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Rare-earth infrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) compounds have garnered significant attention due to their abundant electronic structures. However, their NLO efficiency has been relatively modest, attributed to the localization of valence electron shells in rare-earth metals. Traditional design strategies for IR NLO materials have predominantly focused on MQ4(M= metal, Q= S or Se) tetrahedra, with limited exploration of MQ6octahedra. We introduce a novel approach to enhance NLO effects by incorporating distorted mixed anionic octahedral M(S/X)6groups. To illustrate this strategy, we undertake structure modification and optimization of IR NLO performance using the Y–Ga–Ge–S system as an example. The synthesis of a new rare-earth chalcogenide, Y6Ga2GeS14(1), serves as a foundation. Further halogen atom substitution yields Y6Ga4.2S13.6Cl3.4(2), Y6Ga2.83Ge2S16.75Cl (3), and Y6Ga2.83Ge2S16.5Br1.5(4). All compounds demonstrate remarkable NLO performance, including moderate NLO coefficients (0.17–0.70 × AgGaS2), large laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) (3.78–6.19 × AgGaS2), and a broader transmission range (0.5–14.9 μm). The incremental enhancement of NLO efficiency in compounds 1–4can be attributed to symmetry breaking induced by halogen atom substitution and increased distortion of the octahedral M(S/X)6motifs in their structures, validating the effectiveness of our strategy. Notably, this strategy concurrently increases the band gap and LIDT, overcoming the NLO–LIDT incompatibility, being strikingly different from other reported approaches. This work provides new insights into optimizing the NLO performance of rare-earth IR NLO compounds through the modulation of octahedral motifs.

Abstract: Potassium pyroantimonate was used to localize loosely-bound calcium in young ovules of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) during megasporogenesis to investigate the relationship between ionically available calcium and megaspore degeneration. At the megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell) stage, few calcium precipitates were located in the ovule. Following meiosis in the megasporocyte, a linear tetrad of four megaspores is formed, with three of the four megaspores degenerating from the micropylar end inward. Only the chalazal-most megaspore continues to develop, becoming the functional megaspore. A decrease in amount of calcium precipitates in the megaspore, particularly in the nucleus, precedes the breakdown of the micropylar megaspores, which subsequently undergo structural disintegration and loss of recognizable cellular features. A partial recovery of calcium precipitates occurs during later degeneration. The functional megaspore retains a consistently higher concentration of calcium precipitates during development, which is retained in the developing embryo sac. This, to our knowledge, is the first report related to calcium dynamics during megaspore degeneration, and may facilitate future research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of megasporogenesis.

We describe evidence for dissociable roles of the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in major depressive disorder (MDD) from structure, functional activation, functional connectivity, metabolism, and neurochemical systems. The reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex has lowerconnectivity and lessreward sensitivity in MDD associated with anhedonia symptoms; and the non-reward related lateral OFC has higherfunctional connectivity and moresensitivity to non-reward/aversive stimuli in MDD associated with negative bias symptoms. Importantly, we propose that conventional antidepressants act to normalize the hyperactive lateral (but not medial) OFC to reduce negative bias in MDD; while other treatments are needed to operate on the medial OFC to reduce anhedonia, with emerging evidence suggesting that ketamine may act in this way. The orbitofrontal cortex is the key cortical region in emotion and reward, and the current review presents much new evidence about the different ways that the medial and lateral OFC are involved in MDD.

