zinc acetate films was observed for the first time. The bottoms of the short ZnO NWs were in contact with each other while the tops were independent of each other, which separated the light absorption layer of the UV photodetector from the electron channel, thereby effectively reducing the dark current of the UV photodetector and improving its sensitivity. A high ON/OFF ratio of 13 447 was achieved for the UV photodetector based on the as-prepared short ZnO NWs, and a high responsivity and specific detectivity were obtained, with a value of 25.33 A/W and $3.24\times 10^{{13}}$ Jones, respectively. To optimize the response characteristics of the UV photodetector, the as-prepared short ZnO NWs were annealed at 350 °C and used as the seed layer to hydrothermally grow ZnO NWs with the bottoms not in contact with each other. This UV photodetector achieved an ON/OFF ratio of 28 378, a responsivity of 209.27 A/W, and a specific detectivity of $1.4\times 10^{{14}}$ Jones. We directly prepared short ZnO NWs using FIB to achieve highly sensitive UV detection for the first time, offering new ideas and approaches for the design and preparation of high-performance UV photodetectors.

The dynamic crystal lattice of halide perovskites facilitates the coupled transport of ions and electrons, offering innovative concepts in semiconductor iontronic devices that surpass solar cell applications. However, a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of coupled ionic and electronic transport at the microscale remains ambiguous, owing to the inhomogeneity in ploy-crystalline perovskite thin films. In this work, we employed one-dimensional (1D) single-crystalline CsPbBr3nanowires (NWs) to investigate the electric field induced ionic transport. Upon poling by an external bias, the previously uniform NW exhibits highly anisotropic ionic transport, which is identified as the origin of the giant switchable photovoltaic effect by spatially resolved scanning photocurrent microscopy. The subsequent ultrafast scanning photoluminescence (PL) microscopy measurements demonstrate significant localization of photocarriers near one terminal of the device, which is attributed to the accumulation of halogen vacancies. In addition, thanks to the enhancement of the local electric field, the poled device shows a 10-fold increase of photoresponse speed. Our findings favor the scale-down of perovskite devices to the submicrometer scale, extending their applications in self-powered iontronic and optoelectronic devices.

The leakage of gadolinium ions (Gd3+) from commercial Gd3+-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in patients is currently the major safety concern in clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and the lack of task-specific GBCAs limits its usage in the early detection of disease and imaging of specific biological regions. Herein, ultrastable GBCAs were constructed via decorating chiral Gd-DOTA with a phenylic analogue to one of the pendent arms, and the stability constant was determined as high as 27.08, accompanied by negligible decomplexation in 1 M of HCl over 2 years. A hepatic-specific chiral Gd-DOTA was screened out as a potential alternative to commercial Gd-EOB-DTPA, while combination with functional molecules favored chiral Gd-DOTA as tumor targeting probes. Therefore, the novel chiral Gd-DOTA is believed to be an ideal platform for designing the next generation of GBCAs for various clinical purposes due to its outstanding inert nature.

The safety risks of gadolinium (Gd3+)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) arise from their inevitable leakage of Gd3+, and the pursuit of more stable GBCAs for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has drawn increasing attention. Yet, Gd-EOB-DTPA and Gd-BOPTA are the only two authorized GBCAs for liver diagnosis in spite of their weak stability. In this study, one of the pendent arms of the most inert commercial Gd-DOTA was decorated with phenyl moieties, in which obvious enhancements of both kinetic and thermodynamic stability were achieved. Gd-L4with a para-substituted OBn group was observed with ready hepatocellular uptake, with significant contrast provided in diagnosing orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma, and its hepatobiliary secretion accounted for more than 50% of the injection dose in mice. In this study, Gd-L4was found with comparable performance in liver MRI diagnosis to that of commercial Gd-EOB-DTPA and was thus deemed as an ideal candidate for further clinical applications.