Immunochemotherapy is the first-line standard for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Combining the regimen with anti-angiogenesis may improve efficacy. ETER701 was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial that investigated the efficacy and safety of benmelstobart (a novel programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor) with anlotinib (a multi-target anti-angiogenic small molecule) and standard chemotherapy in treatment-naive ES-SCLC. The ETER701 trial assessed two primary endpoints: Independent Review Committee-assessed progression-free survival per RECIST 1.1 and overall survival (OS). Here the prespecified final progression-free survival and interim OS analysis is reported. Patients randomly received benmelstobart and anlotinib plus etoposide/carboplatin (EC; n= 246), placebo and anlotinib plus EC (n= 245) or double placebo plus EC (‘EC alone’; n= 247), followed by matching maintenance therapy. Compared with EC alone, median OS was prolonged with benmelstobart and anlotinib plus EC (19.3 versus 11.9 months; hazard ratio 0.61; P= 0.0002), while improvement of OS was not statistically significant with anlotinib plus EC (13.3 versus 11.9 months; hazard ratio 0.86; P= 0.1723). The incidence of grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events was 93.1%, 94.3% and 87.0% in the benmelstobart and anlotinib plus EC, anlotinib plus EC, and EC alone groups, respectively. This study of immunochemotherapy plus multi-target anti-angiogenesis as first-line treatment achieved a median OS greater than recorded in prior randomized studies in patients with ES-SCLC. The safety profile was assessed as tolerable and manageable. Our findings suggest that the addition of anti-angiogenesis therapy to immunochemotherapy may represent an efficacious and safe approach to the management of ES-SCLC. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04234607.

This article proposed the first fully integrated synchronous electric-charge extraction (SECE) interface, featuring: 1) no external passive components and the smallest normalized on-chip capacitance; 2) an increased energy-extraction efficiency; and 3) a maximized extracted power regardless of the input and output conditions. With the multi-step soft-charging (MSC) technique relaxing energy-extraction conduction loss, we can effectively minimize the on-chip capacitance while improving the energy-extraction efficiency. To further depress the control loss, the positive current selector (PCS) is proposed to realize digital rectification during charge extraction. With the SECE strategy facilitating output independence, we further investigate an automatic phase and amplitude tuning method to enable maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) over an extended input excitation bandwidth. Fabricated in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS, the proposed rectifier achieves a maximum output power improving rate (MOPIR) of 8.14 $\times $ with $V_{D}\,\,=$ 0.12 V and a 405% bandwidth improvement over the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) natural bandwidth.

Strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) and phase-matchable capability at specific transmittance windows are crucial to the real application of nonlinear optical crystals. Herein, an efficient strategy of introducing Pb2+with stereochemically active lone-pair electrons into non-phase-match-able Ga2Se3viaenhancing the anisotropy microstructure is first applied to meet phase-matchable SHG intensity requirements, offering a selenide, namely, PbGa4Se7, which is designed and synthesized with a diamond-like anionic framework, where Pb2+cations reside in a parallel arrangement. As expected, PbGa4Se7possesses a large SHG coefficient of 3.3 times that of AgGaS2under the incident laser of 1910 nm. Moreover, PbGa4Se7displays a high laser-induced damage threshold of 7.0 times that of AgGaS2at 2090 nm, which originates from the low anisotropy of thermal expansion coefficient (0.36) and suitable optical band gap (2.1 eV). Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the considerable phase-matchable SHG response of PbGa4Se7can be attributed to the synergies of tetrahedral GaSe4and pyramid PbSe3microstructural blocks with additional anisotropy and polarizability.

To understand the mechanical and twinning behaviors of a fine-grained extruded Mg–8.0Al–0.1Mn–2.0Ca alloy under high-speed impact, impact tests were carried out using a split Hopkinson pressure bar, and microstructures at strains of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 were obtained using a series of stop rings manufactured by high-strength steel. The stress response and twinning behavior are closely related to loading direction and applied strain rate. The true stress–true strain curves are s-shaped in extrusion direction (ED) and c-shaped in transverse direction (TD), showing apparent anisotropy, while the yield strength is insensitive to loading direction. Almost identical strain-rate sensitivity is demonstrated by the stress in ED and TD. Interestingly, de-twinning is apparent as the applied strain increases to 0.20, and it is enhanced with increasing the applied strain rate. In contrast, the twin density in ED samples is clearly higher than that in TD samples. By modifying the terms of strain hardening and strain rate hardening in the classical JC model, an optimized model is built, which can accurately predict the stress response behavior of the studied alloy under high-speed impact along ED and TD. The correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE) are 98.63% and 0.0199 for ED, and 96.88% and 0.0202 for TD, respectively.

Recent studies proposed a general psychopathology factor underlying common comorbidities among psychiatric disorders. However, its neurobiological mechanisms and generalizability remain elusive. In this study, we used a large longitudinal neuroimaging cohort from adolescence to young adulthood (IMAGEN) to define a neuropsychopathological (NP) factor across externalizing and internalizing symptoms using multitask connectomes. We demonstrate that this NP factor might represent a unified, genetically determined, delayed development of the prefrontal cortex that further leads to poor executive function. We also show this NP factor to be reproducible in multiple developmental periods, from preadolescence to early adulthood, and generalizable to the resting-state connectome and clinical samples (the ADHD-200 Sample and the Stratify Project). In conclusion, we identify a reproducible and general neural basis underlying symptoms of multiple mental health disorders, bridging multidimensional evidence from behavioral, neuroimaging and genetic substrates. These findings may help to develop new therapeutic interventions for psychiatric comorbidities.

Voiceconversion (VC) refers to the transformation of the speaker identity of a speech to the target one without altering the linguistic content. As recent VC techniques have made significant progress, implementing them in real-world scenarios is also considered, where speech data have some inevitable interferences, the most common of which are background sounds. On the other hand, background sounds are informative and need to be retained in some applications, such as VC in movies/videos. To address these issues, we have proposed a noisy-to-noisy (N2N) VC framework that does not rely on clean VC data and models the noisy speech directly by using noise as conditions. Previous experimental results have proven its effectiveness. In this article, we further improve its performance by introducing the pre-trained noise-conditioned VC model. Moreover, to further explore the impacts of introducing noise conditions, the performance in more realistic situations is evaluated in which the training set possesses speaker-dependent noisy conditions. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the pre-training strategy and the degradation of its performance under strict noisy conditions. We then proposed a noise augmentation method to overcome the limitation. Further experiments showed the effectiveness of the augmentation method.

Neural interfaces play an important role in vital sign monitoring [1], clinical practice [2], and neuroscience frontier research [3] using animal subjects, such as rodents and nonhuman primates [4], [5]. Recently, neuroscientists have shown increasing interest in behavioral analysis of social situations with a single or multiple freely moving animals, which has been listed as a key investment by the NIH in 2023 [6]. Among those popular laboratory animals, marmosets are increasingly favored by researchers because of their small size, short sexual maturity, complex social patterns, and similarity to human beings [7], [8]. A number of marmoset social behaviors, such as gaze following [9], antiphonal calling [10], and scent marking [11], have been studied with neural signal acquisition and/or stimulation to affect the behavior of the freely moving marmoset at the same time.

Prehypertension is difficult to diagnose early because of its hidden nature. Long-term monitoring of blood pressure (BP) can help in the early detection and timely treatment of this condition. This study proposes an innovative and efficient BP detection platform that combines portable electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals simultaneous acquisition equipment and BP detection algorithm to obtain real-time BP values conveniently and accurately for a long time. In this study, nine kinds of feature parameters and classification algorithm are used to build multiple linear regression (MLR) models. It not only adopts the multiparameter intelligent monitoring in intensive care units (MIMIC-II) database to train and validate the model but also uses self-developed equipment for acquisition and verification in long-term health monitoring. According to the experimental results, the mean absolute error (MAE) and standard deviation (SD) of systolic BP (SBP) have estimated values of 4.46 and 3.20 mmHg, respectively, and simultaneously, the MAE and SD of diastolic BP (DBP) are 4.20 and 3.28 mmHg, respectively. Moreover, both SBP and DBP experimental results conform to the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) BP standard. The proposed BP acquisition platform is proven to be capable of easily acquiring ECG and PPG signals with the proposed sensor device, and the MLR algorithm can also effectively and accurately monitor BP values for a long time.