The Luan River is the most important water system in north-eastern Hebei Province, China and is located in the transitional zone of the Eastern Yan Mountains, North China Plain and Songliao Plain. The well-developed river terraces of its tributary, the Yixun River, provide excellent information for studying neotectonics and climate change. There are seven terraces in the lower reaches of the Yixun River, numbered T7–T1. The optically stimulated luminescence dating results of 23 samples show that terraces T7–T2 formed at 111.36±5.83 ka, 78.20±4.45 ka, 65.29±4.15 ka, 56.44±3.07 ka, 40.08±2.66 ka, and 13.14±0.76 ka, respectively. A comparison with the oxygen isotope curves of deep-sea sediments reveals that the sediment formation of each terrace corresponded to cold periods of marine isotope stages MIS 4 and MIS 2 and the relatively cold periods of MIS 5e, MIS 3, and MIS 1. Since the Late Pleistocene, the incision rate of the Yixun River has ranged from 0.371–1.740 mm/a. During the formation of T7–T6, T5–T4, T4–T3, and T3–T2, the incision rate was low. However, in the two stages during which T6–T5 and T2–T1 formed (13.14±0.76 ka to 0.58±0.08 ka and 10.79±0.64 ka to 0.16±0.01 ka), these rates reached 1.554 mm/a and 1.592–1.740 mm/a, respectively. At approximately 30 ka, the activity of the Langying Fault increased, leading to footwall uplift. The river gathered in the north of Langying to form the ancient Erdaowan Lake, which resulted in the drying of the river in the lower reaches of the Yixun River during the last glacial maximum without forming river deposits. In the Early Holocene, headward erosion in the lower reaches of the Yixun River was enhanced, which resulted in the disappearance of the lake, and incised meandering formed due to increased neotectonism. Based on the analyses of river incision and the formation of ancient lakes and incised meandering, it was inferred that there have been three periods of strong tectonism in the river basin since the Late Pleistocene.

Although N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification affects the stability and translation of mRNA, it is unknown whether it exists in noncoding RNAs, and its biological function is unclear. Here, nucleotide-resolution method for profiling CTC-490G23.2 ac4C sites and gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is responsible for ac4C modification of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). NAT10-mediated ac4C modification leads to the stabilization and overexpression of lncRNA CTC-490G23.2 in primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its further upregulation in metastatic tissues. CTC-490G23.2 significantly promotes cancer invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CTC-490G23.2 acts as a scaffold to increase the binding of CD44 pre-mRNA to polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), resulting in a oncogenic splicing switch from the standard isoform CD44s to the variant isoform CD44v(8-10). CD44v(8-10), but not CD44s, binds to and increases the protein stability of vimentin. Expression levels of CTC-490G23.2 and CD44v(8-10) can predict poor prognosis in cancer patients. Furthermore, the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)/SV40-LAH4-L1 peptide self-assembled nanocomplexes targeting CTC490G23.2 exerts a significantly suppressive effect on cancer metastasis. The outcome of this study will provide new mechanistic insight into the ac4C modification of lncRNAs and useful clues for the development of novel systemic therapies and prognostic biomarkers.

Determining the main controlling factors of earthquake-triggered geohazards is a prerequisite for studying earthquake geohazards and post-disaster emergency response. By studying these factors, the geomorphic and geological factors controlling the nature, condition, and distribution of earthquake-induced geohazards can be analyzed. Such insights facilitate earthquake disaster prediction and emergency response planning. The authors combined field investigations and spatial data analysis to examine geohazards induced by seismic events, examining ten earthquakes including the Wenchuan, Yushu, Lushan events, to elucidate the main control factors of seismic geohazard. The authors observed that seismic geohazard occurrence is usually affected by many factors, among which active nature of the seismogenic fault, seismic peak ground acceleration (PGA), topographic slope and geomorphic height differences, and distance from the fault zone and river system are the most important. Compared with strike-slip earthquakes, thrust earthquakes induce more high-altitude and high-speed remote landslides, which can cause great harm. Slopes of 0°–40° are prone to secondary seismic geohazards, which are mainly concentrated 0–6 km from the river system. Secondary geohazards are not only related to seismogenic fault but also influenced by the associated faults in the earthquake area. The maximum seismic PGA and secondary seismic geohazard number are positively correlated, and the horizontal and vertical ground motions play leading and promoting roles in secondary geohazard formation, respectively. Through the research, the spatial distribution of seismic geohazards is predicted, providing a basis for the formulation of emergency response plans following disasters.

This study investigated the effects of adding bile acids (BA) to the feed on several biological aspects of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio). The experimental design covered four groups, namely, CT, BA1, BA2, and BA3, fed diets containing 0 mL/kg, 0.1 mL/kg, 1.0 mL/kg, and 10.0 mL/kg of BA, respectively, and the Yellow River carp with an initial body weight of 46.13±0.74 g were fed for 28 days. The results revealed that BA increased trypsin and lipase activities, positively influencing growth performance. Additionally, it enhanced the activity of intestinal antioxidant-related enzymes and the expression of related genes. Meanwhile, our findings suggested that the addition of BA might restrict hepatic lipid deposition by inhibiting lipogenesis-related genes and stimulating lipolysis-related genes. Furthermore, BA significantly altered the intestinal microorganisms' flora structure, leading to a decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria.

We investigate the low-threshold optical bistability of transmitted beams at the terahertz range based on the photonic crystal Fabry–Perot cavity with graphene. Graphene with strong nonlinear conductivity is placed in the middle of the Fabry–Perot cavity and the resonance of the cavity plays a positive role in promoting the low-threshold optical bistability. The optical bistability curve is closely related to the incident angle of light, the parameters of graphene, and the structural parameters of the Fabry–Perot cavity. Through parameter optimization, optical bistability with threshold of 10^5 V/m can be obtained, which has reached or is close to the range of the weak field.

In this work, Eu3+doped SrTiO3powders were synthesized by sol-gel method and the influences of Eu3+dopants on the crystalline structure, microstructure morphology, electronic band-gap and photocatalytic performance for degradation of organic pollutant were investigated in detail. Research results reveal that the incorporated Eu3+ions in SrTiO3lattice are preferable to substitute the Sr2+-Ti4+ions pair by two Eu3+ions. The presence of Eu3+ions plays a significant role for the microstructure morphology of the SrTiO3powders, leading to the formation of smaller size nanoparticles with a higher specific surface area. The light absorption capability of the resulting materials is improved owing to the narrowing of the band-gap induced by Eu3+dopants. As a result, the enhanced photocatalytic activity application for photodegradation of Rhodamine B solution is demonstrated for the SrTiO3powders doped with Eu3+ions.

Nutrition and health care are the most efficient and cost-effective ways to promote growth and prevent diseases. The dramatic decrease in the prevalences of stunting and malnutrition in China is the result of rapid economic development and nutrition efforts. The improvement in the Chinese populations’ overall health status is consistent with the United Nation Sustainable Development Goal of “ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition.” Recent healthy policies, such as “Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan” and “Healthy China Action Plan (2019–2030),” pivot the shift from medical care to nutrition and health promotion, which sets a series of actions and goals that point out direction to China’s nutrition policy improvement in the next decade. This paper systematically summarizes the China’s nutrition policy environment and governance, implementation and actions of a series of food and nutrition policies, as well as available professional development and public education relevant to the field of nutrition. The challenges and prospects of nutrition actions are also addressed to pave a path for future policy-making and better nutrition improvements to successfully achieve Healthy China 2030.