Ruthenium atoms repair the defective sites on iridium oxide and lead to an efficient OER catalyst (bottom left) with only 266 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm−2, and this catalyst also exhibits better in the PEM water electrolyzer (bottom right).

Introduction:Aged kidney is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and fibrogenesis. The activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the initiation of kidney aging. However, the inhibiting strategies have not been discovered in detail. Here, we compared the therapeutic effects of two β-catenin inhibitors, KYA1797K and ICG-001, to assess their superiority. Methods:Two-month-old male C57BL/6 mice which had undergone unilateral nephrectomy and received D-galactose (D-gal) injection were co-treated with KYA1797K or ICG-001 at 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Human proximal renal tubular cells were treated with D-gal and KYA1797K/ICG-001 to compare their effects. Results:Compared with ICG-001, which inhibits β-catenin pathway through blocking the binding of β-catenin and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP), KYA1797K, a novel small molecule destabilizing β-catenin through activating Axin-GSK3β complex, possesses the superior effects on protecting against kidney aging. In D-gal-treated accelerated aging mice, KYA1797K could greatly inhibit β-catenin pathway, preserve mitochondrial homeostasis, repress cellular senescence, and retard age-related kidney fibrosis. In cultured proximal tubular cells, KYA1797K shows a better effect on inhibiting cellular senescence and could better suppress mitochondrial dysfunction and ameliorate the fibrotic changes, at the same dose as that in ICG-001. Conclusion:These results show that effectively eliminating β-catenin is a necessity to target against age-related kidney injury, suggesting the multiple transcriptional regulation of β-catenin in kidney aging besides T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor family of transcription factors (TCF/LEF-1).

Background: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can improve pathogen identification in infectious diseases.Methods: A prospective parallel control study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical significance of mNGS in identifying pathogens in dialysis effluent of patients with peritoneal dialysis–associated peritonitis (peritonitis). Dialysis effluent specimens were detected both by peritoneal dialysis effluent culture and mNGS. The positive rates and coincidence rates of the two methods were compared.Results: From April 2020 to March 2021, 30 patients presenting with peritonitis were enrolled in this study. The positive pathogen detection rate of mNGS was significantly higher than that of the traditional culture method (86.67% vs. 60.00%; p= 0.039). Fifteen specimens were positive for both of the methods, while 11 specimens were negative for culture but positive for mNGS. Three specimens were positive for culture but negative for mNGS; all of them were streptococcus mitis. One specimen was negative for both methods. The culture method detected one type of pathogen in all specimens; however, two or more types of pathogens were detected in eight specimens by mNGS. In addition to common pathogens, additional pathogens detected by mNGS included Coxiella burnetii, human herpesvirus type 5, human herpesvirus type 6B and Mortierella.Conclusion: The pathogen detection rate of mNGS in dialysis effluent of peritonitis patients was significantly higher than that of traditional culture. The mNGS is advantageous in diagnosing the pathogens that are difficult to be cultured. However, mNGS did not demonstrate sensitivity to streptococcus mitis. Results from this study show that mNGS, combined with traditional culture, has potential application for detecting pathogens in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis.

High-performance short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) photodetectors are vital components of many optoelectronic devices with extensive uses in military and civilian domains. In this work, we report on a highly sensitive SWIR photodetector composed geometrically of a two-dimensional Ti3C2 ${\text {T}}_{x}$ MXene/three-dimensional In0.53Ga0.47As heterostructure, which can be assembled via an easy solution processable drop-casting approach. Owing to the notable photovoltaic activity, the heterostructure can operate in self-powered mode at zero bias with ${I}_{\text {light}}/I_{\text {dark}}$ ratio of up to ${5}.{8} \times {10}^{{3}}$ . Significantly, the device exhibits decent responsivity of about 86.4, 56.2, and 45.5 mAW−1 at infrared wavelengths of 970, 1300, and 1550 nm, respectively. Additionally, other critical performance parameters including specific detectivity and response speed are exceeding 1010 Jones and 39/ $35~\mu \text{s}$ , respectively. It is expected that this work will pave a facile way for developing SWIR photodetectors with good performance and low cost.