ABSTRACTPlatycodon grandiflorusset ornamental, edible, and medicinal plant with broad prospects for further application development. However, there are no reports on the YABBY transcription factor in P. grandiflorus. Identification and analysis of the YABBYgene family of P. grandiflorususing bioinformatics means. Six YABBYgenes were identified and divided into five subgroups. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR were used to analyze the expression patterns of YABBY. YABBYgenes exhibited organ-specific patterns in expression in P grandiflorus. Upon salt stress and drought induction, P. grandifloruspresented different morphological and physiological changes with some dynamic changes. Under salt treatment, the YABBYgene family was down-regulated; PgYABBY5was up-regulated in leaves at 24 h. In drought treatment, PgYABBY1, PgYABBY2, and PgYABBY3were down-regulated to varying degrees, but PgYABBY3was significantly up-regulated in the roots. PgYABBY5was up-regulated gradually after being down-regulated. PgYABBY5was significantly up-regulated in stem and leaf at 48 h. PgYABBY6was down-regulated at first and then significantly up-regulated. The dynamic changes of salt stress and drought stress can be regarded as the responses of plants to resist damage. During the whole process of salt and drought stress treatment, the protein content of each tissue part of P grandifloruschanged continuously. At the same time, we found that the promoter region of the PgYABBYgene contains stress-resistant elements, and the regulatory role of YABBY transcription factor in the anti-stress mechanism of P grandiflorusremains to be studied. PgYABBY1, PgYABBY2, and PgYABBY5may be involved in the regulation of saponins in P. grandiflorus. PgYABBY5may be involved in the drought resistance mechanism in P. grandiflorusstems and leaves. This study may provide a theoretical basis for studying the regulation of terpenoids by the YABBY transcription factor and its resistance to abiotic stress.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofilms prepared by spin-coating have vast applications in biological and microdevice fields. However, detailed knowledge of processing induced nonequilibrium behavior of PVP nanofilms and solutions for minimizing residual stresses toward high-quality films has still been lacking. In the present study, we first explored the rapid film formation process via statistics on nascent holes. Next, by employing dewetting as a major probe, we revealed that many processing conditions, particularly previously overlooked variables like the atmosphere, substrates, and immersion time, were correlated substantially with the degree of nonequilibrium of nanofilms. Proper aging temperature and time were demonstrated essential for releasing residual stresses and achieving more equilibrium nanofilms. This work offered abundant experimental evidence in the building relationship between the processing and nonequilibrium nature of polymer nanofilms, which were crucial for their preparation and application.

In a spectral beam combination system, temperature increase of the multilayer dielectric grating (MDG) worsens the far-field beam quality of the output laser. To accurately monitor the surface temperature of the MDG, this study deposits VO_2 phase-change film on the lowest layer of multilayer dielectric films in the MDG and tests the transmittance with a probe laser. Based on this measurement, the surface temperature of the MDG can be calculated. Additionally, the study analyzes the influence of VO_2 film on the surface electric field and the −1 diffraction efficiency of the MDG and presents a specific example of using VO_2 film to test high reflector temperature. The study concludes that VO_2 film is a feasible method of measuring temperature and better than an infrared thermal imager.

Because of their excellent capacity to significantly improve the bioavailability and solubility of chemotherapy drugs, block copolymer micelles are widely utilized for chemotherapy drug delivery. In order to further improve the anti-tumor ability and reduce unwanted side effects of drugs, tumor-targeting peptides were used to functionalize the surface of polymer micelles so that the micelles can target tumor tissues. Herein, we synthesized a kind of PEG-PLA that is maleimide-terminated and then conjugated with a specific peptide F3 which revealed specific capacity binding to nucleolin that is overexpressed on the surface of many tumor cells. Then, F3 conjugated, paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles (F3-NP-PTX) were prepared as stable micelles that displayed an enhanced accumulation viaa peptide-mediated cellular association in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Furthermore, F3-NP-PTX showed a prominent anti-tumor efficacy compared with non-targeting nanoparticles (NP-PTX) both in vitroand in vivo, and showed great potential as an efficacious targeting drug delivery system for breast cancer treatment.

Grains with size of 4.5–20.5 μm were studied for their corrosion behavior and electrochemical performance in a Mg-3Al-5Pb-1Ga-Y sacrificial anode using immersion testing, electrochemical measurements and microstructure analysis. The results show that fine-grained microstructure has higher chemical activity and more negative discharge potentials than coarse-grained samples. The sample with the smallest average grain size of 4.5 μm exhibits corrosion current density of 7.473 × 10−5A/cm2, and work potentials of −1.721 V at current density of 10 mA/cm2. The density of grain boundaries and LAGBs increases with grain refinement, which leads to higher rates of dissolution and diffusion for the atoms. The secondary phases promote the occurrence of corrosion and improve the chemical activity of alloy due to their higher potential than the substrate. Higher corrosion rate and discharge activity are directly attributed to the higher density of grain boundaries and LAGBs, as well as the secondary phase.