Background:: Vascular intimal hyperplasia (IH) is one of the key challenges in the clinical application of small-diameter vascular grafts. Current tissue engineering strategies focus on vascularization and antithrombotics, yet few approaches have been developed to treat IH. Here, we designed a tissue-engineered vascular scaffold with portulaca flavonoid (PTF) composition and biomimetic architecture. Method:: By electrospinning, PTF is integrated with biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) into a bionic vascular scaffold. The structure and functions of the scaffolds were evaluated based on material characterization and cellular biocompatibility. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs) were cultured on scaffolds for up to 14 days. Results:: The incorporation of PTF and preparation parameters during fabrication influences the morphology of the scaffold, including fibre diameter, structure, and orientation. Compared to the PCL scaffold, the scaffolds integrated with bioactive PTF show better hydrophilicity and degradability. HVSMCs seeded on the scaffold alongside the fibres exhibit fusiform-like shapes, indicating that the scaffold can provide contact guidance for cell morphology alterations. This study demonstrates that the PCL/PTF (9.1%) scaffold inhibits the excessive proliferation of HVSMCs without causing cytotoxicity. Conclusion:: The study provides insights into the problem of restenosis caused by IH. This engineered vascular scaffold with complex function and preparation is expected to be applied as a substitute for small-diameter vascular grafts.

The electrocatalytic C–N coupling for one-step urea synthesis under ambient conditions serves as the promising alternative to the traditional urea synthetic protocol. However, the hydrogenation of intermediate species hinders the efficient urea synthesis. Herein, the oxygen vacancy-enriched CeO2was demonstrated as the efficient electrocatalyst with the stabilization of the crucial intermediate of *NO viainserting into vacant sites, which is conducive to the subsequent C–N coupling process rather than protonation, whereas the poor selectivity of C–N coupling with protonation was observed on the vacancy-deficient catalyst. The oxygen vacancy-mediated selective C–N coupling was distinguished and validated by the in situsum frequency generation spectroscopy. The introduction of oxygen vacancies tailors the common catalyst carrier into an efficient electrocatalyst with a high urea yield rate of 943.6 mg h–1g–1, superior than that of partial noble-metal-based electrocatalysts. This work provides novel insights into the catalyst design and developments of coupling systems.

AbstractThe reactor core design involves the search for and detailed calculation of a large number of schemes. Four different machine learning algorithms were used in this technical note: the C4.5 algorithm (an algorithm of decision trees), Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Multi-layer Perceptron, respectively. Uranium enrichment, the number of fuel rods containing burnable poison, and the concentration of burnable poison were taken as independent variables in the calculation. The k-eff unevenness coefficient, the radial power nonuniformity coefficient, the radial flux nonuniformity coefficient, and the core life were taken as the number of core parameters fulfilled (CPF). Machine learning models were constructed through learning the training data set, which consisted of a large number of assembly and core schemes whose nuclear design parameters were already known. Using the models, the CPF values for the unknown core data set (the test data set) were quickly predicted. The results show that the cross-validation accuracy of each algorithm was above 94% and that the C4.5 algorithm had the highest accuracy for the overall prediction of the CPF values. For the CPF value prediction of the test data set, the time for the training data set was within 10s, while the Random Forest algorithm has the highest prediction accuracy for CPF = 4 or CPF ≠ 4.