Aerosol pH is a useful diagnostic of aerosol chemistry for formation of secondary aerosol and has been hypothesized to be a key factor in specific chemical reaction routes producing sulfate and nitrate. In this study, we measured hourly concentrations of water‐soluble ions in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, along with gaseous pollutants in Tianjin, China, from 4 to 31 January 2015. The following source contributions to water‐soluble ions were estimated by positive matrix factorization: secondary sulfate (13%), secondary nitrate (44%), coal (14%), vehicle (16%), and dust (13%). ISORROPIA‐II was used to investigate the complex relationships among aerosol pH, ammonia, and secondary aerosol formation. The estimated hourly aerosol pH varied from −0.3 to 7.7, with an average of 4.9 (±0.78); the median value was 4.89, and the interquartile range was 0.72. During less polluted conditions, aerosol pH ranged from less than 0 to about 7; during heavily polluted conditions, pH was close to 5 (3.9–7.9) despite large amounts of sulfate. Sufficient ammonia/ammonium was present to balance high sulfate and nitrate formation. NH4+/NH3(g) helped stabilize pH while nonvolatile cations contributed less to decreasing aerosol acidity. High acidy (pH < 3), light pollution (total water soluble ions < 30 μg/m3), and low water content (less than 5 μg/m3) were more correlated with higher rates of sulfate formation than nitrate formation in the winter. Megacities in China and elsewhere experience very smoggy days that get continuously worse during haze episodes. The high levels of smog are created both from directly emitted particles and the formation of more particulate matter from gas‐phase reactions. Scientists are not able to fully explain how so much smog is formed so rapidly during intense haze periods. Ammonia was found to stabilize the acidity of the aerosols, but the aerosols remained acidic with pH of around 4. Here detailed hourly measurements of many species are used to elucidate the importance of ammonia, which can potentially neutralize acidic gases and aqueous particles. NH4+/NH3and pH had a more nonlinear relationship during highly polluted periods, compared to less polluted periodsNH4+/NH3(g) was important for stabilizing pH during the heavily polluted periodsSOR was higher than NOR under conditions with high acidity, light pollution, and low water content in the winter

Ni-based self-lubricating composites containing a fixed amount of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) (5 wt%) and different amounts of graphene (0–1.5 wt%) were prepared by ultrasonic dispersion, high-energy ball milling, and spark plasma sintering. The effects of the graphene content on the physical, mechanical, and wear properties of the Ni/h-BN composites were evaluated. These properties were first enhanced with increasing graphene content, reaching optimal behavior for a graphene content of 1 wt%, and then degraded with further graphene addition. Compared to the pure Ni/h-BN composite, the relative density, hardness, and bending strength of the composite with 1 wt% graphene increased by 2.7%, 7.4%, and 6.3%, respectively, while the friction coefficient decreased by 56% to 0.31, and a reduction in wear rate by a factor of 5–15 was observed. The mechanism for improving the wear properties of the composite with added graphene was due to the formation of a graphene lubricating film on the worn surface, which increased the load bearing capacity of the surface and enhanced lubrication during wear.

We report on the development of metal dielectric gratings (MDG) including two layers of gold film and a silica layer, which is simple and has enough broadband with 105 nm over 90%. The measured laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) on the grating surface is 0.40  J/cm^2 at a pulse duration of 32 fs, which is twice more than that of gold gratings, and the initial damage comes from nodule defects. Laser-induced ionization theory is first used to study the effect of nodule defects on LIDT of MDG and predict the maximum LIDT of the perfect MDG. The prediction value of the MDG without nodule defects is 0.60  J/cm^2 on the grating surface, which has tremendous application potential in petawatt-class laser systems.

With increased power of spectral beam combination, surface heat distortion of multilayer dielectric gratings (MDGs) could occur. In this study, the damage morphology of MDGs was initially analyzed under a continuous-wave laser irradiation. Subsequently, the surface distortion and temperature rise of different MDGs were tested experimentally. The experimental results showed that the initial damage of MDGs was caused by the thermal stress. Further, the thermal stress of the multilayer dielectric films on the MDG surface was analyzed theoretically. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The conclusions indicated that with the increase of the MDG surface temperature, the stress in the HfO_2 layers initially reached the stress damage threshold of the dielectric films and, therefore, the damage occurred.

Reflecting Bragg gratings (RBGs) recorded in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glasses have been widely used in narrowing and stabilization of the laser emission spectrum. As the center wavelength of RBGs determines the final output wavelength of lasers, it is necessary to carefully control the center wavelength of RBGs during the fabrication process. In this paper, the fabrication process of high-precision RBGs was investigated. We developed a two-step method and demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that it is effective and can be used to guide the fabrication process of high-precision RBGs. The experimental results show that the center wavelength of the fabricated RBG deviates from the target center wavelength within ±10  pm.