In the present study, nonlinear dynamic process data are mapped into the kernel state space by kernel gauge variable analysis method to obtain decorrelated state data. The time-lapse covariance matrix of the state data is weighted and summed to obtain the time-lapse structure matrix of the state data, and then supervised kernel independent component analysis (SKICA) is established, the independent component feature data is extracted from the status data and the monitoring statistics are constructed to detect the process faults. The data show that kernel independent component analysis (ICA) method (KICA) method can detect slow fault faster than the ICA method, except that the statistical detection ability of F3 and FS is reduced, and the KICA method can significantly improve the detection performance of other faults and statistics. By analyzing the detection results of SKICA method, it is obvious that in the detection process of all five kinds of slow faults, the fault detection capability of SKICA is better than that of ICA and KICA. The results of continuous stirred reactor simulation system show that, compared with the basic linear process, the slow fault detection has a good monitoring performance, it can detect the small deviation in the process sensitively and give alarm information to the slow fault in time, to improve the fault detection rate.

ABSTRACTOsteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Accumulating evidence has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the progression of OS. In this study, we found that miR-744-5p was the least expressed miRNA in patients with OS by analyzing GSE65071 from the GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS (GEO) database. Through real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, colony formation assay, 5-Ethynyl-2-Deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, transwell migration, and invasion assays, we demonstrated its ability to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells in vitro. According to the luciferase reporter assay, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1) was negatively regulated by miR-744-5p and reversed the effects of miR-744-5p on OS. Subcutaneous tumor-forming animal models and tail vein injection lung metastatic models were used in animal experiments, and it was found that miR-744-5p negatively regulated tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, rescue assays verified that miR-744-5p regulates TGFB1 expression in OS. Further experiments revealed that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the miR-744-5p/TGFB1 axis. Generally, this study suggests that miR-744-5p is a negative regulator of TGFB1 and suppresses OS progression and metastasis via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting is essential for producing hydrogen and alleviating huge energy consumption. Meanwhile, charge transfer engineering is an efficient approach to modulate the localized electronic properties of catalysts and tune the electrocatalytic performance. Herein, we tactfully fabricate PtFeNi alloys/NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) heterostructure by an easily electrochemical way with a small amount of Pt. The experimental and theoretical results unravel that the charge transfer on the alloy clusters modulated by the defective substrates (NiFe LDHs), which synergistically optimizes the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediates. The electrocatalyst exhibits an ultra-low overpotential of 81 and 243 mV at the current density of 100 mA cm−2for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution, respectively. Furthermore, the overall water splitting indicates that PtFeNi alloys/NiFe LDHs presents an ultra-low overpotential of 265 and 406 mV to reach the current density of 10 and 300 mA cm−2, respectively. It proves that the PtFeNi alloys/NiFe LDHs catalyst is an excellent dual-function electrocatalyst for water splitting and promising for industrialization. This work provides a new electrochemical approach to construct the alloy heterostructure. The prepared heterostructures act as an ideal platform to investigate the charge re-distribution behavior and to improve the electrocatalytic activity.

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) bring new opportunities for portable power generation due to their outstanding advantages such as high tolerance to fuel/air impurities and simplified heat/water management. However, carbon-supported nanostructured Pt-based catalysts running at temperatures over 150°C are challenged by the severe aggregation and carbon corrosion, thus leading to poor durability. Herein, we demonstrate that dendritic Pt-Ni nanoparticles supported on fluorinated carbon black (white carbon black) could significantly enhance the performance and durability of HT-PEMFCs as the cathode catalysts running at 160°C due to the strong interaction of the F and Ni atoms to form a NixFyinterface on Pt-Ni nanoparticles. With the formation of a stable NixFyinterface, this integrated HT-PEMFC reached peak power densities of 906 mW cm−2and demonstrated excellent durability at 160°C under anhydrous H2/O2conditions. This mitigation strategy was applied to Pt-alloy/C electrocatalysts and resulted in the elimination of Pt dissolution in practical fuel cells.