Herein, a boundary lubrication (BL) mechanism based on the carbon-based tribofilms formed via Ni(Cu)-catalytic dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon oils was queried by performing standard ball-on-disk tribotests on magnetron-sputtered WN, Ni, and W–N–Ni coatings in the oil-starvation condition. The experimental results indicate that both the bare GCr15 steel substrate and the sputtered W–N–Ni/MoN–Cu coatings exhibited comparable fine antiwear performance with friction coefficients below 0.09; however, no clues regarding the formation of the effectiveness of the graphite-like tribofilms on the contact surfaces were found, no matter whether the tested coatings were composited in amorphous or nanocrystallized structures. An understanding of the antiwear mechanism was achieved by conducting a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation of the confined shearing process, taking 1-decene chains as a model of the poly-α-olefin 10 base oil. It was found that as the normal load increases from 0.14 to 9.2 GPa, the “sandwiched” sheared oil molecules undergo a liquid-to-solidlike phase transition at a threshold pressure of approximately 0.54 GPa, above which the solidified oil film responds as an elastic protective layer between rigid walls and provides lower friction coefficients and energy dissipation than those of laminar shear motion. The main reasons are the elastic compliance of solidlike oil molecules and the occurrence of boundary slippage on the liquid–wall interface. The comparison of NEMD simulation among confined sheared boundary films of nonhydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC), hydrogen-terminated DLC, laminar fluid layers, and solidified oil films further reveals that it is the flexibility of C–C backbones as well as the elastic compliance of terminal C–H bonds that play a dominant role in the low-friction behavior of solidlike oil films in oil-starvation lubrication. Moreover, the simulation results indicate that the temperature increment of the confined sheared 1-decene under 0.14–9.2 GPa loads is generally below 20 K, which is far below the active temperature of 1-decene’s catalytic dehydrogenation and pyrolysis reaction. These results support that in a steady state BL with low friction coefficients at room temperature, the formation of lubricious tribofilms via catalytic dissociation of alkanes can hardly be triggered due to the limited temperature increment, even when the catalysts of Ni/Cu are composited in the sliding surfaces.

We are trying to verify how a transcription factor BcbZIP134 regulates the synthesis of saikosaponin using specific antibody. However, it is hard to obtain this soluble protein expressed in vitro, a prerequisite for antibody preparation. So we explored a condition in which the soluble protein can efficiently express followed by preparation of the specific polyclonal antibody.

•The prevalence of Anaplasmaand Rickettsiain Dermacentor silvarumticks collected from free-ranging sheep from Gansu, China was high.•Three human-pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsiae were identified in ticks including R. raoultii, R. slovaca, and R. sibirica.•This was the first report of R. slovaca, R. sibirica, A. ovis, and Bartonella melophagiin ticks from Gansu, China.

In previous research, the thermal distortion and far-field beam quality of a spectral beam combining grating were analyzed by theory and experiment under the irradiation of a high-power continuous-wave laser. It was concluded that the thermal expansion of the substrate was the main cause of the grating distortion and decrease in the beam quality. However, there was no further study to determine a method to decrease the heat deposition on the grating surface and far-field beam quality factor, M^2. In this paper, we theoretically simulate the influence of the substrate thickness on the temperature field distribution and far-field beam quality of a multilayer dielectric grating. An experimental setup is proposed to verify the theoretical calculations. The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculations. The conclusions indicate that the temperature rise of the grating and M^2 are effectively reduced by increasing the thickness of the substrate.

We report a grating solution for achieving broadband and polarization-independent properties that brings a laser combining system to much higher power levels. The grating, with a high-refractive-index-contrast bilayer ridge, was designed and successfully fabricated based on high-power laser coatings, lithography, and ion-beam etching technology. The measured −1st order non-polarized reflective diffraction efficiency of the grating exceeds 98% over the wavelength range of 1.023–1.08 μm, and the highest value is 99.15%.

To identify the genes of WRKY transcription factors (TFs) from roots of Bupleurum chinenseand genes that potentially regulate saikosaponin (SS) biosynthesis.