Reliable mapping of system-level individual differences is a critical first step toward precision medicine for complex disorders such as schizophrenia. Disrupted structural covariance indicates a system-level brain maturational disruption in schizophrenia. However, most studies examine structural covariance at the group level. This prevents subject-level inferences. Here, we introduce a Network Template Perturbation approach to construct individual differential structural covariance network (IDSCN) using regional gray-matter volume. IDSCN quantifies how structural covariance between two nodes in a patient deviates from the normative covariance in healthy subjects. We analyzed T1 images from 1287 subjects, including 107 first-episode (drug-naive) patients and 71 controls in the discovery datasets and established robustness in 213 first-episode (drug-naive), 294 chronic, 99 clinical high-risk patients, and 494 controls from the replication datasets. Patients with schizophrenia were highly variable in their altered structural covariance edges; the number of altered edges was related to severity of hallucinations. Despite this variability, a subset of covariance edges, including the left hippocampus–bilateral putamen/globus pallidus edges, clustered patients into two distinct subgroups with opposing changes in covariance compared to controls, and significant differences in their anxiety and depression scores. These subgroup differences were stable across all seven datasets with meaningful genetic associations and functional annotation for the affected edges. We conclude that the underlying physiology of affective symptoms in schizophrenia involves the hippocampus and putamen/pallidum, predates disease onset, and is sufficiently consistent to resolve morphological heterogeneity throughout the illness course. The two schizophrenia subgroups identified thus have implications for the nosology and clinical treatment.

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Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of biomass-derived platform molecules is a burgeoning route for the sustainable utilization of hydrogen. However, the noble-metal-catalyzed ECH of phenolic compounds suffers from intense competition with hydrogen evolution reaction. We prepared PtRh bimetallic nanoparticles dispersed on highly ordered mesoporous carbon nanospheres, which improves the utilization efficiency of adsorbed hydrogen (Had) to ECH in H–UPD region (>0 V vs.RHE). Further analysis reveals (i) the strong overlapping between the d-orbitals of Pt and Rh enhances specific adsorption of phenol; (ii) incorporation of Rh devotes an electronic effect on weakening the alloy–Hadinteraction to increase the FE of ECH. DFT calculations confirm the selectivity difference and the ECH parallel pathways: cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone are formed viahydrogenation/dehydrogenation of the intermediate *C6H10OH. These findings deepen our fundamental understanding of the ECH process, and cast new light on exploration of highly efficient electrocatalysts for biomass upgrading.

[Display omitted] Solar-blind deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photodetectors based on Ga 2 O 3 have attracted great attention due to their potential applications for many military and civil purposes. However, the development of device integration for optoelectronic system applications remains a huge challenge. Herein, we report a facile method for patterned-growth of high-quality β-Ga 2 O 3 thin films, which are assembled into a photodetectors array comprising 8 × 8 device units. A representative detector exhibits outstanding photoresponse performance, in terms of an ultra-low dark current of ∼0.62 pA, a large I light / I dark ratio exceeding 104, a high responsivity of ∼0.72 A W−1 and a decent specific detectivity of ∼4.18 × 1011 Jones, upon 265 nm DUV illumination. What is more, the DUV/visible (250/400 nm) rejection ratio is as high as 103 with a sharp response cut-off wavelength at ∼280 nm. Further optoelectronic analysis reveals that the photodetectors array has good uniformity and repeatability, endowing it the capability to serve as a reliable DUV light image sensor with a decent spatial resolution. These results suggest that the proposed technique offers an effective avenue for patterned growth of β-Ga 2 O 3 thin films for multifunctional DUV optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method has been successfully developed to achieve the asymmetric C–H functionalization of indoles in the carbocyclic ring via organocatalysis, and a variety of tetrahydropyranoindoles were synthesized in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Further study on thermodynamic calculations indicated that the process was promoted by generating more thermodynamically stable products. This strategy, together with traditional C-3 functionalization of hydroxyindoles, could realize the switchable, regiodivergent asymmetric modification of indoles.